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PROPORTION
INDICES
The no. of times factors are multiplied is called power or index.
PROPERTIES OF INDICES:
1) am x an = am+n
2) am /an = am-n
3) (am)n = amn
4) a0 = 1
5) a = a1/m , a = a1/2, a = a1/3
6) a-m = 1/am
7) If ax = ay then x = y
8) If ax = bx then a = b
9) (ab)n = an bn
10)
(a/b)n = an/bn
Formulas:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
(a+b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab
(a-b)2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab
(a+b) (a-b) = a2 b2
(a+b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a+b)
(a-b)3 = a3 - b3 - 3ab(a-b)
a3 b3 = (a-b)( a2 + b2 + ab)
a3 + b3 = (a+b)( a2 + b2 - ab)
LOGARITHM
The logarithm of a number to a given base is the index or the power to which
the base must be raised to produce the number, i.e. to make it equal to the
given number.
If ax = n, then x is said to be the logarithm of the number n to the
base a symbolically it can be expressed as : log an = x
Example : 24 = 16 log216 = 4
PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHM:
1)
m+ log a n
mn= log a
log a
2)
m log a n
m
= log a
n
log a
3)
4)
log a a=1
5)
log a 1=0
6)
7)
c= log a c
log a b log b
8)
b/ log a
b= log
loga
NOTE:
A) If base is understood, base is taken as 10.
B) Thus log 10 = 1, log 1 = 0
C) Logarithm using base 10 is called Common Logarithm and logarithm
using base e is called Natural Logarithm.
D) The logarithm of a number consists of two parts, the whole part or the
integeral part is called characteristics and the decimal part is called
the mantissa. Eg: log2 = 0.3010, where 0 is characteristics and 3010
is mantissa.
CHAPTER- 4
SIMPLE AND COMPOUND INTEREST INCLUDING
ANNUITY- APPLICATIONS
SIMPLE INTEREST
S . I .=Pit
Where, P= Principal/Sum, R= Rate of interest per annum or i= r/100, T=
Time
A=P ( 1+it )P+ I
Where, A= Amount/Final value
COMPOUND INTEREST
C . I .=P [ ( 1+i )n1 ]
A=P ( 1+i )nP+ I
CONDITIONS OF CONVERSION PERIOD
IN CASE OF
CONDITIONS FOR
TIME
R 2
T 2
R4
T 4
Monthly
R 12
T 12
Days
R 365
T 365
ANNUITY
To be called annuity a series of payments (or receipts) must have following
features:
a) Amount paid (or received) must be constant over the period of annuity
and
b) Time interval between two consecutive payments (or receipts) must be
the same.
Annuity may be of two types:
A
IN
ETN
TRU
BGI
GLT
RY
T
T
E
E
D
N
M
N
U
Y/
H E
E U
A
/
/
U
I
I
/
A
I
T
N
E
G
N
D
I
A
H
N
A (n , i) /F . V .= A
(1+i)n1
i
1+ i
1(1+i)n
P(n , i)/ P .V .= A
i
1+i
Where, A= Amount
CHAPTER- 6
SEQUENCE AND SERIES- ARITHMETIC AND GEOMETERIC
PROGRESSION
SEQUENCE: - An ordered collection of number is a sequence.
Denoted by:
{a n }
n=1
{1n }
is 1, , 1/3,
S n= u i
i=1
Where
Sn
Example: - 1+ 3+ 5+ 7+
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
A.P is the sequence in which terms is obtained by adding a constant d to
the preceeding term. This constant d is called the common difference of the
A.P.
The sequence is
a1 , a2 , a3 ,a 4 , .., a n
an
= last
term
General A.P Series: -
an
an =a+ ( n1 ) d
Where,
an
S n=
n
[2 a+ ( n1 ) d ]
2
POINTS TO REMEMBER
1) Sum of 1st n natural numbers
n ( n+1 )
S n=
2
2) Sum of 1st n odd numbers
S n=n2
3) Sum of squares of 1st n natural numbers
n ( n+1 ) (2 n+1)
S n=
6
4) Sum of cubes of 1st n natural numbers
2
n ( n+1 )
S n=
2
GEOMETERIC PROGRESSION
G.P is the sequence of terms each term is constant multiple of the
preceeding term. The constant multiplier is called constant ratio r.
General G.P Series: -
a , ar , ar 2 ,a r 3 , .
an
an =a r n1
Where,
an
a( r n1)
r 1
r >1
When
r <1
n
S n=
a(1r )
1r
Sum to infinity
S =
a
1r