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Chapter 1
1-2
1-3
Chemistry
Definitions
Matter
its properties,
1-4
1-5
Physical Properties
properties a substance shows by itself without
interacting with another substance
Chemical Properties
properties a substance shows as it interacts
with, or transforms into, other substances
- flammability, corrosiveness
1-6
1-7
PLAN:
1-8
1-9
A C is a physical change.
1-10
1-11
Figure 1.2
1-12
1-13
PLAN:
1-14
1-15
Energy in Chemistry
Energy Changes
1-16
1-17
Figure 1.3A
Figure 1.3B
1-18
1-19
Figure 1.3C
Figure 1.3D
1-20
1-21
Figure 1.4
Hypothesis is
revised if
experimental results
do not support it.
Hypothesis
Experiment
Model (Theory)
Model is altered if
predicted events do
not support it.
Further
Experiment
350 mi =
7h
50 mi
or 50 mi.h-1
1h
1-22
1-23
Conversion Factors
1-24
5280 ft
5280 ft
=1
PLAN:
SOLUTION:
1-25
3212 ft x
1 mi
5280 ft
= 0.6083 mi
Problem
Clarify the known and unknown.
Plan
Solution
Check
12 in = 1 ft
Comment
Follow-up Problem
1 ft = $0.15
1-26
1-27
1 ft
= 10.7 ft
12 in
1-28
$ 0.15
1 ft
= $ 1.60
1-29
1-30
Quantity
SI to English Equivalent
English to SI Equivalent
Length
1 km = 0.6214 mile
1 m = 1.094 yd
1 m = 39.37 inches
1 cm = 0.3937 inch
1 mi = 1.609 km
1 yd = 0.9144 m
1 ft = 0.3048 m
1 in = 2.54 cm
Volume
1 ft3 = 0.02832 m3
1 gal = 3.785 dm3
1 qt = 0.9464 dm3
1 qt = 946.4 cm3
1 fluid ounce = 29.57 cm3
Mass
1 kg = 2.205 lb
1 g = 0.03527 ounce (oz)
1 lb = 0.4536 kg
1 oz = 28.35 g
1-31
Figure 1.5
1 mL = 10-3 L
volume (cm3)
of galena
1-32
volume (L)
of galena
1-33
SOLUTION:
(24.5 - 19.9) mL = volume of galena = 4.6 mL
4.6 mL x
1 cm3
1 mL
= 4.6 cm3
4.6 mL x
10-3 L
1 mL
= 4.6 x 10-3 L
6 fibers = 1 cable
1-34
1-35
Density
SOLUTION:
8.84 x 103 km x
8.84 x 106 m x
103
m
1 km
= 8.84 x 106 m
density =
10-3
1.19 x
1m
1.05 x 104 lb
6 fibers
x
1 fiber
1 cable
6.30 x 104 lb
1 kg
x
1 cable
2.205 lb
1-36
lb
mass
volume
= 1.05 x 104 lb
1-37
PROBLEM: Lithium, a soft, gray solid with the lowest density of any
metal, is a key component of advanced batteries. A slab
of lithium weighs 1.49x103 mg and has sides that are
20.9 mm by 11.1 mm by 11.9 mm. Find the density of
lithium in g/cm3.
PLAN:
mass (mg) of Li
103 mg = 1 g
multiply lengths
volume (cm3)
mass (g) of Li
density (g/cm3) of Li
1-38
1-39
Figure 1.6
SOLUTION:
1.49x103 mg x
20.9 mm x
1g
= 1.49 g
103 mg
1 cm
= 2.09 cm
10 mm
Similarly the other sides will be 1.11 cm and 1.19 cm, respectively.
Volume = 2.09 x 1.11 x 1.19 = 2.76 cm3
density of Li =
1.49 g
2.76 cm3
= 0.540 g/cm3
1-40
1-41
Temperature Conversions
Temperature Scales
Kelvin ( K ) - The absolute temperature scale begins at
absolute zero and has only positive values. Note that the kelvin is
not used with the degree sign ().
T (in F) = 9 T (in C) + 32
5
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1-43
Significant Figures
PROBLEM: A child has a body temperature of 38.7C, and norma l
body temperature is 98.6F. Does the child have a f ever?
What is the childs temperature in kelvins?
PLAN: We have to convert C to F to find out if the child has a
fever. We can then use the C to Kelvin relationship to find
the temperature in Kelvin.
SOLUTION:
Converting from C to F
9 (38.7 C) + 32 = 101.7 F
5
Yes, the child has a fever.
Converting from C to K
1-44
1-45
Figure 1.7
1-46
1-47
(b) 0.1044 g
(c) 53,069 mL
(d) 0.00004715 m
(e) 57,600. s
PLAN:
1-48
1-49
SOLUTION:
(a) 0.0030 L has 2 sf
1-50
1-51
83.5 mL
+ 23.28 mL
106.78 mL = 106.8 mL
863.0879 mL = 863.1 mL
1-52
1-53
Exact Numbers
Exact numbers have no uncertainty associated with them.
Numbers may be exact by definition:
1000 mg = 1 g
60 min = 1 hr
2.54 cm = 1 in
Numbers may be exact by count:
exactly 26 letters in the alphabet
1-54
1-55
(b)
4.80x104 mg
7.085 cm
14.904 cm2
= 2.104 cm
7.085 cm
1000 mg
1g
11.55 cm3
7.085 cm
(b)
4.80x104 mg
11.55 cm3
PLAN: We use the rules for rounding presented in the text: (a) We
subtract before we divide. (b) We note that the unit
conversion involves an exact number.
1-56
1000 mg
48.0 g
11.55 cm3
= 4.16 g/ cm3
1-57
practice
1-58
Figure 1.9
1-59
Figure 1.9
continued
random error
1-60
systematic error
1-61