Selected Texts Where the Deity of Christ is Attacked or Denied in Modern Bible

Versions Because of Corruptions in the Greek Critical Text, with a Brief Defense of
the Received Text Readings in These Texts1
Luke 24:52
And they worshipped him, and returned to Jerusalem with great joy (KJV)
kai aujtoi proskunh/sante aujto/n, uJpestreyan ei Ierousalh\m meta cara
megalh:
(TR)
And they returned to Jerusalem with great joy, (RSV)
Kai aujtoi uJpestreyan ei Ierousalh/m meta cara megalh (CT-Tisch)
The words worshipped him, indicating the Deity of the resurrected Christ, are
missing in only one Greek manuscript, codex D, one of the worst Greek MSS in
existence. All the rest of the Greek copiesthousands of themhave the words.
John 1:18
No man hath seen God at any time; the only begotten Son, which is in the bosom of the
Father, he hath declared him. (KJV)
Qeo\n oujdei ewrake pwpote: oJ monogenh\ uio/, oJ wn ei to\n ko/lpon touv
patro/, ekeino exhgh/sato. (TR)
Various modern versions change the only begotten Son to only begotten god/God
(cf. NWT)
Qeo\n oujdei ewraken pwpote: monogenh\ qeo\ oJ wn ei to\n ko/lpon touv
patro\ ekeino exhgh/sato. (CT)
Arians employ the only begotten god reading to affirm that Christ is a secondary deity
that was created by the true God. Furthermore, classical Trinitarian truth affirms that
Christ is begotten as Son, not as Godthe Person of the Son, not the Divine essence, is
begotten. Over 99% of Greek MSS have the Received Text reading.2 Even one of the
editors of the critical Greek text noted: It is doubtful that the author would have written
1

The list above is by no means comprehensive; other texts, exist, such as 1 John 3:16: Hereby
perceive we the love of God, because he laid down his life for us (KJV), en tou/tw egnwkamen th\n
agaphn touv Qeouv, oti ekeino uJper hJm wn th\n yuch\n aujtouv eqhke, TR; By this we know love,
that he laid down his life for us (ESV), en tou/tw eg nwkamen th\n agaphn, oti ekeino uJper hJm wn
th\n yuch\n aujtouv eqhken, CT, are also present. Note that the NKJV rejects the KJV and follows the
critical text in 1 John 3:16, removing the Deity of Christ to read By this we know love, because He laid
down His life for us with the critical text. The KJV/TR reading has some Greek MSS support and is also
supported by various ancient versions, such as the Latin Vulgate.
2
Modalists such as Oneness Pentecostals would also naturally prefer the critical text reading to the
Received Text, because the Textus Receptus affirms that Christ, as Son, eternally exists in the bosom of the
Father (oJ wn ei to\n ko/lpon touv patro/), supporting Christs status as the eternal Son and refuting the
modalist notion that Christ only became Son at the time of His assumption of a human nature in the
incarnation.

monogenh\ qeo\, which may be a primitive, transcriptional error in the Alexandrian

tradition.3 The first mention of the begotten god reading appears in a fragment
ascribed to the Gnostic heretic Valentinus. The Old Latin, the Vulgate, the Georgian, and
the Slavonic versions have the Received Text reading, and the patristic writers Tertullian,
Hippolytus of Rome, Athanasius, Chrysostom, Origen, Eusebius, Gregory of Nyssa, and,
Basil of Caesarea also provide support. Arius, on the other hand, employed only
begotten god.
John 3:13
And no man hath ascended up to heaven, but he that came down from heaven, even the
Son of man which is in heaven. (KJV)
kai oujdei anabebhken ei to\n oujrano/n, ei mh\ oJ ek touv oujranouv kataba, oJ
uio\ touv anqrwpou oJ wn en tw oujranw. (TR)
No one has bascended into heaven except the who descended from heaven, the Son of
Man. (ESV)
kai oujdei anabebhken ei to\n oujrano\n ei mh\ oJ ek touv oujranouv kataba, oJ
uio\ touv anqrwpou. (CT)
The KJV/TR reading teaches that Christ is Omnipresent God even during His
earthly ministry; He is the Son of Man who is in a particular location, and omnipresent
Deity who is both on earth and in heaven at the same time. The critical text removes this
testimony to Christs Deity. 99% of Greek MSS possess the KJV/TR reading, which is
also supported by all ancient Latin and Syriac versions, the Coptic, Ethiopic, Georgian,
and all Armenian versions. The KJV/TR is also supported by patristic writers such as
Hippolytus, Athanasius, Didymus, Aphraates, Eustathius, Chrysostom, Theorodret, Cyril,
Paulus Bishop of Emesa, Theodore of Mopsuestia; Amphiochius, Severus, Theodorus
Heraclitus, Ambrose, Novatian, Hilary, Victorinus, Jerome, Cassian, Vigilius, Zeno,
Marius, and Augustine, among others.
Acts 20:28
Take heed therefore unto yourselves, and to all the flock, over the which the Holy Ghost
hath made you overseers, to feed the church of God, which he hath purchased with his
own blood. (KJV)
prosecete oun eautoi kai panti tw poimniw, en w uJma to\ Pneuvma to\
Agion eqeto episko/pou, poimainein th\n ekklhsian touv Qeouv, hn
periepoih/sato dia touv idiou aimato. (TR)
Pay careful attention to yourselves and to all the flock, in which the Holy Spirit has made
you overseers, to care for the church of the Lord, which he obtained with the blood of
his Own. (ESV marg.)
prosecete eautoi kai panti tw poimniw, en w uJma to\ pneuvma to\ agion
eqeto episko/pou poimainein th\n ekklhsian touv Kuriou, hn periepoih/sato
dia touv aimato touv idiou. (CT-Tisch)
3

Pg. 170, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament, (4th rev. ed.). B. M. Metzger &
United Bible Societies. London: United Bible Societies, 1994.

Only 4% of Greek MSS follow the critical text reading Lord. The Received
Text reading has more Greek MSS support, while many Greek MSS follow the conflated
reading church of the Lord and God, which, although inaccurate, also provides further
evidence for the presence of the word God in the original, showing that Jesus Christ is
God. Only 4% of Greek MSS do not call Christ God in this passage. Furthermore,
Paul uses the expression church of God eleven times, while never using the expression
church of the Lord, an expression that is actually absent from the New Testament
entirely.
The variant at the end of the verse allows the critical text to be translated the
blood of his Own, making the God or Lord be a different Person from the One who
has blood. The TR reading is in 95% of Greek MSS.
Romans 9:5
Whose are the fathers, and of whom as concerning the flesh Christ came, who is over all,
God blessed for ever. Amen. (KJV)
wn oi patere, kai ex wn oJ Cristo\ to\ kata sarka, oJ wn epi pantwn, Qeo\
eujloghto\ ei tou\ aiwna. amh/n. (TR)
to them belong the patriarchs, and of their race, according to the flesh, is the Christ. God
who is over all be blessed for ever. Amen.
(RSV)
wn oi patere kai ex wn oJ Cristo\ to\ kata sarka. oJ wn epi pantwn qeo\
eujloghto\ ei tou\ aiwna, amh/n.
(CT)
Here the critical text corrupts the punctuation of the passage to remove the fact
that Romans 9:5 is recognizing that Christ is over all as the eternally blessed God.
Note the excerpt below from my notes on the Greek exegesis of the book of
Romans explaining why this is erroneous:
KJV: Whose are the fathers, and of whom as concerning the flesh Christ came, who is over all, God
blessed for ever. Amen.
RSV: to them belong the patriarchs, and of their race, according to the flesh, is the Christ. God who is over
all be blessed for ever. Amen. (similar renderings are found in the text of other modern versions (NEB,
etc.), or mentioned in the footnotes in various modern versions, such as the NIV, HCSB, etc.)
The KJV punctuates the verse as does the TR:
wn oi patere, kai ex wn oJ Cristo\ to\ kata sarka, oJ wn ep i pantwn, Qeo\ eujloghto\ ei
tou\ aiwna. amh/n.
The UBS (until the most recent edition, when it switched, Moo affirms) punctuated the verse as follows, in
a way that accords with the translation of the RSV:
wn oi patere, kai ex wn oJ Cristo\ to\ kata sarka, oJ wn ep i pantwn Qeo\ eujl oghto\ ei
tou\ aiwna, amh/n.
The difference is the comma in the TR after pantwn, and the period/comma after aiwna. The difference
that makes the TR affirm the Deity of Christ in this verse, while the UBS/CT does not affirm it, is the
comma/lack of a comma after pantwn. The affirmation of Christs Deity in Romans 9:5 in the TR, and
the lack of such an affirmation in the CT, is typical of the theological slant of the two Greek New
Testaments (cf. Acts 20:28; 1 Timothy 3:16; John 3:13; 1 John 5:7; Revelation 1:8, 11; etc.). The CT
cannot begin to build lists like this for the TR.
So which is correct? Does Romans 9:5 affirm the Deity of Christ, or not? (much of the discussion below
come from Cranfield on Romans in the International Critical Commentary)

1.)
2.)

1.)

2.)
3.)

4.)
a.)

The arguments against the Deity of Christ in Romans 9:5, and in favor of either, who is over all.
God be blessed for ever, Amen. or, God who is over all be blessed for ever, Amen. or He who is over
all, God, be blessed for ever, Amen. are mainly two.
Four uncial manuscripts (A B C L)note the inclusion of Vaticanus (B)have a point after sarka, either
by the first hand or by subsequent correctors, as do a handful of miniscules.
To quote Metzgers Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament, nowhere else in his genuine
epistles [Tit 2:13 is generally regarded as deutero-Pauline] does Paul ever designate ho Christos as Theos.
In fact, on the basis of the general tenor of his theology it was considered tantamount to impossible that
Paul would have expressed Christs greatness by calling him God blessed for ever. This heretical,
modernistic, junk reason is the main one for the UBS punctuation. Note that this reason also assumes
the validity of another CT corruption, namely in Romans 14:10-12 changing judgment seat of Christ (v.
10) who is God (v. 12), into judgment seat of God (v. 10, 12). One with a TR notes that only a few
chapters after Romans 9:5, in the same book, Paul exceedingly unequivocally identifies Christ as Theos.
The TR has 98% of MSS agreeing with it in reading Christ in v. 10, while God is supported by Aleph,
A, B, and C (supporting the idea that these were Arianizing MSS).
In favor of the Deity of Christ in Romans 9:5:
The arguments against it are exceedingly poor. The punctuation argument neglects the fact that the
presence of marks of punctuation in early manuscripts of the New Testament is so haphazard that one
cannot infer with confidence the construction given by the punctuator to the passage. For example, in Ro
9:2-4 codex Alexandrinus has a colon after megalh in ver. 2, one between Cristouv and uJper and another
after sarka in ver. 3, and one after Israhlitai in v. 4. Codex Vaticanus has a colon at the end of Ro
9:3, after both occurrences of Israh/l in ver. 6, after Abraam in ver. 7, Rebekka in ver. 10, and aujtouv
in ver. 22! Besides, Vaticanus and its allies are exceedingly corrupt MSS in general, frequently adding,
dropping, switching, etc. words, and they appear to have been under Arian influence, through their regular
omission or corruption of texts dealing with the Deity of Christ (1 Timothy 3:16; Acts 20:28 [note, both by
Paul]; Jude 4; John 3:13; 1:18; cf. Revelation 1:8, 11, etc.) Furthermore, no one is certain objectively about
who put these punctuation marks inthe date of the punctuation, even as the date of the Vaticanus MSS
itself, is not based upon objective external evidence.
In particular in regard to the rendering God who is over all be blessed for ever, Amen, as in the RSV, the
correct Greek for God who is over all would be oJ epi pantwn Qeo , without the wn.
The argument that Paul does not call Christ Theos is inherently modernistic, assumes Titus 2:13 is not
inspired, goes against overwhelming evidence in 1 Timothy 3:16, assumes Paul did not say what the MSS
evidence indicates in Acts 20:28, ignores Pauls frequent ascription of passages about Jehovah in the OT to
the Lord Jesus, assumes that the Holy Spirit would not inspire what Paul was penman for to call Christ
Theos, although the Spirit led John (John 20:28; 1:1; etc.), Peter (2 Peter 1:1), and the other NT writers to
do so, and has many other problems. Any translation or Greek testament that accepts the Arian position on
Romans 9:5 is influenced by theological liberalism and apostasy, rather than objectivity of evidence. Note
that in 1 Timothy 3:16 failing to call Christ God manifest in the flesh (Qeo\ efanerwqh en sarki) has
a grammatical issue (o w/o antecedent) stating that some unknown person appeared in a body (o
efanerwqh en sarki) , again in 1 Timothy 3:16 the TR has the overwhelming majority of MSS.
The positive evidence for who is over all, God blessed for ever, Amen is overwhelming.4
Pauline doxologies are generally either an integral part of the preceding sentence or else closely connected
with it (the doxology referring to a person named in the preceding sentence), and do not stand in complete
asyndeton, as, according to the Arian view of the punctuation, Romans 9:5 would do. Compare, e. g., 1:25;
11:36; 2 Cor 11:31; Gal 1:5; 2 Tim 4:18.
b.) Whenever baruk or its Greek equivalent eujl oghto/ is used in the Bible in an independent doxology, it
is always (apart from one known exception: in the LXX version of Psalm 68[LXX: 67]:19apparently a
duplicate translation/LXX textual corruptionit is also worth seeing if there are textual variants in the
LXX on thishas been inserted before eujloghto\ ku/rio)5 the first word of the sentence, and the same
4

One other alternative translation that favors the Deity of Christ is who is God over all, blessed for
ever, Amen, connecting Qeo\ with epi pantwn. However, the translation that is found in the KJV is to
be preferred.
5
Note the underlined phrase at the end of 67:18 (LXX), which corresponds with nothing in Hebrew,
and probably is simply a copyist error, reduplicating the next phrase (the eujl oghto\ ku/rio) and

rule is regularly applied also in extra-Biblical Jewish usage. Compare, e. g., Gen 9:26; 1 Sam 25:32; Ps
28:6 (LXX 27:6); 31:21-22 (LXX 30:21);6 41:13 (LXX, 40:14); 66:20 (LXX, 65:20) Luke 1:68; 2 Cor 1:3;
Eph 1:3; 1 Pet 1:3; 1QM 13:2; 14:4; and in the Eighteen Bendedictions. It should be remembered how
characteristic of Jewish worship this Blessed be . . . formula is. This is a very strong, indeed, a conclusive
argument in favor of the Trinitarian position on Romans 9:5. Qeo\ eujl oghto\ ei tou\ aiwna is not a
doxology, but a description of Christ.
c.) the expression eujloghto\ ei tou\ aiwna is twice besides used by Paul, and each time
unquestionably not in an ascription of praise, but in an assertion regarding the subject of the sentence;
Romans 1:25;7 2 Cor 11:31; whereas he twice uses the phrase eunlogetos ho Theos, as an ascription of
praise, without joining ei tou\ aiwna. If one looks at 2 Corinthians 11:31 (oJ Qeo\ kai path\r touv
Kuriou hJmwn Ihsouv Cristouv oid en, oJ wn eujl oghto\ ei tou\ aiwna, oti ouj yeu/d omai.), not
only the same phrase as in Romans 9:5 is employed, but the same construction with oJ wn occurs, and there
the whole refers to the subject of the sentence. No one would here submit that the participle in this context
was a wish or exclamation, or that it introduced an entirely new person. No one would deny that it refers
back to the previous subject, and that surely is the correct way to view the same construction in Rom 9:5.
c.) The use of to\ kata sarka in v. 5a suggests that an antithesis is going to follow.
d.) An independent doxology would be rather surprising at this point, since, though a recital of Israels
privileges might well ordinarily have been an occasion for such a doxology, in this case they have been
mentioned in order to emphasize the grieviousness of the Jews disobedience. (A dependent doxology like
that of 1:25 would be a different matter and would be perfectly natural).
e.) The only natural way to take oJ wn in the position it holds in the collocation of words forming vv. 3-5 is
as the equivalent of hos estin, who is.
f.) The great majority of patristic writers took Romans 9:5 as evidence for the Deity of Christ, including
Irenaeus, Justin Martyr, Hippolytus, Tertullian, Origen, Chrysostom, Theodore of Mopsuestia, Theodoret,
Theophylact, Ambrosiaster, Augustine, and Pelagius. This was also the common view of later interpreters.
Alford concludes his comments on Romans 9:5 by stating that the Trinitarian view of the passage
is then not only that most agreeable to the usage of the Apostle, but the only one admissible by the rules of
therefore does not undermine the argument below by any means:
Psa. 67:19 anebh ei uyo hjcmalwteusa aicmalwsian el abe do/m ata en anqrwp w kai gar
apeiqouvnte touv kataskhnws ai ku/rio oJ qeo\ eujloghto/
Psa. 67:20 eujloghto\ ku/rio hJmeran kaq hJm eran kateuodws ei hJm in oJ qeo\ twn swthriwn
hJmwn diayalma
BLXX (67:18) Thou art gone up on high, thou hast led captivity captive, thou hast received gifts for man,
yea, for they were rebellious, that thou mightest dwell among them. BLXX (67:19) Blessed be the Lord
God, blessed be the Lord daily; and the God of our salvation shall prosper us. Pause.
6
Gen. 9:26 kai eipen eujl oghto\ ku/rio oJ qeo\ touv Shm kai es tai Canaan pai aujtouv
1Sam. 25:32 kai eip en Dauid thv Abigaia eujl oghto\ ku/rio oJ qeo\ Israhl o apes teilen se
sh/meron en tau/th ei apanthsin mou
Psa. 27:6 eujl oghto\ ku/rio oti eish/kousen thv fwnhv thv deh/sew mou
Psa. 30:22 eujl oghto\ ku/rio oti eqaumas twsen to\ eleo aujtouv en po/lei periochv
Psa. 40:14 eujloghto\ ku/rio oJ qeo\ Israhl ap o\ touv aiwno kai ei to\n aiwna genoito
genoito
Psa. 65:20 eujloghto\ oJ qeo/ o oujk ap esthsen th\n proseuch/n mou kai to\ eleo aujtouv ap
emouv
Luke 1:68 Eujl oghto\ Ku/rio oJ Qeo\ touv Israh/l, oti epeskeyato kai ep oihse lu/trwsin tw
law aujtouv,
2Cor. 1:3 Eujl oghto\ oJ Qeo\ kai path\r touv Kuriou hJm wn Ihsouv Cristouv, oJ path\r twn
oiktirmwn kai Qeo\ pash paraklh/sew,
Eph. 1:3 Eujloghto\ oJ Qeo\ kai path\r touv Kuriou hJmwn Ihsouv Cristouv, oJ eujlogh/s a hJma
en pash eujlogia pneumatikhv en toi epouranioi en Cristw:
1Pet. 1:3 Eujl oghto\ oJ Qeo\ kai path\r touv Kuriou hJmwn Ihsouv Cristouv, oJ kata to\ polu\
aujtouv eleo anagennh/s a hJma ei elpid a zws an di anastasew Ihsouv Cristouv ek
nekrwn,
7
25 oitine meth/llaxan th\n alh/qeian touv Qeouv en tw yeu/dei, kai es ebas qhsan kai
elatreusan thv ktisei para to\n ktisanta, o es tin eujloghto\ ei tou\ aiwna. amh/n.

grammar and arrangement. It also admirably suits the context: for, having enumerated the historic
advantages of the Jewish people, he concludes by stating one which ranks far higher than all,that from
them sprung, according to the flesh, He who is God over all, blessed for ever.
So the doxology of Romans 9:5 is actually affirming, first, Christs lordship over all things (cf. 14:9; Phil
2:10)the pantwn is a neuter, but an inclusive one which includes persons as well as things (cf. the
neuter singular in Jn 6:37, 39; 17:24 and the neuter plural in 1 Cor 1:27f (in the light of 1:26); Col 1:16),
and secondly His divine nature as Theos.

1 Corinthians 10:9
Neither let us tempt Christ, as some of them also tempted, and were destroyed of
serpents. (KJV)
mhde ekpeirazwmen to\n Cristo/n, kaqw kai tine aujtwn epeirasan, kai
uJpo\ twn ofewn apwlonto. (TR)
Nor let us try the Lord, as asome of them did, and were destroyed by the serpents.
(NASV)
mhde ekpeirazwmen to\n ku/rion, kaqw kai tine aujtwn epeirasan, kai uJpo\
twn ofewn apwlonto. (CT-WH)
1 Corinthians 10:9 indicates that when the nation of Israel tempted Jehovah in
their wilderness wanderings, they were really tempting Christ, identifying Jesus Christ as
Jehovah (Numbers 21:5-6; Exodus 17:2, 7). The critical text weakens this identification
of Christ with Jehovah by substituting the reading Lord for Christ, allowing antiTrinitarians to identify the Lord with God the Father.
The Received Text reading is supported by the vast majority of Greek MSS,
including the oldest MS in existence (P46), as well as the Old Latin, Vulgate, Syriac,
Sahidic, and Bohairic versions, and patristic writers from all geographical portions of
Christiandom from Irenaeus onward.
1 Timothy 3:16
And without controversy great is the mystery of godliness: God was manifest in the
flesh, justified in the Spirit, seen of angels, preached unto the Gentiles, believed on in the
world, received up into glory. (KJV)
kai oJmologoumenw mega esti to\ thv eujsebeia musth/rion: Qeo\ efanerwqh
en sarki, edikaiwqh en pneu/mati, wfqh aggeloi, ekhru/cqh en eqnesin,
episteu/qh en ko/smw, anelh/mfqh en do/xh. (TR)
Great indeed, we confess, is the mystery of godliness: He was manifested in the flesh,
vindicated by the Spirit, seen by angels, proclaimed among the nations, believed on in the
world, taken up in glory. (ESV)
kai oJmologoumenw mega estin to\ thv eujsebeia musth/rion: o efanerwqh
en sarki, edikaiwqh en pneu/mati, wfqh aggeloi, ekhru/cqh en eqnesin,
episteu/qh en ko/smw, anelh/mfqh en do/xh. (CT)
The Received Text reading is in the overwhelming majority of manuscripts
99%. Furthermore, not one known Greek MSS on earth reads he. The critical Greek
text actually reads the pronoun who, which is bad grammar. The CT reading is in four
MSS (0.6%)at most. In fact, one of these four (Alexandrinus) actually read God but
6

was then changed into who, and another one (Sinaiticus) also testifies to the reading
God. Therefore, the English translation of the CT reads he, since who does not
make any sense. One must choose between 99% of the MSS and proper grammar or
0.6% (at most) of MSS and bad grammar. The bad grammar made one Greek MS (the
corrupt codex D) change the Greek pronoun from hos to ho to eliminate the bad grammar
that is present when God is removed from the passage. Patristic writers such as
Gregory of Nyssa, Didymus, Chrysostom, Theodoret, and Euthalius also support the
Received Text. Furthermore, there is no great mystery in a male human being having
human flesh, but God being manifest in the flesh is certainly a great mystery.
1 John 5:7-8
For there are three that bear record in heaven, the Father, the Word, and the Holy
Ghost: and these three are one. 8 And there are three that bear witness in earth, the
Spirit, and the water, and the blood: and these three agree in one. (KJV)
oti trei eisin oi marturouvnte en tw oujranw, oJ path/r, oJ lo/go, kai to\
Agion Pneuvma: kai outoi oi trei en eisi. 8 kai trei eisin oi
marturouvnte en thv ghv, to\ Pneuvma, kai to\ udwr, kai to\ aima: kai oi trei
ei to\ en eisin. (TR)
For there are three that testify: 8 the Spirit and the water and the blood; and these three
agree. (ESV)
oti trei eisin oi marturouvnte, 8 to\ pneuvma kai to\ udwr kai to\ aima, kai
oi trei ei to\ en eisin. (CT)
The critical text eliminates this tremendous testimony to the Trinity. Evidence for
the inspiration of 1 John 5:7 is provided at more length at the end of this article.
Jude 4
For there are certain men crept in unawares, who were before of old ordained to this
condemnation, ungodly men, turning the grace of our God into lasciviousness, and
denying the only Lord God, and our Lord Jesus Christ. (KJV)
pareisedusan gar tine anqrwpoi, oi palai progegrammenoi ei touvto to\
krima, asebei, th\n touv Qeouv hJmwn carin metatiqente ei aselgeian, kai
to\n mo/non despo/thn Qeo/n, kai Ku/rion hJmwn Ihsouvn Cristo\n arnou/menoi.
(TR)
For certain people have crept in unnoticed who long ago were designated for this
condemnation, ungodly people, who pervert the grace of our God into sensuality and
ldeny our only Master and Lord, Jesus Christ. (ESV)
pareisedusan gar tine anqrwpoi, oi palai progegrammenoi ei touvto to\
krima, asebei, th\n touv qeouv hJmwn carita metatiqente ei aselgeian kai
to\n mo/non despo/thn kai ku/rion hJmwn Ihsouvn Cristo\n arnou/menoi.
(CT)
The Greek grammar in Jude 4, where a single article is found in the phrase the
only Lord God and our Lord Jesus Christ indicates that Christ is the Lord God because

of the Granville-Sharp rule. The critical text eliminates this testimony to Christs Deity
by eliminating the word God from the text, rejecting the very large majority of MSS.
Revelation 1:8, 11
I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the ending, saith the Lord, which is, and
which was, and which is to come, the Almighty. . . . Saying, I am Alpha and Omega,
the first and the last: and, What thou seest, write in a book, and send it unto the seven
churches which are in Asia; unto Ephesus, and unto Smyrna, and unto Pergamos, and
unto Thyatira, and unto Sardis, and unto Philadelphia, and unto Laodicea. (KJV)
Egw eimi to\ A kai to\ W, arch\ kai telo, legei oJ Ku/rio, oJ wn kai oJ hn kai
oJ erco/meno, oJ pantokratwr. . . . legou/sh, Egw eimi to\ A kai to\ W, oJ
prwto kai oJ escato: kai, O blepei grayon ei biblion, kai pemyon tai
epta ekklhsiai tai en Asia, ei Efeson, kai ei Smu/rnan, kai ei
Pergamon, kai ei Quateira, kai ei Sardei, kai ei Filadelfeian, kai ei
Laodikeian. (TR)
I am the Alpha and the Omega, says the Lord God, who is and who was and who is to
come, the Almighty. . . . saying, Write what you see in a book and send it to the seven
churches, to Ephesus and to Smyrna and to Pergamum and to Thyatira and to Sardis and
to Philadelphia and to Laodicea. (ESV)
Egw eimi to\ alfa kai to\ w, legei ku/rio oJ qeo/, oJ wn kai oJ hn kai oJ
erco/meno, oJ pantokratwr. . . . legou/sh: o blepei grayon ei biblion kai
pemyon tai epta ekklhsiai, ei Efeson kai ei Smu/rnan kai ei
Pergamon kai ei Quateira kai ei Sardei kai ei Filadelfeian kai ei
Laodikeian. (CT)
The Received Text identifies Christ, the speaker in 1:8, 11, as the Almighty, the
Alpha and the Omega, the beginning and the ending, the first and the last. The critical
text, by adding the word God in v. 8 and omitting the phrases highlighted above in v. 8
and v. 11, change the speaker in v. 8 from Christ to the Father, and remove the testimony
to Christs Deity from this passage.
There is excellent Greek MSS support for the Received Text reading (which is
also receives support from other sources; e. g., in v. 8, the Old Latin, the Vulgate, and
other witnesses). While the textual situation in the book of Revelation is complicated, the
Received Text tends to follow the largest single group of MSS. Hoskier declared,
concerning the TR text of Revelation: I may state that if Erasmus had striven to found a
text on the largest number of existing MSS [manuscripts] in the world of one type, he
could not have succeeded better. . . . Here then is a powerful example of Gods guiding
providence in preserving the text of Revelation.8
Revelation 20:12
And I saw the dead, small and great, stand before God; and the books were opened: and
another book was opened, which is the book of life: and the dead were judged out of
those things which were written in the books, according to their works. (KJV)
8

Pg. 16, 26, pg. 16, When the KJV Departs from the Majority Text, Jack Moorman, 2nd ed.
Collingswoord, NJ: Bible For Today, 1988.

kai eidon tou\ nekrou/, mikrou\ kai megalou, estwta enwpion touv Qeouv,
kai biblia hjnewcqhsan: kai biblion allo hjnewcqh, o esti thv zwhv: kai
ekriqhsan oi nekroi ek twn gegrammenwn en toi biblioi, kata ta erga
aujtwn. (TR)
And I saw the dead, great and small, standing before the throne, and books were opened.
Then another book was opened, which is rthe book of life. And the dead were judged by
what was written in the books, according to what they had done. (ESV)
kai eidon tou\ nekrou/, tou\ megalou kai tou\ mikrou/, estwta enwpion
touv qro/nou. kai biblia hjnoicqhsan, kai allo biblion hjnoicqh, o estin thv
zwhv, kai ekriqhsan oi nekroi ek twn gegrammenwn en toi biblioi kata ta
erga aujtwn. (CT)
Since Jesus Christ is the One sitting on this throne, the Received Text declares that He is
God, while the critical text changes God to throne. Concerning the MSS evidence
in the book of Revelation, see the comments on Revelation 1:8, 11 above.
Evidence for the inspiration and preservation of 1 John 5:7
In contrast to the other verses above, only a minority of Greek MSS contain the
reading that is found in the Textus Receptus in 1 John 5:7the definite majority of Greek
MSS do not contain the verse. Why, then, should it be accepted as part of the Word of
God and a testimony to the Trinity?
1.) In Gods providence, God had the verse placed in the Textus Receptus, which true
churches have received as containing all the words given by miraculous inspiration and
preserved providentially. Since the Holy Spirit has led His churches to receive this verse
(cf. John 17:8; 1 Timothy 3:15), it is part of the canonical NT text.
2.) There are readings found in the critical text that have far less evidence than 1 John
5:7, yet are accepted on CT principles (cf. 2 Corinthians 5:3, where the CT follows 1
Greek MS); in Luke 3:33, the CT reading is not found in any Greek MS known on earth).
3.) Only 14 of the c. 500 Greek MSS that lack 1 John 5:7 predate the ninth century, while
there are many early witnesses in favor of 1 John 5:7. Consider the following chart (from
an article by Jesse Boyd):
Historical Breakdown of Hostile Evidence
2/498 4th century (a, B) = 0.4% of hostile evidence
2/498 5th century (A, 048) = 0.4% of hostile evidence
1/498 6th century (0296) = 0.2% of hostile evidence
0/498 7th century = 0.0% of hostile evidence
1/498 8th century (Y+) = 0.2% of hostile evidence
8/498 9th century (K, L, P, 049, 1424+, 1841+, 1862, 1895) = 1.6% of hostile evidence
484/498 post 9th century = 97.2% of hostile evidence
30 mss. 10th century
80 mss. 11th century
79 mss. 12th century
98 mss. 13th century
119 mss. 14th century

55 mss. 15th century

15 mss. 16th century
6 mss. 17th century
1 mss. 18th century
Historical Breakdown of Favorable Evidence
A.D. (ca.)
200 Tertullian
250 Cyprian
318 Athanasius
350 Idacius Clarus
380 Priscillian
385 Gregory of Nazanzius
390 Jerome
450 Contra Varimadum
450 Latin mss. m
485 Council of Carthage
485 Victor of Vitensis
500 Latin mss. r
527 Fulgentius
570 Cassiodorus
636 Isidore of Seville
650 Codex Pal Legionensus
700 Jaqub of Edessa
735 mss. used by Venerable Bede
850 Codex Ulmensis
*In addition to the aforementioned favorable evidence, the Comma can be traced back through the
Waldensian Church to the translation of the Old Italic in the 2nd century. Moreover, in the 7th century, at
least 12 Old Latin mss contain the passage; at least 21 in the 8th century, and at least 189 in the 9th
century. Over 6,000 Old Latin manuscripts remained unexamined to this day. It is also probable that the
Comma was found in the Old Syriac tradition as far back as its translation. The Armenian and Slavonic
versions bear witness to the Comma in several copies, and the German versions prior to Luther bear
consistent testimony to it.
RESULT: The Johannine Comma enjoys at least 19 pieces of concrete favorable evidence predating the
ninth century; hostile witnesses, on the other hand, can only claim 14 Greek manuscripts and an argument
from silence with regard to the patristic evidence.

4.) The removal of 1 John 5:7 creates a grammatical error in the Greek text, one
recognized, for example, by the early Greek patristic writer Gregory of Nazianzus c. A.
D. 380. Concerning the CT reading, Gregory stated: [The apostle John] has not been
consistent in the way he has happened upon his terms; for after using Three in the
masculine gender he adds three words which are neuter, contrary to the definitions and
laws which you and your grammarians have laid down (Oration 32:19). That is, there is
a clear disagreement in the gender of the words in the critical Greek text between 1 John
5:7-8, so that the words there are three who bear witness [masculine gender] are
followed by the three words in the neuter gender, the Spirit and the water and the
blood. In the Received Text, there is no problem of gender discordance, but proper
grammar is employed. Since the Apostle John, under inspiration, did not write bad
grammar, the Received Text reading of 1 John 5:7 is correct.9
9

Note that in the TR that the three heavenly witnesses are the witness of God, v. 9, and the
consubstiantiality of the Persons of the Trinity, rather than a mere unity of agreement, is seen in the
difference between the oi trei en eisi and the oi trei ei to\ en eis in of the earthly witnesses. Note

10

Note the following explanation:

The full text [of 1 John 5:7] follows with the disputed word in brackets:
HOTI TREIS EISIN HOI MARTUROUNTES (EN TO OURANO, HO PATER, HO LOGOS, KAI TO
HAGION PNEUMA; KAI HOUTOI HOI TREIS HEN EISI. KAI TREIS EISIN HOI MARTUROUTES
EN TE GE) TO PNEUMA, KAI TO HUDOR, KAI TO HAIMA; KAI HOI TREIS EIS TO HEN EISIN.
The internal evidence against the omission is as follows:
1. The masculine article, numeral and participle HOI TREIS MARTUROUNTES, are made to
agree directly with three neuters, an insuperable and very bald grammatical difficulty. If the
disputed words are allowed to remain, they agree with two masculines and one neuter noun HO PATER,
HO LOGOS, KAI TO HAGION PNEUMA and, according to the rule of syntax, the masculines among the
group control the gender over a neuter connected with them. Then the occurrence of the masculines TREIS
MARTUROUNTES in verse 8 agreeing with the neuters PNEUMA, HUDOR and HAIMA may be
accounted for by the power of attraction, well known in Greek syntax.
2. If the disputed words are omitted, the 8th verse coming next to the 6th gives a very bald and
awkward, and apparently meaningless repetition of the Spirit's witness twice in immediate
succession.
3. If the words are omitted, the concluding words at the end of verse 8 contain an unintelligible
reference. The Greek words KAI HOI TREIS EIS TO HEN EISIN mean precisely--"and these three agree
to that (aforesaid) One." This rendering preserves the force of the definite article in this verse. Then what is
"that One" to which "these three" are said to agree? If the 7th verse is omitted "that One" does not appear,
and "that One" in verse 8, which designates One to whom the reader has already been introduced, has not
antecedent presence in the passage. Let verse 7 stand, and all is clear, and the three earthly witnesses testify
to that aforementioned unity which the Father, Word and Spirit constitute.
4. John has asserted in the previous 6 verses that faith is the bond of our spiritual life and victory
over the world. This faith must have a solid warrant, and the truth of which faith must be assured
is the Sonship and Divinity of Christ. See verses 5,11, 12, 20. The only faith that quickens the soul
and overcomes the world is (verse 5) the belief that Jesus is God's Son, that God has appointed Him our
Life, and that this Life is true God. God's warrant for this faith comes: FIRST in verse 6, in the words of
the Holy Ghost speaking by inspired men; SECOND in verse 7, in the words of the Father, the Word and
the Spirit, asserting and confirming by miracles the Sonship and unity of Christ with the Father.; THIRD
in verse 8, in the work of the Holy Ghost applying the blood and water from Christ's pierced side for our
cleansing. FOURTH in verse 10, in the spiritual consciousness of the believer himself, certifying to him
that he feels within a divine change.
How harmonious is all this if we accept the 7th verse as genuine, but if we omit it the very keystone
of the arch is wanting, and the crowning proof that the warrant of our faith is divine (verse 9) is
struck out. (Summarised from Discussions of Robert Lewis Dabney, The Banner of Truth Trust, 1967, by
the Trinitarian Bible Society, 217 Kingston Road, London, SW19, 3NN England; reprinted in in September
16, 1998 (Fundamental Baptist Information Service, P.O. Box 610368, Port Huron, MI 48061,
fbns@wayoflife.org)

The following document also provides ancient testimony to the genuineness of 1 John
also that the gender discordance in the CT is not properly explicable based on a personification of pneuvma
because of v. 6: to\ pneuvma es tin to\ marturouvn.

11

5:7, and explains why it is omitted in many Greek MSS:

Jeromes Prologue to the Canonical Epistles10
The order of the seven Epistles which are called canonical is not the same among the Greeks who
follow the correct faith and the one found in the Latin codices, where Peter, being the first among the
apostles, also has his two epistles first. But just as we have corrected the evangelists into their proper order,
so with Gods help have we done with these. The first is one of James, then two of Peter, three of John and
one of Jude.
Just as these are properly understood and so translated faithfully by interpreters into Latin without
leaving ambiguity for the readers nor [allowing] the variety of genres to conflict, especially in that text
where we read the unity of the trinity is placed in the first letter of John, where much error has occurred at
the hands of unfaithful translators contrary to the truth of faith, who have kept just the three words water,
blood and spirit in this edition omitting mention of Father, Word and Spirit in which especially the
[universal] faith is strengthened and the unity of substance of Father, Son and Holy Spirit is attested.
In the other epistles to what extent our edition varies from others I leave to the prudence of the
reader. But you, virgin of Christ, Eustocium, when you ask me urgently about the truth of scripture you
expose my old age to being gnawed at by the teeth of envious ones who accuse me of being a falsifier and
corruptor of the scriptures. But in such work I neither fear the envy of my critics nor deny the truth of
scripture to those who seek it.
End of Prologue
PROLOGUS IN EPISTULAS CANONICAS.

399

Non ita ordo est apud graecos qui integre sapiunt et fidem rectam sectantur Epistularam septem quae
canonicae nuncupantur ut in latinis codicibus inuenitur quod petrusprimus est in numero apostolorum
10

The translation below was made by Thomas Caldwell, S. J. of Marquette University in

Milwaukee, WI. The translation comes from the Codex Fuldensis (c. A. D. 541-546). This Latin codex is
available at http://books.google.com, and the Latin text above is found on pg. 399. The preface claims to
be by Jerome, the translator of the Latin Vulgate. The prologue has textual critical value because it bears
on the question of the authenticity of the Johannine Comma, 1 John 5:7 (For there are three that bear
record in heaven, the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost: and these three are one.). If the preface is
indeed by Jerome, it would provide evidence that there were Greek copies in his day that contained the
Comma, and that Jerome thought that others who seem to have held to heretical doctrine had removed the
verse from their manuscripts. Such a belief on Jeromes part would explain the presence of the Comma in
the overwhelming majority of copies of the Latin Vulgate. There is certainly evidence for the Comma in
the Old Latin Bible and various other sources before Jerome. If the Prologue is not by Jerome, whoever
wrote it would still make the assertion that the Comma was originally present but was removed by
unfaithful and heretical scribes. Of course, both Jerome and the copyist of the codex Fuldensis died many
centuries ago and nobody today can ask them what actually happened. It is certainly true that many
opponents of the genuineness of the Comma would dismiss out of hand the possibility that this Prologue
truly comes from Jerome based on the assumption that there cannot be genuine evidence so early for the
Comma, just as they dismiss Cyprians quotation of the Comma in A. D. 251 (The Lord says, I and the
Father are one; and again it is written of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, And these
three are one. On The Unity of the Church, Treatise 1:6. Trans. Church Fathers: The Ante-Nicene
Fathers, ed. Alexander Roberts & James Donaldson.) on the assumption that Cyprian simply cannot have
quoted it, since it allegedly did not yet exist. However, the fact that many people dismiss the evidence of
this Prologue to the Comma from unreasonable biases does not of itself mean that the work did indeed
come from Jeromes hand.
It should also be noted that there seem to be some problems with the Latin of the prologue found
in the codex, whether as a result of errors in the modern scanning of the text, ancient copyist errors, or for
other reasons. Those who know Latin should be able to evaluate these matters.

12

primae sint etiam eius 5 epistulae in ordine ceterarum Sed sicut euangelistas dudum ad ueritatis lineam
correximus ita has proprio ordine deo nos iuuante reddidimus Est enim prima earum una iacobi petri duae
iohannis tres et iudae una 10 Quae sicut ab eis digestae sunt ita quoque ab interpraetibus fideliter in
latinum eloquium uerterentur nec ambiguitatem legentibus facerent nec sermonum se uarietas inpugnaret
illo praecipue loco ubi de unitate trinitatis in prima iohannis epistula positum legimus in qua est ab
infidelibus 15 translatoribus multum erratum esse fidei ueritate conperimus trium tantummodo uocabula
hoc est aquae sanguinis et spiritus in ipsa sua editione potentes et patri uerbique ac spiritus testimonium
omittentes In quo maxime et fides catholica roboratur et patris et fili et spiritus sancti una diuinitatis 20
substantia conprobatur In ceteris uero epistulis quantum nostra aliorum distet editio lectoris prudentiae
derelinquo Sed tu uirgo christi eusthocium dum a me inpensius scribturae ueritatem inquiris meam
quodammodo senectutem inuidorum dentibus conrodendam exponis qui me falsarium corruptoremque 25
sanctarum pronuntiant scribturarum Sed ego in tali opere nec aemulorum meorum inuidentiam pertimesco
nec sanctae scribturae ueritatem poscentibus denegabo
.....................
EXPL PROLOGUS INC

There is also a popular myth circulating that Erasmus promised to add 1 John 5:7 to his
edition of the Greek New Testament if a single copy with the verse could be found. A
copy was then allegedly forged, and Erasmus added 1 John 5:7, supposedly, based on this
forged copy. However, none of this happenedit is simpy a myth. Note the article
below:
WHY DID ERASMUS ADD THE JOHANNINE COMMA TO HIS 3RD EDITION
GREEK NEW TESTAMENT?
There are two popular myths regarding Erasmus and 1 John 5:7 that are parroted by modernists,
evangelicals, and even fundamentalists today who defend the modern versions against the KJV.
The first myth is that Erasmus promised to insert the verse if a Greek manuscript were produced.
This is stated as follows by Bruce Metzger: Erasmus promised that he would insert the Comma
Johanneum, as it is called, in future editions if a single Greek manuscript could be found that contained the
passage. At length such a copy was found-- or made to order (Metzger, The Text of the New Testament,
1st and 2nd editions). The second myth is that Erasmus challenged Edward Lee to find a Greek manuscript
that included 1 John 5:7. This originated with Erika Rummel in 1986 in her book Erasmus Annotations
and was repeated by James White in 1995 (The Truth about the KJV-Only Controversy).
In A History of the Debate over 1 John 5:7,8, Michael Maynard records that H.J. de Jonge, the
Dean of the Faculty of Theology at Rijksuniversiteit (Leiden, Netherlands), has refuted both myths. de
Jonge, a recognized specialist in Erasmian studies, refuted the myth of a promise in 1980, stating that
Metzgers view on Erasmus promise has no foundation in Erasmus work. Consequently it is highly
improbable that he included the difficult passage because he considered himself bound by any such
promise. He has also refuted the new myth of a challenge (which Rummel devised in reaction to the burial
of the promise myth). In a letter of June 13, 1995, to Maynard, de Jonge wrote: I have checked again
Erasmus words quoted by Erika Rummel and her comments on them in her book Erasmus Annotations.
This is what Erasmus writes [on] in his Liber tertius quo respondet ... Ed. Lei: Erasmus first records that
Lee had reproached him with neglect of the MSS. of 1 John because Er. (according to Lee) had consulted
only one MS. Erasmus replies that he had certainly not used only one ms., but many copies, first in
England, then in Brabant, and finally at Basle. He cannot accept, therefore, Lees reproach of negligence and
impiety.
Is it negligence and impiety, if I did not consult manuscripts which were simply not within my reach? I
have at least assembled whatever I could assemble. Let Lee produce a Greek MS. which contains what my
edition does not contain and let him show that that manuscript was within my reach. Only then can he
reproach me with negligence in sacred matters.
From this passage you can see that Erasmus does not challenge Lee to produce a manuscript etc. What
Erasmus argues is that Lee may only reproach Erasmus with negligence of MSS if he demonstrates that
Erasmus could have consulted any MS. In which the Comma Johanneum figured. Erasmus does not at all
ask for a MS. Containing the Comma Johanneum. He denies Lee the right to call him negligent and
impious if the latter does not prove that Erasmus neglected a manuscript to which he had access. In short,
Rummels interpretation is simply wrong. The passage she quotes has nothing to do with a challenge.

13

Also, she cuts the quotation short, so that the real sense of the passage becomes unrecognizable. She is
absolutely not justified in speaking of a challenge in this case or in the case of any other passage on the
subject (emphasis in original) (de Jonge, cited from Maynard, p. 383).
Jeffrey Khoo observes further: Yale professor Roland Bainton, another Erasmian expert, agrees
with de Jonge, furnishing proof from Erasmus own writing that Erasmus inclusion of 1 John 5:7f was not
due to a so-called promise but the fact that he believed the verse was in the Vulgate and must therefore
have been in the Greek text used by Jerome (Jeffrey Khoo, Kept Pure in All Ages, 2001, p. 88).
Edward F. Hills, who had a doctorate in textual criticism from Harvard, testifies: ...it was not
trickery that was responsible for the inclusion of the Johannine Comma in the Textus Receptus, but the
usage of the Latin speaking Church (Hills, The King James Version Defended).
In the 3rd edition of The Text of the New Testament Bruce Metzger corrected his false assertion
about Erasmus as follows: What is said on p. 101 above about Erasmus promise to include the Comma
Johanneum if one Greek manuscript were found that contained it, and his subsequent suspicion that MS 61
was written expressly to force him to do so, needs to be corrected in the light of the research of H. J.
DeJonge, a specialist in Erasmian studies who finds no explicit evidence that supports this frequently made
assertion (Metzger, The Text of The New Testament, 3rd edition, p. 291, footnote 2). The problem is that
this myth continues to be paraded as truth by modern version defenders.

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