CIRCULATION the movement of blood through

the vessels of the body that is induced by the

pumping action of the heart.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM also known as the
bodys transport system.

Characteristics:
-

300g
Not much bigger than a closed fist
Has four chambers
The wall is made up of Cardiac Muscle

Three Main Functions:

TRANSPORTING the substances around the
body, this includes Glucose, Water, Oxygen,
Carbon Dioxide, Waste Products and Nutrients.
CONTROLLING the body temperature
PROTECTING the body with the blood that
contains cells and anti-bodies that fight infection
and clotting to stop bleeding.
Types of Circulatory System:
OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM pumps blood
into the Hemocoel; blood is pumped by heart into
the body cavities, where tissues are surrounded
by blood.

BLOOD a liquid tissue that is carried by a

blood vessels for transporting oxygen and
nutrients to the cells.
Major Functions of the blood:
-

Picks up nutrients in the small intestine

and oxygen in the lungs.
Moves the nutrients and oxygen to cells
in the entire body.
Carries the waste materials to the
kidneys, skins and lungs where they are
removed from the body.
Help to protect the bodies from diseases
and assist in blood clotting.
Helps keeps the toes warm.

CLOSE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM have the

bloods close all the times within Vessels; pumped
by a heart through vessels but does not normally
fill body cavities.

Components:

BLOOD VESSELS ensure the transport of

oxygen, nutrients and metabolites to all the body
cells.

RED BLOOD CELLS (ERYTHROCYTE) its

function is to carry oxygen from lungs to the body
cells, it is red because it is filles with PROTEINS
and HEMOGOBLINS. Lifespan is about 80-120
days.

Three Major Types:

ARTERIES they transfer oxygenated blood
from the heart to various organs, This is carried
in theirs branches called ARTERIOLES.
VEINS they carry deoxygenated blood from
various organs of the body to the heart. This is
carried in their branches call VENULES.
CAPILLARIES thin blood vessels where the
exchange of nutrients takes place.

HEART ensure that oxygen-filled bloos is being

pumped to every living cell in the body.
Location: ABOVE THE DIAPHRAM.

PLASMA carries digested food from small

intestine to other parts of the body and
responsible in transporting hormones and
antibodies as well as waste materials.

WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTE) it is

made in the bone marrow with the primary
responsibility to defend our body from pathogenic
microorganisms.
PLATELETS (THROMBOCYTES) helps in the
clotting of blood to prevent excessive blood lost
in the present of open wound.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM the function is to
allow the lungs to take in atmosphere oxygen
through INHALATION and dispose of the waste
products in the body does not need though
EXHALATION.

NOSE the primary upper respiratory organ in

which air enters into and exits from the body.
PHARYNX a tubular structure positioned
behind the oral and nasal cavities that allows air
to pass from the mouth to the lungs.
BRONCHI allow the passage of air to the
lungs.
LUNGS the spongy, air-filled organs located on
the both sides of the chest cavity-respiration.
ALVEOLI a tiny grape-like sacs at the end of
the respiratory tree. Here is where the exchange
of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs.
DIAPHRAGM a mascular system located
between the thoracic and abdominal cavity.

Four Classifications of Disorders of Respiratory

Systems:
OBSTRUCTIVE CONDITIONS Emphysema,
Bronchitis, Asthma Attacks
RESTRICTIVE CONDITIONS Fibrosis,
Sarcoidosis, Alveolar Damage, Pleural Effusion
VASCULAR DISEASES Pulmonary Edemo,
Pulmonary Embolism, Pulmonary Hypertension
INFECTIOUS, ENVIRONMENTAL AND OTHER
Pneumonia, Tubercolosis, Asbetosis,
Particulate Pollutants
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMANARY
DISEASE (COPD) irritation of the lungs can
lead to asthma, emphysema and chronic
bronchitis and people can develop two or three of
these together.
CHRONIC BRANCHITIS any irritant reaching
the bronchi and bronchioles will stimulate in
increased secretion of mucus. In chronic
bronchitis the air passages become clogged with
mucus, and this leads to a persistent cough.
EMPHYSEMA the delicate walls of the alveoli
break down, reducing the gas exchange area of
the lungs. The condition develops slowly and is
seldom a direct cause of death.

ASTHMA periodic construction of the bronchi

and bronchioles makes it more difficult to
breathe.
`PNEUMONIA an infection of the alveoli. It can
be caused by many kinds of both bacteria and
viruses. Tissue fluids occumulate in the alveoli
reducing the surface area exposed to air. If
enough alveoli are affected the patient may need
supplemental oxygen.
WHAT IS FERTILATION ?
The process of fertilization involves complex
interactions between egg and sperm.
WHERE DOES FERTILIZATION OCCURS?
In human fertilization occur in the end of the
fallopian tube away from the uterus (close to the
ovary)
A MATURE EGG IS NEEDED
In order for fertilization to happened the egg must
be mature.
OVULATION THE INITIAL SPERM EGG
INTERACTION
The egg is ovulated from the ovarian follicle with
an associated mass of cumulus cells that are
attached to it.
SPERM PENETRATION INTO THE EGG
A series of steps allow the sperm to penetrate the
shell and finally bind to the outer egg membrane,
which is just within the outer shell.
EGG ALLOWS ONLY ONE SPERM IN
PREVENTION OF POLYSPERMY
Once a single sperm has penetrated, an internal
reaction occurs in the egg which securely blocks
other sperm from entering.
WHAT IS CHROMOSOME?
Chromosomes are made up of proteins and
DNAs (deoxyribonucleic acids) and they are
found in each cell nucleus, while chromosomes
are only visible until cells are to divide Linear
DNAs and proteins will gradually fold and coil
themselves, forming the so- called chromosome

FORMATION OF CHROMOSOMES
A DNA molecule in the nucleus of a cell loops
around the spherical structured called
HISTONES. Histones are proteins found in the
nucleus of eukaryotes. After the DNA completely
looped around the histones, chromatin fibers are
formed:
Chromatin fibers will continue to loop until a
CHROMATID is formed. It is a single stranded
chromosome.
Chromatid will make an identical copy of itself
through the process of replication. The replication
is done to double the DNA carried by the
chromatid.
CHROMOSOMAL NUMBER:
Somatic cells or body cells: are carrying diploid
chromosomes.

EVOLUTION a branch of life science that

describes the gradual change of organisms from
one state to another.
ORGANIC EVOLUTION it means that much
evidence indicates that living things have also
undergone continuous change since they first
appeared on the Earth.
FORMATION OF FOSSILS a fossil is the
actual remains of dead organisms millions of
years ago.
PRESERVATION IN AMBER a transparent
yellow material that can hardened.
PRESEVATION IN ICE the remains have been
preserved nearly intact for years ion very cold
Arctic regions.
PRESERVED HARD PARTS when their soft
tissues decay, their substances are unchanged
for millions years.

PARTS OF CHROMOSOMES:

SEDIMENTATION the process of creating

imprints.

CENTROMERE which is located in the middle

part of the chromosome, connects two
chromatids together.

BURROWS AND FOOTPRINTS some animals

dig holes or tubes, which forms.

KINETOCHORE serves as anchor for spindle

fibers. Spindle fibers allows the movement of
chromosomes during cell division
LOCI bonds of colors on the arms of
chromosomes, this where genes are located.

GENOTYPE the genes present in the DNA of

an organism.
PHENOTYPE how the trait physically shows-up
in the organism.
ALLELES alternative form of the same gene.

Other Evidence of Evolution:

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY the study of
structural similarities and differences among
living things.
COMPARATIVE CYTOLOGY organisms that
have the same cellular organelles are believed to
share common ancestor.
COMPARATIVE EMBRYOLOGY organisms
may share similar patterns of development that
may link to Evolutionary relationships.
COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY the closer
the evolutionary relationship between organisms,
the more like the structures of the DNA are.