Tk05 Report Assignment 1 Fix

UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY POWER

PLANT WITH HEAT TRANSPORTATION BY MOLTEN SALT
REPORT ASSIGNMENT 1
GROUP 5
GROUP PERSONNEL:
Emmanuella Deassy E.
(1206248924)
Kevin S. Sembiring
(1206244075)
Osman Abhimata
(1206202002)
Pandu Ervan N.
(1206240726)
Shofiyyah Taqqiyah
(1206250090)
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
DEPOK
2015
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The energy crises include the energy crisis of petroleum, natural gas, fossil
fuels, and electrical energy. Electrical energy is an essential requirement to support
economic growth and social development. Based on data from population growth
of Indonesia, export-import scenario, predicted in 1990 the growth rate of the
electrical energy needs of Indonesia reached 8.2 percent on average per year. One
of the sources of energy that can be exploited is solar energy. Indonesia is located
on the equator which is sunlit 10-12 hours a day. The total intensity of solar
radiation in Indonesia is on average 4.5 kWh per square meter per day. Solar energy
utilization can be done through the thermal and electrical energy. Thermal
utilization can be done directly by letting the object in the solar radiation or using a
tool collectors and solar concentrators. One of the area that has good specification
to build a solar thermal power plant is Pontianak, West Borneo. The city is passed
by the equator and thus receive high intensity of solar radiation. The city is
currently in need of more electricity and planning to buy electricity from Malaysia.
After doing market analysis, it is decided that bulding a solar power plant in
Pontianak is feasible. Then we choose a suitable process and listed some possible
alternative process. Most solar powerplants work directly by using steam to move
generator. But here we use molten salt as a heat collector because it can store more
thermal energy than water. In collecting the solar thermal energy, we use the
Parabolic Through Solar Collector which will concentrate the thermal radiation into
the receiver and then transfer it into the molten salt. Molten salt will then enter a
heat exchanger and convert steam into superheated state with high temperature and
pressure. Next it will enter turbine and expand. The energy is converted into
mechanical work that moves the shaft that is connected to a generator that will
convert mechanical work into electricity.
ii
LIST OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..................................................................................... ii
LIST OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................... iii
LIST OF FIGURE ................................................................................................... v
LIST OF TABLE ................................................................................................... vi
CHAPTER I ............................................................................................................ 1
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1
1.1.
Background .............................................................................................. 1
1.2.
Literature Review ..................................................................................... 3
1.2.1.
Solar Thermal Power......................................................................... 3
1.2.2. Concentrating and Nonconcentrating Solar Thermal Power Plants

the Advantages of Heat Storage....................................................................... 3
1.2.3.
Concentrating Solar Colle ctor .......................................................... 4
1.2.4.
Parabolic Through System ................................................................ 4
1.2.5.
Power Tower System ........................................................................ 6
1.2.6.
Parabolic Dish System ...................................................................... 6
1.3.
Raw Material Analysis ............................................................................. 7
CHAPTER II ......................................................................................................... 18
2.1.
General Process ...................................................................................... 18
2.2.
Alternative Process ................................................................................. 19
2.2.2.
Central Receiver Solar Thermal Power Plants ................................ 19
2.2.3.
Solar Air Preheating System for Combustion Turbines .................. 26
2.2.4.
Dish/Engine Solar Thermal Power Plants ....................................... 27
2.3.
Process Selection .................................................................................... 28
2.4.
Process Description ................................................................................ 32
CHAPTER III ....................................................................................................... 42

MASS & ENERGY BALANCE........................................................................... 42
3.1. Mass Balance for Equipment ..................................................................... 42
3.2. Energy Balance for Equipment .................................................................. 45
3.3. Overall Mass Balance ................................................................................. 46
iii
3.4. Overall Energy Balance .............................................................................. 46

3.5. Mass Efficiency .......................................................................................... 46
3.6. Energy Efficiency ....................................................................................... 47
CHAPTER IV ....................................................................................................... 49
CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 49
REFERENCES...................................................................................................... 56
iv
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 1. 1 Parabolic Through Solar Collector ....................................................... 5

Figure 1. 2 Power Tower System ............................................................................ 6
Figure 1. 3 Parabolic Dish System .......................................................................... 7
Figure 1. 4 Transmission Network West Borneo .................................................. 17
Figure 2. 1 Black Box for This Solar Thermal Power Plant ................................. 19
Figure 2. 2 Artists View of a Heliostat Field Focusing Sunlight onto a
Receiver/Tower System ........................................................................................ 26
Figure 2. 3 Different Configuration of Solar Receivers ........................................ 29
Figure 2. 4 Parabolic trough Solar Thermal Power Plant ..................................... 38
Figure 2. 5 Block Flow Diagram for This Plant ................................................... 39
Figure 2. 6 Process Flow Diagram for Gasification Unit..................................... 34
LIST OF TABLE
Table 1. 1 Prediction of Energy Needs in Indonesia ............................................... 1

Table 1. 2 Prediction of Electrical Energy Supply in Indonesia ............................. 8
Table 1. 3 Electrification Ratio in West Borneo from 2010 to 2014 .................... 16
Table 1. 4 Demand of Electricity in West Borneo from 2010 to 2014 ................. 16
Table 1. 5 West Borneo Human Resources Availability ...................................... 18
Table 1. 6 Pontianak Human Resources Availability ........................................... 18
Table 1. 7 Electricity production by PT. PLN in West Borneo ............................ 20
Table 1. 8 Growth of Electricity in 2015-2024 ..................................................... 21
Table 1. 9 Supply-Demand West Borneo in 2010-2014 ....................................... 22
Table 2. 1 Characteristics of Central Receiver Solar Thermal Power Systems .... 26
Table 2. 2 Operating Temperature and Flux Ranges of Solar Tower Receivers .. 30
Table 2. 3 Summary of Operational Range for Tubular Water/Steam and Molten
Slat Receivers ........................................................................................................ 31
Table 2. 4 Comparison of Existing Solar Power Plant ......................................... 36
Table 2. 5 Scoring of The Types of Solar Power Plant ......................................... 36
Table 2. 6 Scoring of Types of Storage Medium .................................................. 37
Table 3. 1 Mass Balance On Pump P-100 ............................................................ 49
Table 3. 2 Mass Balance On Solar Collector ........................................................ 49
Table 3. 3 Mass Balance On Cold Tank ............................................................... 49
Table 3. 4 Mass Balance On Hot Tank ................................................................. 49
Table 3. 5 Mass Balance On HE E-100 ................................................................ 50
Table 3. 8 Mass Balance On Turbine K-100......................................................... 50
Table 3. 9 Mass Balance On Cooler E-103 ........................................................... 51
Table 3. 10 Mass Balance On Pump P-102........................................................... 51
Table 3. 11 Energy Balance for Equipment .......................................................... 51
Table 3. 12 Overall Mass Balance ........................................................................ 52
Table 3. 13 Overall Energy Balance ..................................................................... 52
vi
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1.Background
The growth of Indonesian community is effect on increasing the energy
needs. Meanwhile, the energy crisis is happening to the world community. The
energy crises include the energy crisis of petroleum, natural gas, fossil fuels, and
electrical energy. Electrical energy is an essential requirement to support economic
growth and social development. Based on data from population growth of
Indonesia, export-import scenario, predicted in 1990 the growth rate of the
electrical energy needs of Indonesia reached 8.2 percent on average per year. The
table below shows electrical energy needs in Indonesia,
Table 1. 1 Prediction
Sector
of Energy Needs in Indonesia
1990
GWh percent
Industry
35.305 68,0
Household
9.865 19.00
Public Facilities 3.634 7,0
Commercial
3.115 6.0
51.919 100.0
Total
(Source: Djojonegoro, 1992)
2000
GWh percent
84.822 69,0
22.2392 18.0
6.731
6.0
8.811
7,0
122.603 100.0
2010
GWh percent
183.389 70,0
40.789 16.0
12.703 5.5
21.869 8.5
258.747 100.0
Electricity demand in Indonesia grew from 90 terawatt-hours (TWh) in

2003 to 190 TWh in 2013. However, the numbers of electricity demand are not
comparable with the availability of energy. Around 13 percent of Indonesia's
electricity still comes from fossil fuels. The cost to produce electricity from fuel oil
is about $0.18 cents/kWh and from coal is about $0.05 cents/kWh. A source of
electrical energy can be derived from petroleum, gas, coal, geothermal, hydro,
biomass, solar, etc. The table below shows the prediction of electrical energy supply
in Indonesia,
Table 1. 2 Prediction of Electrical Energy Supply in Indonesia
Energy Sources
1990
MW percent
1.930 8.8
3.530 16.0
2.210 10.0
11.020 50.1
170
0.8
2.850 13.0
270
1.2
20
0.1
Car coal
Gas
Oil
Solar Oil
Geothermal
Water
Biomass
Others
(Solar, wind)
Total
22.000 100.0
(Source: Djojonegoro, 1992)
2000
MW Percent
10.750 28.4
7.080 18.7
1.950 5.2
9.410 24.8
500
1.3
7.720 20.4
290
0.8
160
0.4
2010
MW percent
28.050 35.3
14.760 21.5
320
0.5
4.060 5.9
430
0.6
10.310 15.0
460
0.7
370
0.5
37.860 100.0
68.760 100.0
The potential of geothermal energy, solar energy, ocean currents, wind, and
others still have not been used optimally. To fulfill the availability of electrical
energy in Indonesia, need to diversify their energy. One of the sources of energy
that can be exploited is solar energy. Indonesia is located on the equator which is
sunlit 10-12 hours a day. The total intensity of solar radiation in Indonesia is on
average 4.5 kWh per square meter per day. In 2001, the Director General of the
ministry of electricity and energy utilization of ESDM stated that the potential for
solar energy in Indonesia amounted to 156 487 MW.
Marzan A. Iskandar (Head of BPPT) said despite the potential of solar
energy in Indonesia is very large, but its contribution through the solar cells in the
national energy supply is still very low. Until the year 2011, there were a total of
new applications reached around 17 MWp. When compared with the installed
capacity of power plants in Indonesia amounted to 33.7 GW, the contribution of
solar power for electricity generation only around 0.05 percent.
Solar energy utilization can be done through the thermal and electrical
energy. Thermal utilization can be done directly by letting the object in the solar
radiation or using a tool collectors and solar concentrators. In the use of solar
thermal energy collector takes a steam generator. Brine can be used as one of the
steam power generation in the solar thermal energy production and heat
transportation.
Universitas Indonesia
1.2. Literature Review

1.2.1. Solar Thermal Power
Solar thermal power is a relatively new technology which has already shown
enormous promise. With few environmental impacts and a massive resource, it
offers an opportunity to the sunniest countries of the world comparable to the
breakthrough offshore wind farms is currently offering European nations with the
windiest shorelines. In many regions of the world, one square kilometre of land is
enough to generate as much as 100-200 Gigawatt hours (GWh) of electricity per
year using solar thermal. This is equivalent to the annual production of a 50 MW
conventional coal or gas-fired power plant. Worldwide, the exploitation of less than
1% of the total solar thermal potential would be enough to stabilise the world
climate through massive CO2 reductions.
Producing electricity from the energy in the suns rays is a relatively
straightforward process. Direct solar radiation can be concentrated and collected by
a range of Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) technologies to provide medium to
high temperature heat. This heat is then used to operate a conventional power cycle,
for example through a steam or gas turbine or a Stirling engine. Solar heat collected
during the day can also be stored in liquid, solid or phase changing media like
molten salts, ceramics, concrete, or in the future, phase changing salt mixtures. At
night, it can be extracted from the storage medium to run the steam turbine. Solar
thermal power plants can be designed for solar-only generation, ideally to satisfy
demand during daylight hours, but with future storage systems their operation can
be extended to almost base load requirements.
1.2.2. Concentrating and Nonconcentrating Solar Thermal Power Plants the
Advantages of Heat Storage
There are two fundamentally different types of solar thermal power plants.
First, the direct solar irradiation is concentrated by systems of mirrors, and with the
resulting high-temperature heat (the usable temperature range, depending on the
technology applied, is 300-1200C), one generates electrical energy by means of
heat engines and electrical generators. These (optically) concentrating solar thermal
systems are often subsumed under the term concentrating solar power (CSP).
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(Sometimes, however, the term CSP is also used as a generic name for
concentrating thermal and concentrating photovoltaic systems). Under a large area,
glass roof at a height of a few meters, with a diameter of several kilometers, the
direct and the diffuse solar irradiation (i.e., the global insolation) is used to heat the
ground and thereby indirectly the air. This air, whose temperature is raised by ca.
30 K, rises in a central tower of 1000-1300 m height due to the chimney effect,
while cooler air from the surroundings flows in through the open sides of the
structure. This air flow drives turbines at the base of the tower. One refers to an
updraft power plant.
The use of solar energy as heat for generating electrical energy has the
advantage in principle that thermal energy storage is possible and can be
implemented at a relatively low cost. In contrast, for direct conversion using
photovoltaic cells, chemical energy storage using batteries or hydrogen technology
would be required. This, in turn, is very expensive, owing to the high investment
costs and the high loss rate (20-50%). Storage is, however, a decisive precondition
for a regenerative energy source to compete seriously with conventional energy
production sources (fossil and nuclear power), which themselves represent
chemical or nuclear chemical storage media.
1.2.3. Concentrating Solar Collector
Solar collectors are used to produce heat from solar radiation. High
temperature solar energy collectors are basically of three types;
a. Parabolic trough system: at the receiver can reach 400 C and produce steam
for generating electricity.
b. Power tower system: The reflected rays of the sun are always aimed at the
receiver where temperatures well above 1000 C can be reached.
c. Parabolic dish systems: Parabolic dish systems can reach 1000 C at the
receiver, and achieve the highest efficiencies for converting solar energy to
electricity.
1.2.4. Parabolic Through System
Parabolic trough power plant system is the oldest commercially available
concentrated solar technology in the market. The first commercially installed power
11
plants are located in the Mojave Desert in California, United States of America.
They have now produced clean energy on a commercial scale for over 20 years
(NREL 2010).
Figure 1. 1 Parabolic Through Solar Collector

(Source: http://www.solarmillennium.de/)
The picture above shows a parabolic through mirror after the SKALET
principle in Almeria, Spain. The basic structure of the parabolic trough power plants
are long rows situated in a North-South axis. These rows follow the sun from East
to West. The parabolic reflectors consist out extremely transparent silver coated
glass. These coated glasses give the reflectors the possibility to concentrate the solar
irradiation to 80-fold. Absorber pipes in the focal point of the parabolic reflectors
receive the concentrated solar energy and heat up. The absorber pipes are made of
steel which is in a vacuum and heats special fluid up to a temperature of 400C. The
heated fluid is pumped to a central heat exchanger where water is transformed into
hot pressurized steam to drive a steam turbine. The steam turbine is then used like
conventional power generation system by producing electricity with a generator.
The overall efficiency of this technology is about 15 percent in average and 28
percent in optimal conditions (Solar Millenium AG 2010).
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1.2.5. Power Tower System

In power tower systems, heliostats (A Heliostat is a device that tracks the
movement of the sun which is used to orient a mirror of field of mirrors, throughout
the day, to reflect sunlight onto a target-receiver) reflect and concentrate sunlight
onto a central tower mounted receiver where the energy is transferred to a HTF.
This energy is then passed either to the storage or to power-conversion systems,
which convert the thermal energy into electricity. Heliostat field, the heliostat
controls, the receiver, the storage system, and the heat engine, which drives the
generator, are the major components of the system. For a large heliostat field a
cylindrical receiver has advantages when used with Rankine cycle engines,
particularly for radiation from heliostats at the far edges of the field. Cavity
receivers with larger tower height to heliostat field area ratios are used for higher
temperatures required for the operation of Brayton cycle turbines.
Figure 1. 2 Power Tower System

(Source: http://www.firstsolarind.com/ )
1.2.6. Parabolic Dish System

The parabolic dish system uses a parabolic dish shaped mirror or a modular
mirror system that approximates a parabola and incorporates two-axis tracking to
focus the sunlight onto receivers located at the focal point of the dish, which absorbs
the energy and converts it into thermal energy. This can be used directly as heat for
thermal application or for power generation. The thermal energy can either be
transported to a central generator for conversion, or it can be converted directly into
electricity at a local generator coupled to the receiver.
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Figure 1. 3 Parabolic Dish System

(Source: http://www.firstsolarind.com/)
The mirror system typically is made from a number of mirror facets, either glass or
polymer mirror, or can consist of a single stretched membrane using a polymer
mirror of thin metal stretched membrane.
The PDCs (parabolic dish collector) track the sun on two axes, and thus they
are the most efficient collector systems. Their concentration ratios usually range
from 600 to 2000, and they can achieve temperatures in excess of 15000C. Rankinecycle engines, Brayton-cycle engines, and sodium-heat engines have been
considered for systems using dish-mounted engines the greatest attention though
was given to Stirling-engine systems.
1.3. Raw Material Analysis
1.3.1. Heat Transfer Fluid
Heat transfer fluid as liquid specifically manufactured for the purpose of
transmitting heat from one system to another. Solar collector will be receive from
solar radiation and will be used to heat fluid. Hot fluid is used to produce steam.
There are kinds of heat transfer fluid.
a. Synthetic Oil
Up to now, CSP plants commonly used synthetic oils with aromatic type as
heat transfer fluids. This fluid is organic or benzene based. This fluid typically
operate between 300-400oC. Synthetic oil cannot reach temperatures above 400oC
with acceptable performance due to its degradation into unusable components at
high temperatures so prevents solar thermal plants from running at maximum
efficiency. At temperatures higher than 400oC, fluid becomes inoperable. Synthetic
14
oil has lower freezing point. Synthetic oil cannot act as thermal energy storage so
plant needs other fluid to store energy. Synthetic oil is flammable so safety for the
plant will be complex.
b. Molten salt
Molten salt is eutectic mixtures of inorganic salts. Composition of molten
salt consist of sodium nitrates 60%wt and potassium nitrates 40%wt. This fluid can
operate up to 550oC so molten salt will be produce more maximum efficiency than
synthetic oil. Molten salt can act as thermal energy storage. Molten salt has lower
vapor pressure and high evaporation point. Unlike oil, molten salt needs freeze
protection because molten salt has high freezing point. Melting point of molten salt
is about 223oC so the temperature must be keep above 220oC. To overcome these
disadvantage, research is being conducted by make alternative molten salt
formulation to decrease melting point of molten salt, for example by change the
concentration of components. Besides that, corrosion of molten salt and increased
process temperatures need to be considered because require selected materials.
In the world, only several plant use molten salt as heat transfer fluid. In the
near future, molten salt will be developed to be used as heat transfer fluid in
concentrated solar power (CSP) plant because molten salt has more advantages if
compared with synthetic oil.
Based on brief description above, we decide to choose molten salt as heat
transfer fluid. The reasons why we choose molten salt as our raw material are:
1. Molten salt is renewable material
2. Molten salts work as sole fluid for both heat absorption and storage
3. Heat exchanger for storage system can be eliminated since the fluid that
goes from the solar field to the storage system is the same
4. At higher temperatures, the molten salt volume for the storage system can
be reduced by 2/3 which also leads to a reduction in size of the storage tanks.
These savings represent an approximate 20% plant cost decrease when
compared with oil plants with storage.
5. Molten salt are cheaper, denser, and lower operating cost
6. Molten salt has lower vapor pressure so molten salt can be directly stored
and accessed at near ambient pressure
15
7. Molten salt has high evaporation point so can retain more energy per volume
than oil based.
8. Unlike oil, molten salts are environmentally friendly, non-flammable, stable
fluid, pollute less, and no degradation of the receiving tube.
9. The higher temperatures reached by the molten salts enable the use of steam
turbines at the standard pressure or temperature parameters
10. Higher operating temperature can increase plant efficiency up to 6%.
We decide to import molten salt because no plant that produces molten salt in
Indonesia. We import from other country, such as China to get this raw material.
1.3.2. Water
In CSP plant, the steam that comes out of the turbines needs to be cooled so
that it condenses back to water. This is normally done by evaporation of water in
cooling towers. We get water from river or lake in West Borneo. Amount of lake
and river in this region is quite a lot so we can get water easily.
1.4.
Plant Location Analysis

To select the location, we have to consider some important factors. The best
location of a plant is the location where the unit cost of production and distribution
process will be low and sales of products will be able to generate maximum profits
for the company. Plan site selection is one of the main factors that determine the
success of a plant.
We decide to build our plant in Pontianak, West Borneo. There are several
analysis why we choose Pontianak district in West Borneo as a plant location.
1. Inequality Construction of Power Plant
Currently, the construction of electric plant in Indonesia tend to focus on
Java-Bali and Sumatera region. This construction based on the electricity demand
in Java-Bali and Sumatera region is high. However, if equitable construction not be
done immediately, crisis of electricity will happen in East Indonesia, including
Borneo Island. In Borneo Island, PLN system interconnection is divided into two
system interconnection, West Borneo interconnection and East-Central-SouthNorth Borneo interconnection. We choose to build our plant in West Borneo
because construction of power plant in this region still less. Based on RUPTL
16
(Rencana Usaha Penyediaan Tenaga Listrik) PLN 2015-2024, PLN West Borneo
has plans to construct new power plant. In 2015-2024, West Kalimantan is planning
additional new power plants with a total capacity of 1463 MW excluding the import
of the Sarawak, Malaysia to fulfill the demand. However, until now, there is no
plans that are entered construction stage. Therefore, construction of power plant in
this region is potential. Besides that, we also can help government to distribute
power plant construction in Indonesia.
2. Electricity Demand and Electrification Ratio
Electrification ratio is defined as the percentage of households with an
electricity connection. West Borneo is one of the provinces that has low
electrification ratio and the lowest in Borneo Island.
Table 1. 3 Electrification Ratio in West Borneo from 2010 to 2014
Year
Electrification Ratio (%)
2010
52,61
2011
64,86
2012
63,40
2013
69,25
2014
74,2
(Source: Data Statistik PLN 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, dan 2014)
In 2014, West Borneo has electrification ratio is 74,2%. This means that
there is 25,8% of households in West Borneo do not have electricity installation in
their home. As shown in the Table 1.3 above, from time to time, the electrification
ratio in West Borneo is increasing. Although the electrification ratio is increasing,
amount of demand of electricity, include electricity for industry also tend to
increase because of the growth of economy and population. In 2014, increase of
electricity demand is high. This shows that every year the electricity demand will
tend to increase.
Table 1. 4 Demand of Electricity in West Borneo from 2010 to 2014
Year
Demand (MW)
17
2010
2011
2012
238,79
282,68
295
2013
213
2014
424.39
(Source: Data Statistik PLN 2010,2011,2012,2013, dan 2014)
If the total power generation plant in West Borneo is remain the same, crisis
of electricity will happen in West Borneo in future years. To cover it up, we decide
to build power generation plant in West Borneo.
3. Solar Intensity
Potential use of solar energy as an alternative to generate electrical energy
in Pontianak very supportive. Pontianak is a city that is passed by equator line so it
has high solar intensity. Average of solar intensity in Pontianak is about 5 kWh/m2
per day.
4. Electricity Strategic Network
Figure 1. 4 Transmission Network West Borneo

(Source: RUPTL PLN 2015-2024)
18
As we can see from the map above, Pontianak is near to the electric
transmission in West Borneo which can make the distribution of the electricity
easier and cheaper because transmission pipeline is needed can reduced. Besides
that, transmission locations that is close can decrease energy losses during
transmission process. Figure 1.4 is grand planning of PLN in distributing the
electricity in the West Borneo.
5. Transportation and Availability of Raw Material
Molten salt unavailable in Indonesia so we import from other country.
Molten salt will be delivered by ship. West Borneo has a lot of ports because the
location is close to the sea, one of them is Indonesia II Pontianak port. It is an
advantage because it will be easy to distribute molten salt to our plant location. We
get water for river or lake. Amount of river and lake in West Borneo is quite a lot
so water requirement will be fulfilled. We take water from the river or lake that is
closest to our plant. Water will be distributed by pipeline.
6. Topography
Topography in Pontianak is flat so that it can be easily be built and easily
get access from transportation so that the supply of raw material is not going to
disturb. This place is suitable for our plant so land area does not require
modification.
7. Labor
Table 1. 5 West Borneo Human Resources Availability
Year
Total Labor
Work
Not Work
2012
2.182.524
2.106.514
76.010
2013
2.140.166
2.053.823
86.343
2014
2.320.229
2.226.510
93.719
(Source: BPS West Borneo, 2014)

Table 1. 6 Pontianak Human Resources Availability
Year
Total Labor
Work
Not Work
2012
356.087
337791
18.296
2013
350.084
329.119
20.685
2014
376.824
351.953
24.781
19
(Source: BPS West Borneo, 2014)
From the table above we can conclude that the human resource for labor
opportunity is high. The labor is ready for any job. The number of jobless people in
West Borneo, especially in Pontianak is high and increase every year. So, if our
plant is built, we can give job field for them and help West Borneo government to
develop their area.
8. Government Policy / Land Acquisition
Regarding government policy, as long as the location of the power
generation is not under protection or is national park, the government will be
approved quickly because the place of the power generation plant will be placed in
developing and even distributing area. The only problem is the time of the land
acquisition regarding the land of nearby civilization.
1.5.
Market Analysis
In planning the construction of a plant, market analysis is the most
fundamental. This analysis need to determine the potential product market that we
made. Results of market analysis will determine the capacity of the plant the factory
will be built. Consequently, the market analysis should be done thoroughly.
Market analysis based on supply and demand of product for several years
ago. Market analysis also based on prediction of product requirement in the future.
The main market of this power plant is PT. PLN in West Borneo where the
electricity generated will be used to fulfill the electricity needs at the location. PT.
PLN cannot fulfill demand of electricity in West Borneo so PT. PLN must buy
electricity or rent generator from other plant.
Electricity demand in the region is driven by three main factors are:
1. Economic Growth
Economic growth in simple terms is the process of increasing the output of
goods and services. The process requires electrical power as one of the inputs
supporting. Economic growth is an increase in public revenue which boosted
demand for electrical equipment so electricity demand increase.
2. Electrification Programs
20
Electrification ratio is defined as the percentage of households with an

electricity connection. In 2014, West Borneo has electrification ratio is 74.2%. This
means that there is 25.8% of households in West Borneo do not have electricity
installation in their home. Every year, PLN try to increase electrification ratio.
However, in every year, the number of people who need electricity also increased
so PLN will tend to need more electricity every year.
3. Transfer of Captive Power to the PLN Grid
Captive power is arising as a result of the inability of PLN to fulfill customer
demand in the region, especially the industrial and business customers. If ability of
PLN to serve electricity in the region has increased, the captive power will be turned
into PLN customers. The transfer of captive power to PLN is also driven by the
high price of fuel to generate electricity owned industrial or business consumers
while the selling price of the electricity is relatively cheaper.
Table 1. 7 Electricity production by PT. PLN in West Borneo
Year
Supply from PLN
Demand (MW)
Costumers
2010
305,98
238.79
577.830
2011
174,45
282.68
653.383
2012
173,67
295
737.444
2013
156,47
213
806.035
2014
130,42
424.39
870.687
Based on Table 1.7 above, electricity supply from PT.PLN has decreased
every year. This is because adequacy and reliability of supply is still relatively low
because of the age of some diesel engines are old and generation reserve inadequate.
Electricity in West Kalimantan over 95% comes from fuel oil. Electricity shortage
in West Borneo over 50% are covered from diesel power plant (PLTD) are leased
by PLN so PLN must spend more money to lease this PLTD. Electricity demand in
the province of West Borneo in the last five years growth an average of 10.2% per
year where electricity demand is dominated by household customers.
Based on RUPTL (Rencana Usaha Penyediaan Tenaga Listrik) PLN 20152024, sales growth in the last 5 years in West Kalimantan have averaged 10.23%
21
per year. Sales of electric power absorbed by household consumers (64.07%),

commercial consumers (21.68%), industry consumers (5.23%) and public
consumers (9.02%).
From electricity sales last five years and consider the tendency of
economic growth, population growth, and a target of increasing electrification
ratio in the future, demand for electricity in 2015-2024 based on RUPTL PLN
2015-2024 shows in Table 1.9 below.
Table 1. 8 Growth of Electricity in 2015-2024
Year
Economic Growth
(%)
Demand (MW)
Costumers
2015
7,2
432
892.813
2016
7,5
486
939.891
2017
541
988.575
2018
8,2
600
1.072.188
2019
8,4
665
1.149.487
2020
8,1
737
1.211.441
2021
8,1
816
1.268.359
2022
8,1
901
1.318.956
2023
8,1
999
1.353.251
2024
8,1
1106
1.389.695
Growth (%)
8%
11%
5,1%
(Source: RUPTL PLN 2015-2024)
Based on Table 1.8 above, electricity demand increase approximately 5,1%

every year. This increase want covered by PLN with construct new power plant.
However, until now, there is no plans that are entered construction stage. Based on
RUPTL PLN 2015-2024, West Borneo plans to import electricity from Sarawak,
Malaysia to fulfill electricity. PLN West Borneo also plans to import from Sarawak
to fulfill base load of 50 MW in the future years to anticipate uncertainty supplying
base load power plant in West Borneo.
Based market analysis already described, construction of power plant in
West Borneo is very potential. Electricity demand will tend to always increase due
22
to economic growth, population growth, and target of increasing electrification ratio

so our plant can help PT.PLN to fulfill demand in West Borneo. Although PT.PLN
has a plans to increase the capacity, but there is no plans that are entered
construction stage. PT.PLN will still need Independent Power Producer to cover
power shortage. Besides that, increasing the power plant that does not use fuel oil
as main raw material can decrease usage of fuel oil for electrical fulfillment in West
Borneo. The type of our plant commonly is base load so we can supply electricity
continuously and can fulfill needs of base load power plant in West Borneo.
1.6.
Plant Capacity Analysis

Market analysis for electricity in West Borneo become an important part for
determining the capacity of our plant. Here are the result s of the calculation for
supply demand analysis.
Table 1. 9 Supply-Demand West Borneo in 2010-2014
Year
Supply from PLN

(MW)
Demand (MW)
Supply - Demand
(MW)
2010
305,98
238.79
67,19
2011
174,45
282.68
-108.23
2012
173,67
295
-121,33
2013
156,47
213
-56.53
2014
130,42
424.39
-293.97
Based on Table 1.9 above, electricity supply from PT.PLN has decreased
every year. In 2014, PLN can fulfill all demand electricity in West Borneo.
However, in subsequent years, PT.PLN cannot fulfill the demand. In 2014, deficit
in West Borneo is large. PT. PLN must buy electricity and rent power plant from
other plant to fulfill it. In the previous section, electricity demand will always
increase every year approximately 5,1%. Growth of electricity is not accompanied
by construction of new power plant.
Based on consideration above and market analysis in the previous section,
production capacity from our plant is 30 MW. There are several other reasons why
we choose 30 MW as our production capacity.
23
1. Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) plant is plant that is relatively new and has
never existed in Indonesia so that the capacity that we choose is not too
large. This plant is still need of further review study to identify potential
capacity. This plant is very different from the solar power plant even though
both use solar energy as a primary energy source.
2. CSP plant needs large land area to construct the plant. CSP plant with 30
MW capacity needs land area about 70 ha. In this aspect, we consider the
difficulty of obtaining land with a large area.
3. Capital investment to construct CSP plant is very high. Capital investment
required for 30 MW capacity is about more than one trillion. Increase of
production capacity make capital investment will be higher.
CHAPTER II
PROCESS DESCRIPTION
2.1. General Process

Solar energy has a high exergetic value because it comes from processes
occuring at the suns surface at a blackbody equivalent temperature of
approximately 5777 K. Due to this high exergetic value, more than 93% of the
energy may be theoritically converted to mechanical work by thermodynamic
cycles (Winter, Sizmann, and Vant-Hull, 1991), or to Gibbs free energy of
chemicals by solarized chemical reactions (Kodama, 2003), including promising
hydrogen production processes (Seinfeld, 2005). According to themodynamics and
Planks equation, the conversion of solar heat to mechanical work or Gibbs free
energy is limited by the Carnott efficiency, and therefore to achieve maximum
conversion rates, the energy should be transferred to a thermal fluid or reactants at
temperatures close to that of the sun.
The optimum Concentrating Solar Thermal (CST) system design
combines a relatively large, efficient optical surface (e.g., a field of high-reflectivity
mirrirs), harvesting the incoming solar radiation and concentrating it onto a solar
receiver with a small aperture area. The solar receiver is a high-absorptance and
transmittance, low reflectance, radiative/convective heat exchanger that emulates
as close as possible the performance of a radiative black body. An ideal solar
receiver would thus have negligible convection and cunduction losses. In the case
of a solar thermal power plant, the solar energy is transferred to a thermal fluid at
an outlet temperature high enough to feed a heat engine or a turbine that produces
electricity by using steam. The solar thermal element can be a parabolic trough
field, a linear Fresnel reflector field, a central receiver system or a field of a
parabolic dishes, commonly designed for a normal incident radiation 0f 800-900
W/m2. The flow diagram for a black box of the plant can be seen in Figure 2.1.
Annual nirmal incident radiation varies from 1600 to 2800 kWh/m2 depending on
the available radiation at the particular size. This rate assumes 2000-3500 annual
full-load operating hours with the solar element.
24
25
Direct Solar Radiation
Black Box
Electricity
Figure 2. 1 Black Box for This Solar Thermal Power Plant

(Source : Authors Personal Data)
2.2. Alternative Process

There are some alternative processes to produce electricity from solar
thermal power. The differences come from their design technology to receive the
solar radiation. This design technology is made to maximize the heat solar radiation
directly from the sun to the receiver for producing great amount of electricity. The
alternative processes can be seen below.
2.2.1. Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC) Solar Thermal Power Plants
Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC) Solar Thermal Power Plants are linear
focus concentrating solar devices suitable for working in the 150-400oC
temperature range (Price et al., 2002). A PTC is basically made up of a parabolic
trough-shaped mirror that reflects direct solar radiation, concentrating it onto a
receiver tube located in the focal line of the parabola. Concentration of the direct
solar radiation reduces the absorber surface area with respect to the collector
aperture area and thus significantly reduces the overall thermal losses. The
concentrated radiation heats the fluid that circulates through the receiver tube, thus
transforming the solar radiation into thermal energy in the form of the sensible heat
of the fluid.
2.2.2. Central Receiver Solar Thermal Power Plants
This technology use power towers in the middle of mirrors. The receiver
is on the top of the tower. Incident sunrays are tracked by large mirrored collector
(heliostats), which the solar thermal energy is transferred to a thermal fluid inside
the receiver. After the energy collection by the solar subsystem, the thermal energy
conversion to electricity by turbine, so it is similar to fossil-fueled thermal power
plants.
The reflective solar concentrator are employed to reach the temperatures
required for thermodynamic cycle (Mancini, Kolb, and Prairie, 1997). In the power
tower or Central Receiver Solar (CRS) the solar receiver is mounted on top of a
26
tower and sunlight is concentrated by means of a large paraboloid that is discretized

into a field of heliostats in Figure 2.2.
Figure 2. 2 Artists View of a Heliostat Field Focusing Sunlight onto a Receiver/Tower System
(Source : Manuel and Zarza, 2007)
CRS have a high potential for midterm cost reduction of electricity to

produce since there are many intermediate steps between their integration in a
conventional Rankine cycle up to the higher exergy cycle using gas turbines at
temperatures above 1300oC, leading to higher efficiencies and thoughputs. With
storage, CRS plants are able to operate over 4500 h per year at nominal power
(Kolb, 1998). The summary of characteristics of CRS can be seen in Table 2.1.
Table 2. 1 Characteristics of Central Receiver Solar Thermal Power Systems
Typical Size
Operating Temperature
Rankine
Brayton
Annual Capacity Factor
Peak Efficiency
Annual Net Efficiency
Commercial Status
Technology Development Risk
Storage Available
Hybrid Designs
Invest Cost
$.W-1
$.Wp-1b
10-200 MWa
565oC
800oC
20-77%a
16-23%a
12-20%a
Scale-up Demonstration (10-30 MW)
Medium
Nitrate Salt for Molten Salt Receiver
Ceramic Bed for Air Receivers
Yes
4.4 - 2.5a
2.4 0.9a
Figure indicated expected progress from present to 2030.

$/Wp removes the effect of energy storage or solar multiple, as in PV.
(Source : Adapted From DeMeo, E. A. and Galdo, J. F. 1997. TR-109496 Topical Report. U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC)
b
27
A solar thermal, or central receiver system, plant may be described in terms

of the following subsytems:
Collector system, or heliostat field, created with a large number of two-axis

tracking units distributed in rows
Solar receiver, where the concentrated flux is absorbed. It is the key element
of the plant and serves as the interface between the solar portion of the plant
and the more conventional power block.
Heat exchanger system, where a heat transfer fluid may be used to carry the
thermal energy from the receiver to the turbine
Heat storage system, with which system dispatchability is ensured during

events like cloud passages, and can adapt to demand curves
Fossil fuel backup for hybrid systems with a more stable output
Power block, including steam generator and turbine-alternator
Master control, UPS, and heat rejection system
2.2.2.1. Heliostat and Collector Field

The collector field consists of a large number of tracking mirrors, called
heliostats, and a tracking control system to continuosly focus direct solar radiation
onto the receiver aperture area. During cloud passages and transients the control
system must defocus the field and react to prevent damage to the receiver and tower
structure.
This heliostats fields are characterized by their off-axis optics. The solar
receiver is located in a fixed position upside the heliostats, the entire collector field
must track the sun in the real time and every heliostat individually places its surface
normal to the solar receiver.
Heliostat filed performance is calculated by the optical efficiency, which
is equal to the ratio of net power absorbed by the receiver to the product of the direct
insolation and the total mirror area. Complex optimization algorthms are used to
optimize the annual energy produced by unit of land, and the heliostat must be
installed as close as possible to the receiver to minimize the space and maximize
high concentration of radiation.
28
2.2.2.2. Solar Receiver

In a solar thermal tower plant, the receiver is the heat exchanger where the
concentrated sunlight is intercepted and transformed into thermal energy useful in
thermodynamic cycles. Radiant flux and temperature are substantially higher than
in parabolic troughs, and therefore, high technology is involved in the design, and
high-performance materials should be chosen. The solar receiver should mimic a
blackbody by minimizing radiation losses. To do so cavities, black-painted tube
panels or porous absorbers able to trap incident photons are used. In most design,
the solar receiver is a single unit that centralized all the energy collected by the large
mirror field, and therefore high availabilities and durability are a must. Just as cost
reduction is the priority for further development in the collector field, in a solar
receivers, the priorities are thermal efficiency and durability. Typical receiverabsorber operating temperatures are between 500oC and 1200oC and incident flux
covers a wide range between 300 and over 1000 kW/m2.
There are different solar receiver clasiffication criteria depending on the
construction solution, the use of intermediate absorber materials, the kind if thermal
fluid used, or heat transfer mechanism. According to the geometrical configuration,
there are basically two design options, external and cavity-type receivers. In a cavity
receiver, the radiation reflected from the heliostats passes through an aperture into
a box-like structure before implinging on the heat transfer surface. Cavities are
constrained angularly and subsequently used in north field (or south field) layouts.
External receivers can be designed with a flat-plate tubular panel or a cylindrically
shaped. Cylindrical external receivers are the typical solution adopted for surround
heliostat fields. Figure 2.3 shows examples of cylindrical external, billboard
external, and cavity receivers.
29
Figure 2. 3 Different Configuration of Solar Receivers

From left to right and top to bottom: (a) External Tubular Cylindrical, (b)
Cavity Tubular, (c) Billboard Tubular, and (d) Volumetric.
Receivers can be directed or indirectly irradiated depending on the

absorber materials used to transfer the energy to the working fluid (Becker and
Vant-Hull, 1991). Directly irradiated receivers make use of fluids or particle
streams are able to efficiently absorb the concentrated flux. Particle receiver designs
make use of falling curtains or fluidized beds. Darkened liquid fluids can use falling
film. In many applications, and to avoid leaks to the atmosphere, direct receivers
should have a transparent window. Windowed receivers are excellent solutions for
chemical applications as well, but they are strongly limited by the size of a single
window, and therefore clusters of receivers are necessary.
The key design element if indirectly heated receivers is the
radiative/convective heat exchanger surface or mechanism. Basically, two heat
transfer options are used, tubular panels and volumetric surfaces. In tubular panels,
the cooling thermal fluid flows inside the tube and removes the heat collected by
the external black panel surface by convection. It is therefore operating as a
recuperative heat exchanger. Depending on the heat transfer fluid properties and
incident solar flux, the tube might undergo thermomechanical stress.
2.2.2.3. Tubular Receivers
30
The most common systems used in the past have been tubular receivers
where concentrated radiation is transferred to the cooling fluid through a metal or
ceramic wall. Conventional panels with darkened metal tubes have been used with
steam, sodium and molten salts for temperatures up to 500-600oC. Much less
experience is available on tubular receivers with gas, through temperatures in the
range of 800-900oC are possible. Operating temperature and flux ranges of solar
tower receivers can be seen on Table 2.2.
Table 2. 2 Operating Temperature and Flux Ranges of Solar Tower Receivers
Water/
Liquid
Molten Salt
Volumetric
Steam
Sodium
(nitrates)
Air
Average
0.1-0.3
0.4-0.5
0.4-0.5
0.5-0.6
Peak
0.4-0.6
1.4-2.5
0.7-0.8
0.8-1.0
490-525
540
540-565
Fluid
Flux (MW/m2)
Fluid Outlet
Temperature (oC)
700-800
(>800)
Molten salt tubular receivers are represented by the Themis system

(cavity) and Solar Two (cylindrical external). In a molten salt system, cold salt at
about 290oC is pumped from tank at ground level to the receiver mounted atop a
tower where it is heated by concentrated sunlight to 565oC. Using molten salt as
receiver coolant provides a number of benefit because there is no phase change and
it is possible to heat up to 565oC without the problems associated in tubes with
superheating sections. Mixtures of 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate
have been extensively tested with satisfactory result in France and USA.
Molten nitrate provides good thermal conductivity (0.52 W/mK) and heat
capacity (1.6 kJ/kgK) at relatively low prices. Molten nitrate salt, through an
excellent thermal storage medium, can be a troublesome fluid to deal with because
of its relatively high freezing point (220oC). To keep the salt molten, a fairly
complex heat trace system must be employed. (Heat tracing is composed of electric
wires attached to the outside surface of pipe. Pipes are kept warm by way of
resistance heating.) Problems were experienced during the start-up of Solar Two
31
due to the improper installation of the heat trace. Through this problem has been
addressed and corrected, research is needed to reduce the reliance on heat tracing
in these plants. Also, valves can be troublesome in molten salt service. Special
packings must be used, oftentimes with extended bonnets, and leaks are not
uncommon. Furthermore, freezing in valves or packing can prevent it from
operating correctly. While todays valve technology is adequate for molten salt
power towers, design improvements and standarization wolud reduce risk and
ultimately reduce O&M costs (DeMeo and Galdo, 1997).
2.2.2.4. Volumetric Receivers

As already mentioned, volumetric receivers use highly porous structures
for the absorption of the concentrated solar radiation deep inside (in the volume)
of the structure. Volumetric receivers can work open to the ambient or enclosed by
a transparent window. With metal absorbers, it is possible to achieve air oulet
temperatures up to 850oC, and with ceramic fibres, fams, or monoliths (SiC), the
temperature can suprass 1000oC.
The main advantages of an air-cooled volumteric receiver are:
The air is free and fully available at the site
No risk of freezing
Higher temperatures are possible and therefore the integration of solar thermal
energy into more efficient thermodynamic cycle looks achievable
No phase change
Simpler system
Fast response to transients or changes in incident flux
No special safety requisities
No environmental impact
The summary of operating range for tubular water and molten salt receivers can be
seen on Table 2.3.
Table 2. 3 Summary of Operational Range for Tubular Water/Steam and Molten Slat Receivers
32
Receivers Water/Steam
Molten Salt Receivers
Temperature fluid outlet 250/525oC
Temperature outlet 566oC
Incident flux 350 kW/m2
Incident flux 550 kW/m2
Peak flux 700 kW/m2
Peak flux 800 kW/m2
Pressure 100-135 bar
Efficiency 85-90%
Efficiency 80-93%
2.2.3. Solar Air Preheating System for Combustion Turbines

Solar air preheating offers superior performance, as the solar energy
absorbed in the heated air is directly converted with the high CC plant efficiency.
For a certain annual solar share, this results in reduced heliostat field size and thus
lower overall investment cost for the solar part compared to solar steam generation.
Solar air preheating has a high potential for cost reducton of solar thermal power.
In addition, this concept can be applied to a wide range of power ouput level (1-100
MWe). At lower power levels, high efficient heat recovery gas turbine cycles can
be used instead of CC. The slar share can be chosen quite flexibility by the receiver
outlet temperature, which could be significantly higher than with other hybrid
concepts (2.g., ISCC with parabolic trough).
Air can be preheated by molten salt solar receiver (up to 560oC)(Price,
Whitney, and Beebe, 1996) or with pressurized volumetric receivers (Kribus, et al.,
1997; Buck, Lupfert and Tellez, 2000), in which, due to the limited size of the
quartz window, a number of receiver modules are placed on the tower. Each module
consists of a pressurized receiver unit with a secondy concentrator in front. The
secondary concentrator with a hexagonal aperture (located in the focal plane of the
heliostat field) reconcentrates the solar radiation onto the apperture of the pressure
vessel which is enclosed by a domed quartz window to maintain pressure. After
passing through the window, the radiation is absorben in volumetric absorber which
transfers the heat by forced convection to the airstream flowing through it. Power
is upscaled by installing many modules in a honeycomb formation to cover the
entire focal spot. The modules are then interconnected in the parallel and to a serial
connection.
33
For high temperatures, a highly porous SiC ceramic foam absorber with a
pore size of 20 ppi was used. The pressure resistant, domed quartz window was
cooled on the atmospheric side by air jets. For the low-temperature receiver the aim
was to achieve an overall cost reduction at the first, low-temperature stage of the
receiver cluster by employing simple, less expensive modules. The concept selected
was s multiptube coil attached to a hexagonal secondary concentrator, in which the
air was heated convectively while flowing through the tubes. The coiled tubes were
flexible and thus reduced mechanical stresses from thermal expansion of the tube
material.
2.2.4. Dish/Engine Solar Thermal Power Plants
Solar thermal power plants can also be applied to distibuted generation
through parabolic dishes in which a PCU is attached by an arm directly to the
concentrator.
2.2.4.1. Concentrator
This device is a key element of any dish/Stirling system. The curved
rellective surface can be manufactured by attached segments, by individual facets
or by a stretched membranes shaped by a continuous plenum. In all cases, the
curved surface should be coated or covered by aluminium or silver reflectors.
Second-surface glass mirrors, front surface thin glass mirrors or polymer films have
been used in various different prototypes.
2.2.4.2. Receiver
The receiver absorbs the light and transfers the energy as heat to the
engines working gas, usually helium or hydrogen in central receivers and parabolic
trough absorbers. Thermal fluid working temperatures are between 650oC and
750oC. This temperature strongly influences the efFiciency of the engine. Because
of the high operating temperatures, radiation losses strongly influences the
efficiency of the engine. Because of the high operating temperatures, radiation
losses strongly penalized the efficiency of the receiver; therefore, a cavity design is
the optimum solution for this kind of system.
Two different heat transfer methods are commonly used in parabolic dish
receivers (Diver, 1987). In directly illuminated receivers, the same fluid used inside
the engine is externally heated in the receiver through a pipe bundle. Although this
34
is the most conventional method, a good high-pressure, high velocity heat transfer
gas like helium or hydrogen must be used. In indirect receivers, an intermediate
fluid is used to decouple solar flux and working temperature from the engine fluid.
One such method is heat pipes, which employ a metal capillay wick impregnated
with a liquid metal heated up through the receiver plate and vaporized. The vapor
then moves accros the receiver and condenses in a cooler section, transferring the
heat to the engine. The phase change guarantees good temperatue control, providing
uniform heating of the Stirling engine (Moreno et al., 2001).
2.2.4.3. Stirling Engine
Stirling engines solarized for parabolic dishes are externally heated gasphase engines in which the working gas is alternatively heated and cooled in
constant-temperature, constant-volume processes. This possibility of integrating
additional external heat in the engine is what makes it an ideal candidate for solar
applications. Because the Stirling cycle is vey similar to the Carnot cycle, the
theoritical efficiency is high. High reversibility is achieved since work is supplied
to and extracted from the engine at isothermal conditions. The clever use of a
regenerator that collects the eat during constant-volume cooling and heating
substantially enhances the final system efficiency. For most engine designs, power
is extracted kinematically by rotating a crankshaft conected to the piston by a
connecting rod. Through theoritically, Stirling engines may have a high life cycle
projection, the actual fact is that today their availability is still not satisfactory, as
an important percentage of operating failures and outages are caused by pistons and
moving mechanical components.
2.3. Process Selection

In the process of selection, there are many criteria to decide which one is
the most suitable project to be build in Indonesia. Several considerations are made
based on the data which have been published in many countries.
2.3.1. Type of Solar Thermal Power Plant
To determine the type of solar thermal power plant, there are seven points
to discuss which one is the best to be build here.
a.
Capital Cost
35
Capital cost is one of the big issue for solar thermal power because every
project has to deal with big investment. The feasibility study plays important
role for technical and economical analysis. If the amount of capital investment
is great, it will be more aspects that we should be studied to reduce the
investment risk. From three existing solar thermal power plant, there is a
difference in their cost. For PTC the cost range is $3,000-3,500/kW, and for
central receiver the cost range is $3,500-4,000/kW. The last option is
dish/engine with the most expensive cost in range $6,500-7,500/kW.
b.
Maintenance & Operational Cost

Maintenance dan operational cost is the cost that we need to opertate and
maintenance the solar thermal power plant to produce electricity. This cost is
calculated annually, for PTC the cost is in range $9,000-10,000, the solar
receiver is in range $14,000-15,000, and the dish/engine costs the most
expensive in range $15,000-16,000.
c.
Efficiency
Efficiency of the plants also plays an important role in selection process.
The efficiency is how much heat energy can be converted into electricity. The
bigger the efficiency, the bigger the power produces. For PTC the efficiency is
in range 11-16%, 7-20% for central receiver, and 13% for dish/engine.
d.
Life Time
Life time is the duration for plants to operate from the beginning to end.
Out of these three types, PTC is the longest life time up to 30 years, for central
receiver the duration length of operating plant is in range 25-30 years, whereas
the dish/engine power plant with the shortest duration of a life time, reaching
only 20 years.
e.
Technology
Technology development also plays a role in the selection process.
Technology here is instrumental in increasing efficiency, decreasing the cost
per output power, efficiency of land, etc. For PTC, the technology development
risk is low, so that allowing more development processes to succed. For central
receiver, the risk of development in technology is higher than PTC, and so is
the dish/engine.
36
Table 2. 4 Comparison of Existing Solar Power Plant
Capital Cost ($/kW)

Annual Maintenance &
Operational Cost ($)
Efficiency
Life Time
Technology Development
Risk
Typical Capacity (MW)
Operating Temperature (oC)
Hybridization
Parabolic Trough
Collector
3,000-3,500
Central
Receiver
3,500-4,000
9,000-10,000
14,000-14,500
15,000-16,000
11-16
30 years
7-20
25-30 years
13
20 years
Low
Medium
Medium
10-300
10-200
350-550
250-565
Yes and direct
Yes
Commercially
Commercially
Storage with Molten Salt
available
available
(Source : International Renewable Energy Agency, 2012)
Dish/Engine
6,500-7,000
0.01-0.025
550-750
Not planned
Possible, but not
proven
Based on the summary in Table 2.4, we select which one is the most suitable
project in Indonesia by scoring three of them in Table 2.5 by six aspects.
Score range runs from 1 (poor) to 5 (excellent). The highest score in selecting
process will be the type of power plant to be constructed.
Table 2. 5 Scoring of The Types of Solar Power Plant
Parabolic
Trough
Collector
Capital Cost ($/kW)
Central
Receiver
Dish/Engine
Efficiency
Life Time
Technology Development Risk
Typical Capacity (MW)
Total
23
20
16
Annual Maintenance &

Operational Cost ($)
(Source : Authors Personal Data, 2015)
2.3.2. Types of Storage
37
There are two types of storage used in PTC, single-medium storage system
and two-medium storage system. The selection process is based on some aspects
below.
a.
Efficiency
Based on the efficiency of fluid to storage, single-medium storage system
are those in which the storage medium is the same fluid circulating through the
collectors. The most common is molten salts as both the working fluid and the
storage medium. The efficiency of these systems is over 90%. In the other,
dual-medium storage system are those in which the heat is stored in a medium
other than the working fluid heated in the solar collector. Fluid working and
fluid medium is different, the efficiency of these system is in rang 85-90%.
b.
Operational Cost
Based on the operational cost, single-medium storage has lower cost than
dual-medium storage. The usage of dual-medium storage need extra heat
exchanger to transfer heat from working fluid to the storage medium, because
both fluids have a different path of circulating systems. The usage of singlesystem does not need extra heat exchanger because the working fluid and the
storage medium are the same path of circulating system.
c.
Safety
Based on safety, single-medium storage has an advantage over dualmedium storage tank. The usage of oil as the working fluid in dual-medium
storage, it is needed to keep the oil in the storage tank pressurized and in an
inert atmosphere. Thermal oil has to be kept pressurized above the vapor
pressure corresponding to the maximum temperature in the oil circuit to
prevent the oil from changing into gas. The inert atmosphere also avoids the
risk of explosion in the tank from pressurized mists which are explosive in air.
In the other hand, single-medium storage does not need extra safety procedure
for storage the medium because the working fluid and the storage medium are
molten salts.
The scoring of this process selection can be seen on Table 2.6 below.
Table 2. 6 Scoring of Types of Storage Medium
38
Parabolic Trough
Collector
Central Receiver
Efficiency
Operational Cost
Safety
Total
12
(Source: Authors Personal Data, 2015)
2.4. Process Description

Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC) Solar Thermal Power Plants are linear
focus concentrating solar devices suitable for working in the 150-400oC
temperature range (Price et al., 2002). A PTC is basically made up of a parabolic
trough-shaped mirror that reflects direct solar radiation, concentrating it onto a
receiver tube located in the focal line of the parabola. Concentration of the direct
solar radiation reduces the absorber surface area with respect to the collector
aperture area and thus significantly reduces the overall thermal losses. The
concentrated radiation heats the fluid that circulates through the receiver tube, thus
transforming the solar radiation into thermal energy in the form of the sensible heat
of the fluid. Figure 2.4 shows a typical PTC and its components.
Figure 2. 4 Parabolic trough Solar Thermal Power Plant

(Source : http://www.cnet.com/news/skyfuel-heats-up-solar-thermal-power-race/)
2.4.1. Block Flow Diagram
39
The solar thermal energy to electricity conversion process used in this plant
which uses molten salt as the heat transport medium typically incorporates
the process concept as shown in Figure 2.5:
Figure 2. 5 Block Flow Diagram for This Plant

2.4.2. Process Flow Diagram

The processes from Figure 2.5 in detail can be seen in process flow diagram
in Figure 2.6 below:
40
Figure 2. 6 Process Flow Diagram for Gasification Unit.

41
2.4.3. Process Description

A. Process in PTC SolarReceiver
PTCs are dynamic devices because they have to rotate around an axis, the
so-called tracking axis, to follow apparent daily movement of the sun. Collector
rotation around its axis requires a drive unit. One drive unit is usually sufficient for
several parabolic trough modules connected in series and driven together as a single
collector. The type of drive unit assembly depends on the size and dimensions of
the collector (aperture area less than 100 m2), whereas powerful hydraulic drive
units are required to rotate large collectors. A drive unit placed on the central pylon
is comanded by a local control unit in order to track the sun.
Local control units currently available on the market can be grouped into
two categories: (1) control units based on sun sensors and (2) control units based
on astronomical algorithms.
Control units in group 1 use photocells to detect the sun position, whereas
those in group 2 calculate the sun vector using very accurate mathematical algoritms
that find the sun elevation and azimuth every second and measure the angular
position of the rotation axis by means of electronic devices (angular encoders or
magnetic coded tapes attached tp the rotation axis).
Flux line trackers and shadow band use photocells (group 1). Shadow band
trackers are mounted on the parabolic concentrator and face the sun when the
collector is in perfect tracking (i.e., the sun vector is within a plane that includes the
receiver tube and is perpendicular to the concentrator aperture plane). Two
photosensors, on on each side of a separating shadow wall, detect the suns position.
When the collector is correctly pointed, the shadow wall shades both sensor equally,
and their electric output signals are identical.
Flux line trakers are installed on the receiver tube. There are two sensor
which are placed on both sides of the absorber tube to detect the concentrated flux
reaching the tube. The collector is correctly pointed when both sensors are equally
illuminated and their electrical signals are the same magnitude. Now, all
commercial PTC designs use a single-axis-sun-tracking-system. Through PTC
designs with two-axis sun-tracking systems have been designed, manufactured, and
tested in the past, evaluation results show that they are less cost-effective. Through
42
the existence of a two-axis tracking systems allow the PTC to permanently track
the sun with an incident angel equal to 0o (and thus reducing optical losses while
increasing the amount of solar radiation available at the PTC aperture plane), the
length of passive piping and the associated themal losses are significantly higher
than in single-axis collector. Furtermore, their maintenance costs are higher and
their availability lower because they require a more complex mechanical design.
Thermal oils are commonly used as the working fluid in these collectors
fot temperatures above 200oC, because at these high operating temperatures normal
water would produce high pressures inside the receiver tube and piping. This high
pressure would require strong joints and piping, and thus raise the price of the
collectors and the entire solar field. However, the use of demineralized water for
high temperatures/pressures is currently under investigation at the PSA and the
feasibility of direct steam generation (DSG) at 100 bar/400oC in the receiver tubes
of PTC has already been proven in an experimental stage. For temperatures below
200oC, either a mixture of water/ethylene glycol or pressurized liquid water can be
used as the working fluids because the pressure required in the liquid phase is
moderate.
When choosing a thermal molten salts to act as working fluid, the main
limiting factor to be taken into consideration for stability is the maximum oil bulk
temperature.above this temperature, oil cracking and rapi degradation occur.
We can also use oil. The most oil widely used in the PTC for temperature
above 395oC is VP-1, which is a eutetic mixture of 73.5% diphenyl oxide and 26.5%
diphenyl. The main problem with this oil is its high solidification temperature
(12oC) that requires an auxiliary heating system when oil lines run the risk of
cooling below this temperature. Because the boiling temperature at 1013 mbar is
257oC, the oil circuit must be pressurized with nitrogen, argon, or some more inert
gas when oil is heated above this high temperatures because high pressure mists can
form an explosive mixture with air. Through there are other suitable thermal oils
for slightly higher working temperatures with lower solidification temperatures,
they are too expensive for large solar plants.
The typical PTC receiver tube is composed of an inner steel pipe
surrounded by a glass tube to reduce convective heat losses from the hot steel pipe.
43
The steel pipe has a selective high-absorptivity (>90%), low emissivity (<30% in
the infrared) coating that reduces radiative ther,al losses. Receiver tubes with glass
vacuum tubes and glass pipes with an antireflective coating achieve higher PTC
thermal efficiency and better annual performance, especially at higher operating
temperatures. Receiver tubes with no vacuum are usually for working temperatures
below 250oC, because thermal losses are not so critical at these temperatures. Due
to manufacturing constraints, the maximum length of single receiver pipes is less
than 6 m, so the complete receiver tube of a PTC is composed of a number of single
receiver pipes welded in series up to the total length of the PTC.
B. Steam Generating
The proper PTC temperature range and their good solar-to-thermal
efficiency up to 400oC make it possible to integrate a parabolic trough solar field in
a Rankine water/steam power cycle to produce electricity. Today, all the solar
thermal power plants with PTCs use the HTF technology because steam production
by flashing is not suitable for 100 bar steam pressure and commercial DSG has not
yet been proven.
Basically, there are three elements in a parabolic trough power plant, such
as: the solar system, the steam generator, and the power conversion system (PCS).
The solar system is composed of a parabolic trough solar collector field and the
molten salts circuit. The solar field collects the solar energy available in the form
of direct solar radiation in receivers and converts it into thermal energy as the
temperature of the molten salts circulating trough the receiver tubes of the collectors
increases. Once heated in the solar field, the molten salts goes to the steam
generator, which is an molten saltswater heat exchanger where the molten salts
transfers its thermal energy to the water that is used to generate the superheated
steam required by the turbine. The steam generator is, therefore, the interface
between the solar system (Solarfield Coil circuit) and the PCS itself.
Normally, the steam generator used in these solar power plants consists of
three stages:
a.
Preheater: The process is water from the deaerator pumped into the preheater.
Then, water is preheated to a temperature close to evaporation by using molten
44
salts thermal energy from the suns radiation which is collected in solar field.
The operation condition is at 680oF and 74 bar.
b.
Evaporator: The water from preheater is pumped to the evaporator. Using

molten salts from collector, the preheated water is evaporated and converted
into saturated steam. The operation condition is at 430oC and 74 bar.
c.
Superheater: the saturated steam produced in the evaporator is heated in the

superheater to the temperature required by the steam turbine. 530oC and 74 bar.
The PCS transforms the thermal energy delivered by the solar field into electricity,
using the superheated steam delivered by the steam generator. This PCS is similar
to that of a conventional Rankine power plant, except for the heat source.
C. Process in Steam Turbine
The superheated steam produced by the steam generator is then delivered
and expanded in a steam turbine that drives an electricity generator. The thermal
power from superheated steam technically converted to the electricity with only
10% efficiency.
The steam turbine is usually composed of two consecutive stages, for high
and low pressure steam. High pressure steam passes along the machine axis through
multiple rows of moving and alternaltively fixed blades. From the steam inlet port
of the turbine towards the exhaust point, the turbine cavity and the blades are
progressively larger to allow for the expansion of the steam. The stationary blades
act as nozzles in which the steam expands and emerges at an increased speed but
lower pressure. As the steam impacts on the moving blades it impacts some of its
kinetic energy to moving the blades of turbine. Steam leaving the turbine highpressure stage goes to a reheater where its temperature rises before entering the lowpressure turbine stage. The operation condition is at 530oC and 74 bar.
Though parabolic trough power plants usually have an auxiliary gas-fired
heater to produce electricity when direct solar radiation is not available, the amount
of electricity produced with natural gas is always limited to a reasonable level.
Parabolic trough power plants can play an important role in achieving sustainable
growth because they save about 2000 tn. of CO2 emissions per MW of installed
power yearly.
45
D. Condensation
After the stage from steam turbine, the steam is condensed and the
condensate goes to a water deaerator to remove oxygen and gases dissolved in the
water. The type of condenser used in this process is surface condenser.
The water flowing through the condenser may be once-through, or
single-pass, or it may be made to reverse one or more times before being discharged.
Surface condensers are basically shell and tube heat exchangers. The turbine
exhaust steam condenses on the shell side, and the cooling water flows through the
tubes in one or more passes depending on the condenser design
Expansion occurs between the turbine and condenser as a result of the
temperature difference between the two components. This expansion is
accommodated by an expansion joint located between them. Condenser
performance is very important to having an efficient and reliable power plant.
Leakage of air and cooling water can result in accelerated boiler corrosion and
deposits. In addition, poor condenser performance results in high backpressure,
which in turn results in lower electric output, lower efficiency, and therefore high
operating costs. The operation condition in this stage is at 300oC and 40 bar.
The steam leaving the turbine low-pressure stage can be condensed either
in a wet cooling system (evaporative cooling towers) or in a dry cooling system
(air-cooled condenser).
E. Process in Cooling Tower
The process in this stage is cooling the outflow water from condenser. But,
before entering te cooling tower, there are several processes to do pretreatment for
controling the quality of water. The properties are conductivity, pH, alkalinity, and
hardness. Conductivity is a measure of waters ability to conduct the electricity. In
cooling water, it indicates the amount of dissolved minerals in water. conductivity
is measured in S/cm (microSiemens/cm) and can vary from a few for distilled
water to over 30,000 S/cm for sea water. pH is a indicator of the relative acidity ir
basicity of water used in cooling water. The pH scale runs from 0 to 14, smaller
scale indicates increasing acidity. In cooling water, two forms of alkalinity play a
key role. These are carbonates ions (CO32-) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-). These
alkalinity acts as a buffer to charges acidity or basicity. Hardness refers to the aount
46
of magnesium and calcium ions present in water. These four parameters should be
controlled to prevent corrosion, scale, or fouling in piping and process system.
When designing a new system, choose corrosion-resistant materials to minimize the
effect of an agressive environment to prevent corrosion. What to do to prevent scale
forming is limiting the concentration of scale forming minerals by controlling
concentration ratio or by removing the minerals before they enter the system.
concentration ratio is the ratio dissolved solid in the blow-down to dissolved
solids in the make up. After several pretreatment process, then water is pumped to
cooling tower.
The temperature of water from condensor can exceed more than 50oC. The
operating condition for this stage is at 99.63oC and 1 bar. The temperature of water
will be decreased below 60oC before entering a deaerator. Cooling process use air
flow which is entering the side of tower. Hot water sprayed from the top of the
tower is contacted with the air flow. Heat transfer occur from water to air flow.
This condition cause evaporation of water to form vapor. The heat from water is
absorbed by the vapor so that water temperature is going down. The cool water then
pumped to deaerator to continue the process.
F. Process in Deaerator
The process in this device is removing oxygen and other dissolved gases
from the feedwater to steam generator. Oxygen existence in water can cause serious
problem of corrosion in steam systems by attaching in wall of piping and other
metallic equipments and forming oxides. Dissolved carbon dioxide in water can
form carbonic acid, this compund can also cause serious corrosion in piping and
process equipment. Most deaerator are designed to remove oxygen below 7 ppb by
weight as well as essentially eliminating carbon dioxide.
G. Storage Tank
The type of storage tank in the PTC solar thermal power plant is singlemedium systems. The single-medium storage systems are those in which the heat
is stored in a medium by the working fluid heated in the solar collectors. Iron plats,
ceramic materials, molten salts, or concrete can be used as the storage medium. In
47
these systems, the molten salts is commonly used as the heat transfer medium
between the solar field and the thermal storage in iron plates, the molten salts
circulates through channels between cast iron slabs placed inside a thermally
insulated vessel, transferring thermal energy to them (charging process) or taking it
from them (discharging process).
Molten salts (an eutetic mixture of sodium and pottasium nitrate) can also
be used for single-medium thermal storage systems in parabolic trough solar plants.
In this case, two tanks are needed; one for cold molten salt and another to store the
hot molten salt. Obviously, the lowest temperature is always above melting point
of the salt (approximately 250oC). This type of thermal storage system is claimed
to be the most cost-effective option for large commercial solar power plants with
large solar shares.
CHAPTER III
MASS & ENERGY BALANCE
From the process in chapter II, we can calculate mass and energy balance of
the plant. Mass balance will be evaluated each equipment. From this chapter, we
will know how much solar heat, molten salt and water needed to produce 30 MW
electricity. Then, we will know the energy needed. In this chapter, mass and energy
balance will be calculated each unit and then each equipment.
Mass and energy balance calculation are done by simulate the plant in a
process simulator. The process simulator used is UniSim. The result of our plant
simulation in UniSim is as shown below.
Figure 3. 1 Solar Thermal Power Plant (UniSim Simulation)

(Source: Authors Personal Data)
3.1. Mass Balance for Equipment

There are total of ten main equipments used in the solar thermal power plant
we proposed: Pump P-100, Solar Collector, Hot Tank, Cold Tank, E-100, E-101,
E-102, K-100, E-103, and P-102. In this section we will make a mass balance for
each equpment.
48
49
Pump P-100
Table 3. 1 Mass Balance On Pump P-100
Stream In (ton/h)
5
32.298
18.102
0
50.400
Component
NaNO3
KNO3
H2O
TOTAL
Stream Out (ton/h)

1
32.298
18.102
0
50.400
(Source :Authors Personal Data)
Solar Collector
Table 3. 2 Mass Balance On Solar Collector
Stream In (ton/h)
1
32.298
18.102
0
50.400
Component
NaNO3
KNO3
H2O
TOTAL
Stream Out (ton/h)

2
32.298
18.102
0
50.400
Cold Salt Storage Tank

Table 3. 3 Mass Balance On Cold Tank
Component
NaNO3
KNO3
H2O
TOTAL
Stream In (ton/h)
18
32.298
18.102
0
50.400
Stream Out (ton/h)

5
V1
32.298
0
18.102
0
0
0
50.400
Hot Salt Storage Tank

Table 3. 4 Mass Balance On Hot Tank
Component
NaNO3
KNO3
H2O
TOTAL
Stream In (ton/h)
7
32.298
18.102
0
50.400
Stream Out (ton/h)

8
V2
32.298
0
18.102
0
0
0
50.400
50
Heat Exchanger E-100

Table 3. 5 Mass Balance On HE E-100
Component
NaNO3
KNO3
H2O
TOTAL
Stream In (ton/h)
10
19
32.298
0
18.102
0
0
218.877
269.277
Stream Out (ton/h)

12
13
32.298
0
18.102
0
0
218.877
269.277

Component
NaNO3
KNO3
H2O
TOTAL
Stream In (ton/h)
12
16
32.298
0
18.102
0
0
218.877
269.277
Stream Out (ton/h)

17
19
32.298
0
18.102
0
0
218.877
269.277

Component
NaNO3
KNO3
H2O
TOTAL
Stream In (ton/h)
17
11
32.298
0
18.102
0
0
218.877
269.277
Stream Out (ton/h)

18
16
32.298
0
18.102
0
0
218.877
269.277
Steam Turbine K-100

Table 3. 8 Mass Balance On Turbine K-100
Component
NaNO3
KNO3
H2O
TOTAL
Stream In (ton/h)
13
0
0
218.877
218.877
Stream Out (ton/h)

14
0
0
218.877
218.877
51
Cooler E-103
Table 3. 9 Mass Balance On Cooler E-103
Stream In (ton/h)
14
0
0
218.877
218.877
Component
NaNO3
KNO3
H2O
TOTAL
Stream Out (ton/h)

15
0
0
218.877
218.877
Pump P-102
Table 3. 10 Mass Balance On Pump P-102
Stream In (ton/h)
15
0
0
218.877
218.877
Component
NaNO3
KNO3
H2O
TOTAL
Stream Out (ton/h)

11
0
0
218.877
218.877
3.2. Energy Balance for Equipment

In this section we will make energy balance for each equipment in the plant.
All units are in kJ/h.
Table 3. 11 Energy Balance for Equipment
Equipment
Pump P100
Sollar
Collector
Hot Tank
Cold Tank
E-100
E-101
E-102
K-100
E-103
P-102
In (kJ/h)
Out (kJ/h)
Duty
Required(+)/
Produced(-)
(kJ/h)
-1.201.E+08
-1.201.E+08
1.106.E+04
-1.201.E+08
-1.013.E+08
2.503.E+07
6.257.E+06
-1.013.E+08
-1.201.E+08
-3.489.E+09
-3.503.E+09
-3.545.E+09
-2.837.E+09
-2.945.E+09
-3.431.E+09
-1.013.E+08
-1.201.E+08
-2.947.E+09
-3.503.E+09
-3.513.E+09
-2.945.E+09
-3.431.E+09
-3.430.E+09
0
0
0
0
0
-1.080.E+08
-4.855.E+08
1.158.E+06
0
0
-5.419.E+08
0
-3.170.E+07
0
0
0
Qloss (kJ/h)
52
3.3. Overall Mass Balance

After mass balance for each equipment is finished, we can then calculate the
overall mass balance. Overall mass balance is the mass balance for the entire plant
as one system. Meaning, the mass in is the mass stream that enter the plant, and
mass out is the mass stream that exit the plant. The overall mass balance is as shown
below.
Table 3. 12 Overall Mass Balance
Component
NaNO3
KNO3
H2O
TOTAL
Mass In (ton/h)
0
0
0
0
Mass Out (ton/h)

0
0
0
0
As we can see above, there is no mass in our out into the plant, because our plant
can be considered a closed system. Both molten salts and water are circulated in the
system and none of them exits or enters the system.
3.4. Overall Energy Balance
Similar with overall mass balance, we will make overall energy balance for
our plant as shown below.
Table 3. 13 Overall Energy Balance
Stream
NaNO3
KNO3
H2O
Qsolar
Q-100
W
Q-102
TOTAL
Energy In (kJ/h)
0
0
0
2.503.E+07
1.106.E+04
0
1.158.E+06
26197115.7
Energy Out (kJ/h)

0
0
0
0
0.000.E+00
1.080.E+08
0.000.E+00
1.080.E+08
3.5. Mass Efficiency

From mass balance calculation above, we can calculate mass efficiency. Mass
efficiency for power plant is defined as the main product needed for each energy
53
produced. The raw material used in out plant is molten salts and water. So there are
two mass efficiencies, one for molten salts and the other one for water, as shown
below.
Mass efficiency for water

Mass efficiency (water) =
Mass efficiency (water) =
= 493,427 = 137 kWh/

218.877
1.080. + 08
Mass efficiency for molten salt

Mass efficiency (molten salt) =
1.080. + 08
Mass efficiency (molten salt) =

= 214,286
50.400
= 595 kWh/
As show in the calculation above, our mass efficiency is 137 kWh/ton water and
595 kWh/ton molten salts, meaning that for each ton of water needed, there will be
about 137 kWh energy (electricity) produced and for each ton of molten salts
needed, there will be about 595 kWh energy (electricity) produced, assuming that
100% work produced in steam turbine is converted into electricity in the generator.
3.6. Energy Efficiency

In this last section we can calculate the energy efficiency from the energy
balance calculation above. Energy efficiency is defined as the energy needed
divided by energy (electricity) produced.
=

= 4.123
( + )
54
From the calculation above the energy efficiency is 4.123. It means that for
each kWh solar energy plus pump duty needed, our plant can produce 4.123 kWh
electricity, again assuming that 100% energy produced from steam turbine is
converted into electricity energy.
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION
1. Indonesia has a lot of potential to use solar thermal energy as a renewable

energy source.
2. Raw materials that needed for the process are molten salt and water.
3. Based on criteria and considerations in selecting, we choose Pontianak,
West Borneo as our plant location.
4. Our plant capacity will produce 30 MW electricity
5. Parabolic Trough Collector is the most suitable type of solar thermal
power plant in Indoneisa based on some aspects, economically and
technically.
55
REFERENCES
Aitken, D. W. 2003. White Paper: Transitioning to a Renewable Energy Future.
International Solar Energy Society (ISES): Freiburg, Germany.
Ahmed and Ramesh. 2011. Handbook of Renewable Energy Technology. World
Scientific: Singapore.
Dirjen Listrik dan Pemanfaatan Energi, Kementerian Energi dan Liem Ek Bien,
Ishak Kasim & Wahyu Wibow, Perancangan Sistem Hibrid Pembangkit
Listrik Tenaga Surya Dengan Jala-Jala Listrik PLN Untuk Rumah
Perkotaan, JETri, Volume 8, Nomor 1, Agustus 2008, Halaman 37-56.
Dirjen Listrik dan Pemanfaatan Energi, Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya
Mineral, 2001
Djojonegoro,W., 1992, Pengembangan dan penerapan energi baru dan terbarukan,
Lokakarya "Bio Mature Unit" (BMU) untuk pengembangan masyarakat
pedesaan, BPPT, Jakarta.
Frenzel, Jasper. 2011. Concentrated Solar Thermal Power Plants. Ritsumeikan
University.
NREL, National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 2010. U.S. Parabolic Trough
Power Plant Data. http://www.nrel.gov/csp/troughnet/power_plant_data.html
(accessed 13 September, 2015)
Garud, shirish. Fellow. Purohit, Ishan. Making Solar Thermal Power Generation
in India a Reality-Overview of Technologies, Opportunities and Challenges.
India: The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)
Perusahaan Listrik Negara. (2014) Rencana Usaha Penyediaan Tenaga Listrik
Tahun 2015-2024. http://www.pln.co.id/dataweb/RUPTL (Accessed on 15th
September 2015)
Solar Millenium AG b. 2010. The Andasol Power Plants.
http://www.blythesolarpower.com/sites/default/files/STA_Chooses_PV_tech
nology_for_Blythe_Facility.pdf (accessed 13 September, 2015)
Vogel, Werner. Kalb, Henry. Large-Scale Solar Thermal Power. Germany: WileyVCH.
Woodruff, Everett B., Lammers, Herbert B., Lammers, Thomas F. 2004. Steam
Plant Operation, 8th ed.. McGraw-Hill Professional.
56

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UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA

PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY POWER

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Literature Review ..................................................................................... 3

Solar Thermal Power......................................................................... 3

1.2.2. Concentrating and Nonconcentrating Solar Thermal Power Plants

Concentrating Solar Colle ctor .......................................................... 4

Parabolic Through System ................................................................ 4

Power Tower System ........................................................................ 6

Parabolic Dish System ...................................................................... 6

Raw Material Analysis ............................................................................. 7

General Process ...................................................................................... 18

Alternative Process ................................................................................. 19

Central Receiver Solar Thermal Power Plants ................................ 19

Solar Air Preheating System for Combustion Turbines .................. 26

Dish/Engine Solar Thermal Power Plants ....................................... 27

Process Selection .................................................................................... 28

Process Description ................................................................................ 32

CHAPTER III ....................................................................................................... 42

3.4. Overall Energy Balance .............................................................................. 46

Figure 1. 1 Parabolic Through Solar Collector ....................................................... 5

Table 1. 1 Prediction of Energy Needs in Indonesia ............................................... 1

of Energy Needs in Indonesia

Electricity demand in Indonesia grew from 90 terawatt-hours (TWh) in

Table 1. 2 Prediction of Electrical Energy Supply in Indonesia

1.2. Literature Review

Figure 1. 1 Parabolic Through Solar Collector

1.2.5. Power Tower System

Figure 1. 2 Power Tower System

1.2.6. Parabolic Dish System

Figure 1. 3 Parabolic Dish System

Plant Location Analysis

Electrification Ratio (%)

(Source: Data Statistik PLN 2010,2011,2012,2013, dan 2014)

Figure 1. 4 Transmission Network West Borneo

(Source: BPS West Borneo, 2014)

(Source: BPS West Borneo, 2014)

Electrification ratio is defined as the percentage of households with an

Supply from PLN

(Source: Data Statistik PLN 2010,2011,2012,2013, dan 2014)

per year. Sales of electric power absorbed by household consumers (64.07%),

(Source: RUPTL PLN 2015-2024)

Based on Table 1.8 above, electricity demand increase approximately 5,1%

to economic growth, population growth, and target of increasing electrification ratio

Plant Capacity Analysis

Supply from PLN

(Source: Data Statistik PLN 2010,2011,2012,2013, dan 2014)

2.1. General Process

Direct Solar Radiation

Figure 2. 1 Black Box for This Solar Thermal Power Plant

2.2. Alternative Process

tower and sunlight is concentrated by means of a large paraboloid that is discretized

CRS have a high potential for midterm cost reduction of electricity to

Figure indicated expected progress from present to 2030.

A solar thermal, or central receiver system, plant may be described in terms

Collector system, or heliostat field, created with a large number of two-axis

Heat storage system, with which system dispatchability is ensured during

Power block, including steam generator and turbine-alternator

Master control, UPS, and heat rejection system

2.2.2.1. Heliostat and Collector Field

2.2.2.2. Solar Receiver

Figure 2. 3 Different Configuration of Solar Receivers

Receivers can be directed or indirectly irradiated depending on the

(Source : Manuel and Zarza, 2007)