OE4680 2015 - Lecture 15 - Discussion Exercise & Exam Questions

16June,2015
MScOffshore&DredgingEngineering
FacultyCEG,DepartmentHydraulicEngineering
Faculty3mE,DepartmentMaritime&TransportTechnology
BonusExerciseSummary
Aim:
Determinetheglobaliceloadsfor
2differentsubstructuredesignsof
aGBSintheKaraSea
Stepstobetaken:
Reviewoficeconditionsandproperties;
Reviewoflimitingmechanisms;
Crushingversusbending;
Reviewofthestructuralconfiguration;
Forthisexercise,youneed:
Theexercisehandout;
Thematerialgiventoyouduringthelectures;
ExcerptfromISO19906(onBlackboard)
16June,2015
DiscussionExercise&ExamQuestions
OE4680ArcticEngineering
Rusanovskoye
Figure1:Mapof1)Southwestand
2)NortheastKaraSea
BonusExerciseSummary
Noteherethat:
Rusanovskoye islocatedinBaidaratskaya Bay
inthesouthwesternpartoftheKaraSea
ThelocationoftheGBSisdefinitelyoffshore
Parameter
Average
AnnualValues
Occurrence,firstice
October
Occurrence,lastice
July
FYlevellandfastice,thickness
FYlevelicefloes,thickness
FYlevelicefloes,eq.diameter
MYlevelicefloes,thickness
1,6m
1,4 1,8m
4,5km
FYridges,keeldepth
6,5 7,5m
MYridges,keeldepth
Icemovement,nearshore
0,4m/s
Icemovement,offshore
0,3m/s
16June,2015
Rusanovskoye
Figure1:Mapof1)Southwestand
2)NortheastKaraSea
Structuralconfiguration
Figure2:SketchofPlatformDesignOptionsfortheKaraSeaGBS
16June,2015
Givenparameters
Parameters
AirDensity(at19C)
Windvelocity
Densityseawater
Currentvelocity
Salinityseawater
Densityseaice
Youngsmodulusseaice
Poisson'sratio
Rubbleheight
Icetoicefrictioncoefficient
Porosityicerubble
Rubbleangleofrepose
Cohesionoficerubble
Internalfrictionangleicerubble
VariableParameters
Extremeicefloethickness
Icestructurefrictioncoefficient
Coneangle
16June,2015
Symbol
a
Va
w
Vw
S
ice
E
hr
i
e
Symbol
H
C
Unit
m
Value
1,37
21
1027
3,4
31
910
5,0
0,3
5
0,05
0,35
A10
1,7
40
Value
H1=1,6
C1=0,01
A1=40
A2=43
A3=46
Unit
kg/m3
m/s
kg/m3
m/s
kg/m3
GPa
kPa
Value
H2=1,9
C2=0,02
A4=49
A5=52
A6=55
Value
H3=2,2
C3=0,03
A7=58
A8=61
A9=64
5
OverviewExerciseScoring
Answeringallproblemscorrectly,yieldsa0,75 bonustoyourexamgrade.
Thisbonusisvalidfor:
TheexaminQ4,onWednesday24June2015,09:0012:00,and
TheretakeinQ5,onThursday13August2015,09:0012:00.
Ergo:doingtheexamnextyear,meansredoingthebonusassignment!
Intotal,therewere32pointstobeearned,dividedamongthe4problemsas:
1a. [2]
2a. [2]
3a. [1]
4a. [1]
1b. [2]
2b. [2]
3b. [4]
4b. [8]
2c. [3]
3c. [1]
4c. [3]
2d. [1]
1. [4]
2. [8]
3. [6]
4. [12]
Thus,everysinglepointequalsa(0,75/30=)0,025bonustoyourexam.
16June,2015
ProblemStatement1[4pts]
Inthewinter20142015,themeandailyairtemperatureattheconsidered
locationintheKaraSeawasbelowtheseawaterfreezingpointfrom
16September2014untilandincluding18April2015.
Theaveragemeandailyairtemperatureduringthisperiodwas17,1C.
Forthecalculationoficethickness,theKaraandChukchiSeashavethesame
sitespecificconstants:
intheChukchiSea4096freezingdegreedaysyieldanicethicknessof2,24m.
1. Forthegivenweatherconditionsinthewinter20142015,
a. Calculatethenumberofaccumulatedfreezingdegreedaysin
theKaraSea.
b. DeterminethemaximumundisturbedicethicknessintheKaraSea
assuminglinearheatconduction.
16June,2015
Problem1a
Forthegivenconditionsinthewinter20142015:
a. calculatethenumberofaccumulatedfreezingdegreedaysintheKaraSea.
Thenumberofaccumulateddegreedaysisfoundas:
CFDD
T T avg T
a
Tb ndays
meandailyairtemperatureattheconsideredlocationintheKaraSeawasbelowthe
seawaterfreezingpointfrom16September2014untilandincluding18April2015.
Theperiodfrom16September2014until18April2015yieldsatotalof:
15+31+30+31+31+28+31+18=215days.
Theaveragemeandailyairtemperatureduringthisperiodwas17,1C.
Ta isgivenas17,1C.Theseawatersalinityis31,andthus(fromthelectureslides
wefindthat)thefreezingpointoftheseawaterTbis1,705C.
Andthus:
CFDD 17,1 1,705 215 3310
16June,2015
Problem1b
Forthegivenweatherconditionsinthewinter20112012:
b. DeterminethemaximumundisturbedicethicknessintheChukchiSea
assuminglinearheatconduction.
Themaximumundisturbedicethicknessisfoundas:
h aCFDD b
Forthecalculationoficethickness,theKaraandChukchiSeashavethesame
sitespecificconstants; intheChukchiSea4096freezingdegreedaysyieldanice
thicknessof2,24m.
Assuminglinearheatconductionitfollowsthatb=0,5,fromthedataforthe
BeaufortSea,wethusfind:
hChukchi aC FDD ;Chukchi b a
hChukchi
CFDD ;Chukchi b
2,24
0,035
4096
WepreviouslyfoundthatCFDD =3310,thuswefindtheicethicknessfortheChukchi
Seaas:
h aC FDD b 0,035 3310 2,014 m
16June,2015
Insteadoftheundisturbedicethickness,extreme
icefloethicknessesshouldbeusedforthedesign
loads.
Inotherwords,fromthispointonwardsusethe
extremeicefloethicknessvaluespecificallygiven
toyourgroup.
18m
50m
Assumethatforextremeicefloethicknessesin
theKaraSea,theicetemperatureatthefloe
surfaceis19C.
24m
SubstructureA
2. ForsubstructureA,thusforthesubstructurethatiscylindrical atthewaterline,
a. Determinetheiceactionforanaveragesizedisolatedicefloeforlimitforce;
b. CalculatethedesignactionforicecrushingfailureaccordingtoISO19906;
16June,2015
10
Problem2a
ForsubstructureA,thusforthesubstructurethatiscylindrical atthewaterline,
a. Determinetheiceactionforanaveragesizedisolatedicefloeforlimitforce;
Foranisolatedicefloe,wheretheicefloeisdescribedasanequivalentcircularfloe
withadiameterDeq,wehavenoiceiceinteractionandthethermalexpansiondoes
notleadtoadditionalforces.Thus,thelimitforceactioncanbedescribedas:
2
2
2
Afloe 4 Deq
FLF , floe 8 Cd ,a aVa2Deq
8 C d ,w wVw2Deq
Fromthelectureonicemechanics,wefindthatCd,a =0,025andCd,w =0,002.

Andfromtable1:a =1,37kg/m3,Va =21m/s,w =1027kg/m3,Vw =3,4m/s.
Additionally,table1givesanaverageannualvalueforthediameterofaFYlevel
icefloeasDeq =4,5km.
Thus:
FLF , floe 8 0,025 1,37 212 4,5 103 8 0,002 1027 3,42 4,5 103
2
FLF , floe 120,11 188,82 308,9 MN

16June,2015
Isthisconservativeornot?
11
Problem2b
b. CalculatethedesignactionforicecrushingfailureaccordingtoISO19906;
AccordingtoISO19906,wefindtheicecrushingloadthroughtheglobalice
pressureduetocrushing(eqs.A.820andA.821)as:
n
h w
FG pG hw ,pG C R
h1 h
h w
FG C R hw
h1 h
m
TheicestrengthcoefficientforArcticareasisequalto:CR =2,8MPa.
mandnareempiricalcoefficientsthatdependontheicethickness,butforthe
possiblethicknessesarealwaysfoundas:m=0,16,n=0,3.
Thewidthofthestructureis:w=24mandh1isaunitvariable:h1=1m.
1,9
Withh=H2=1,9m,wefind: FG 2,8
1
16June,2015
0,3
24
1,9
0,16
1,9 24 70,2 MN
pG 1,539 MPa
12
Insteadoftheundisturbedicethickness,extreme
icefloethicknessesshouldbeusedforthedesign
loads.
Inotherwords,fromthispointonwardsusethe
extremeicefloethicknessvaluespecificallygiven
toyourgroup.
18m
50m
Assumethatforextremeicefloethicknessesin
theKaraSea,theicetemperatureatthefloe
surfaceis19C.
24m
SubstructureA
2. ForsubstructureA,thusforthesubstructurethatiscylindrical atthewaterline,
c. Determinethepenetrationofthestructureintoanaveragesizedisolatedicefloefor
alimitenergyeventanddeterminethecorrespondinglimitenergyiceaction;
d. Concludewhichlimitingmechanismgovernstheiceactionandexplainwhy.
16June,2015
13
Problem2c(1)
c. Determinethepenetrationofthestructureintoanaveragesizedisolatedice
floeforalimitenergyeventanddeterminethecorrespondinglimitenergyice
action;
Theiceactionforlimitenergyisdeterminedfromtheworkenergyprincipal:
2
2
1
1
F
x
dx
p
x
w
x
h
x
dx
mv
mv
beg
end
2
2
Anaveragesizedicefloehasadiameterof4,5km.
Thus,withice=910kg/m3 andh=H2=1,9m,
themassoftheicefloebecomes:
2
m ice 4 Deq
h 910 4 4,5 103 1,9 27,5 Gkg
2
Somehavechosenvbeg =0,4
m/sandclaimedthistobe
conservative.Isthiscorrect?
Thestructureisoffshore,sofromtable1:vbeg =0,3m/s.Obviously,vend =0m/s.
16June,2015
14
Recap RoadmapforLimitEnergyIceAction
Fromtheworkenergyprinciplewefound:
2
2
1
1
F
x
dx
p
x
w
x
h
x
dx
mv
mv
beg
end
2
2
Rigid
Structure
IceFloe
Astheanalyticalintegrationoverxisnotalwayseasytoapply,theice
actionforlimitenergycanbeapproximatedusingthefollowingroadmap:
1. Increasethepenetrationx usingsmallincrementsx,
2. Ateachpenetrationxi determineicepressure,interactionwidthand
icethickness,aswellasthecorrespondingiceaction.
3. Perincrementassumethattheicepressure,interactionwidthandice
thicknessareconstantsothatthevelocityattheendofeachincrement
pi wi hi x 12 mvi2 12 mvi21
canbedeterminedusing:.
vi 1 0
4. Repeatuntil,theiceactionforlimitenergyis:.
FLE Fi ,max
16June,2015
15
Problem2c(2)
action;
2
2
1
1
F
x
dx
p
x
w
x
h
x
dx
mv
mv
beg
end
2
2
Anaveragesizedicefloehasadiameterof4,5km.
Thus,withice=910kg/m3 andh=H2=1,9m,
themassoftheicefloebecomes:
2
m ice 4 Deq
h 910 4 4,5 103 1,9 27,5 Gkg
2
Thestructureisoffshore,sofromtable1:vbeg =0,3m/s.Obviously,vend =0m/s.

Usingtheroadmap:
Forh=H1=1,6m,wefindtheexactpenetrationas:19,48m.
16June,2015
16
Problem2c(3) FastApproximation
action;
F x dx p x w x h x dx
1
2
2
2
mvbeg
12 mvend
Anaveragesizedicefloehasadiameterof4,5km.Thus,withice=910kg/m3
andh=H2=1,9m,themassoftheicefloewasfoundas27,5Gkg.
Againfromtable1wehave:vbeg =0,3m/s.Obviously,vend =0m/s.
Now,asafirstestimateletusassumethatF(x)=FG isconstant.
Thepenetrationmaythenbeapproximatedas:
F x dx F x
G
1
2
mv
2
beg
2
mvbeg
2FG
27,5 109 0,32
17,63 m
2 70,2 106
Solvingtheproblemusingtheroadmap,yieldedapenetrationof19,90m.
16June,2015
17
Problems2c(4)and2d
c. Determinethepenetrationofthestructureintoanaveragesizedisolatedicefloe
foralimitenergyeventanddeterminethecorresponding limitenergyiceaction;
Usingtheroadmap,wefoundanexactpenetrationof19,90m,
whileafastapproximationyieldedapenetrationof17,63m.
Withadiameterof24m,thestructureisfullyenveloped atapenetrationof12m.
Thelimitenergyiceactionisthusequaltothelimitstressload:
FLE FG 70,2 MN
Isitreallynecessarytouse
theroadmaptodetermine
thepenetrationexactly?
d. Concludewhichlimitingmechanismgovernstheiceactionandexplainwhy.
Fromquestionsa.andb.wefind:FLS <<FLF.Additionally,fromquestiond.wefind:
FLE =FLS.Thus,theicefailslongbeforethelimitforceiceactionisreached.
Uponinitialimpact,limitenergygovernsuntilthestructureisfullyenveloped.
Then,limitstresstakesoverasthemechanismthatgovernstheiceaction.
16June,2015
18
ProblemStatement3
3. UsingtheISO19906provisions:
a. Calculatetheaverageicesalinityfordesignconditions;
b. Calculatethecorrespondingbrinevolumeandtotalporosity;
c. Determinetheflexuralstrengthoftheiceforpreliminarydesign.
16June,2015
19
Problem3a
UsingtheISO19906provisions:
a. Calculatetheapproximateicesalinityfordesignconditions;
TheAVERAGEicesalinityofagrowingfirstyearlevelicesheetisfoundaccordingto
theISO19906provisionsbythefollowingequation:
13,4 17,4h for h 0,34 m
S
8,0 1,62h for h 0,34 m
Clearlyallgivenextremeicethicknessesare>0,34mandthus,substitutingthe
possiblevaluesgivesasalinity(inppt)as:
H1 1,6 : S 5,408
S 8,0 1,62h H2 1,9 : S 4,922

H 3 2,2: S 4,436
16June,2015
20
Problem3b(1)
49,18
0,53
ThecorrespondingbrinevolumefollowsfromISO19906as: Vbrine S
Forthecalculationofthebrinevolumethatcorrespondstotheaverage salinityS
overanicesheet,wemustalsousetheaverage temperatureovertheicesheet.
AssumethatforextremeicefloethicknessesintheKaraSea,theicetemperature
atthefloesurfaceis19C.
Inthelectureonicemechanics,itwasexplainedthatthetemperatureinanicefloe
byapproximationchangeslinearlyovertheheight:
atthefloesurfacethetemperatureisgivenas19C.
Lookingattheheatfluxthroughtheice,thetemperatureatthebottomofthe
icesheetmustbeequaltothefreezingpoint,i.e.1,705C.
Andthuswefindthat:
16June,2015
T Tavg 19 1,705 2 10,3525 C

21
Problem3b(2)
SubstitutingtheaveragesalinitySandtheaveragetemperatureTyields:
H1: Vbrine 28,56
49,18
Vbrine S
0,53 5,28 S H2: Vbrine 25,99
10,3525
H 3: V 23,42
brine
Accordingtotheicemechanicslecture,theairvolume(inppt)maybe
approximated as:
sea ice
910
1
8,76
pure ice Ti 916,7 0,13Ti Vair 1 bulk 1
particles
pure ice Ti
918,05
Andthustheporosityisfound(inppt)as:
Vbrine Vair
16June,2015
H1: 28,56 8,76 37,32
H2 : 25,99 8,76 34,75

H 3: 23,42 8,76 32,18
22
Problem3c
c. Determinetheflexuralstrengthoftheiceforpreliminarydesign;
TheflexuralstrengthoftheiceisdefinedinISO19906as:
f MPa 1,76e 5,88
Vb
Here,thebrinevolumeshouldbesubstitutedasthebrinevolumefraction,thusa
brinevolumeof34,75(inppt)correspondstoabrinevolumefraction0,03475.
Thus,theflexuralstrengthscorrespondingtothedifferenticethicknessesare:
f 1,76e 5,88
Vb
H1: f 0,652 MPa
H2 : f 0,682 MPa
H 3: 0,716 MPa
f
NotethatthesevaluesarehigherthanwhatISO19906notesreasonable!
16June,2015
23
ProblemStatement4.[12pts.]
18m
Withtheaimtoreducetheiceaction,
thestructureisredesignedandequipped
withaconeatthewaterline.
6m
24m
50m
4. ForsubstructureB,thusforthesubstructurethat
isconical atthewaterline,andforthespecific
SubstructureB
combinationofparametersspecifiedforyourgroup,
a. Determinethediameteroftheconeatthestillwaterlevel;
b. Calculatethetotalhorizontal andverticaldesignloadforbendingfailure
accordingtoISO19906(wehereactuallyassumethatthecodeprovisionsfor
slopedsurfacesalsoholdforconicalcollars);
c. Determinethereductionofthetotalhorizontaldesignloadbyapplyinga
downwardconewiththesamewaterlinediameterastheupwardcone.
16June,2015
24
Problem4a
ForsubstructureB,thusforthesubstructurethatisconical atthewaterline,and
forthespecificcombinationofparametersspecifiedforyourgroup,
a. Determinethediameteroftheconeatthestillwaterlevel;
Thetopoftheconeislocated6mabovethewaterline(MSL)asshowninFigure2,
andthediameterofthetopoftheconeis24m.Thediameteroftheconeatthe
waterlineisthusfoundas:
radd
A1: radd 7,15

6
A2: radd 6,43

tan A tan A
A3: radd 5,79
htop ,cone
A4 : radd 5,22
A5: radd 4,69
A6 : radd 4,20
A7: radd 3,75

A8 : radd 3,33
A9 : radd 2,93
Consequently,thediameteroftheconeatthestillwaterlevelisfoundas:
wc bbot,c 2radd
16June,2015
A1: w 38,30
A2: w 36,87
A3: w 35,59
A4 : w 34,43
A5: w 33,38
A6 : w 32,40
A7: w 31,50
A8 : w 30,65
A9 : w 29,85
25
Problem4b(1)
accordingtoISO19906;
ThetotalhorizontaldesignloadforbendingfailureisfoundaccordingtoISO19906
as:
H : Loadrequiredtobreaktheiceblocksagainsttheslope
H HP HR HL HT
FH B
H
1 B
f ch
HR :
HT :
HP :
HL :
Loadrequiredtopushtheiceblocksuptheslope
Loadrequiredtoturntheiceblockatthetopoftheslope
Loadrequiredtopushthesheeticethroughtherubble
Loadrequiredtolifttheicerubblewiththeunbrokenicefloe
IngeneralthebreakingcomponentHB isthemaincomponent,whichisfoundas:
w gh5
HB 0,68 f
0,25
0,25
2
3
Eh
w L with:L
C
C
C
12 w g 1 v 2
4
sin cos
cos sin
Here,theflexuralstrengthf istheresultofquestion3c.
16June,2015
26
Problem4b(2)
w gh 5
Wefind: H B 0, 68 f
Where:
0,25
2
3
Eh
C w LC with: LC
12 w g 1 v 2
sin cos

cos sin
0,25
sin cos
cos sin
5 109 H 3
LC
12 1027 9,81 1 0,32
0,25
C2 = 0.02, A5 = 52 :
H1: LC 20,77 m C 89,55 m
H2: LC 23,63 m C 91,68 m
H 3: LC 26,38 m C 94,93 m
gh
HB 0,68 f w
E
5
Thisyields:
16June,2015
sin A5 C 2cos A5
1,334
cos A5 C 2sin A5
0,25
H1,C 1, A1: HB 2,30 MN
H2,C 2, A5: HB 4,77 MN

H 3,C 3, A9 : H 10,34 MN
B
27
Problem4b(3)
as:
H HP HR HL HT
FH B
H
1 B
f ch
HR :
HT :
HP :
HL :
Theremainingloadcomponentscanbewrittenas:
HP
HR
HL
HT
tan
1
whr2 i i g 1 e 1
tan 2tan
w i ghr
sin
tan
sin cos
cos
cos
0,5 i 1 e hr i
1
h
cos sin
tan
sin
tan
tan
tan
1
1
tan
whr 1
tan 1
0,5hr i g 1 e
c
tan
tan
tan tan
cos
1,5wh2 i g
0
sin cos
16June,2015
28
Problem4b(4)
ThehorizontalbreakingloadHB ,aswellastheothercomponentsarenowfoundby
simplysubstitutingthecalculatedvaluesintotheISO19906equations.
ForexampleusingH2,C2&A5,wefind:
(i.e.h=1,9m; =0,02; =52)
HB 4,77 MN
H 11,8 kN
P
HR 4,83 MN
H 0,67 MN
L
HT 1,28 MN
Andthetotalhorizontalandverticalforcesbecomes:
FH
HB HP HR HL HT 4,77 0,01 4,83 0,67 1,28

F
12,04 MN FV H 9,03 MN
H
4,77
1 B
1
0,682 91,68 1,9
f ch
16June,2015
29
UpwardBendingHorizontalActionFH(angle)
MN
H1.6C0.01
H1.6C0.02
H1.6C0.03
H1.9C0.01
H1.9C0.02
H1.9C0.03
H2.2C0.01
H2.2C0.02
H2.2C0.03
22,0
18,0
14,0
10,0
angle
6,0
20
22
24
26
28
16June,2015
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
30
Problem4c(1)
Upwardconespushtheiceup,whereasdownwardconespushtheicedown.
Thus,onanupwardcone:
1. Therewillberubblepileup,asaconsequence
a. operationsarenegativelyinfluencedbyrubblegettingintheway,and
b. iceactionsincreaseastheicerubbleblockstheslope.
2. Lowericeactionsduetoalowerflexuralstrengthoftheice
3. Highericeactionsaswehavetotakeintoaccounttheweightofice,
insteadofitsbuoyancyonadownwardslope.
4. Highericeactionsasthefrictioncoefficientishigheronanupwardslope;
downwardslopesarelubricatedduetowaterinbetweentheslopeandtheice.
16June,2015
31
Problem4c(2)
Onanupwardcone:
1. Therewillberubblepileup,asaconsequence
a. operationsarenegativelyinfluencedbyrubblegettingintheway,and
b. iceactionsincreaseastheicerubbleblockstheslope.
2. Lowericeactionsduetoalowerflexuralstrengthoftheice
3. Highericeactionsaswehavetotakeintoaccounttheweightofice,
insteadofitsbuoyancyonadownwardslope.
4. Highericeactionsasthefrictioncoefficientishigheronanupwardslope;
downwardslopesarelubricatedduetowaterinbetweentheslopeandtheice.
InISO19906,theflexuralstrengthiscalculatedasanaverageflexuralstrengthand
thereforecannotdistinguishbetweenup/downwardbending!
Furthermore,ISO19906considersonlyoneicestructurefrictioncoefficient,anddoes
notdistinguishbetweenfrictionaboveandunderwater!
16June,2015
32
Problem4c(3)
UpwardversusDownwardbending:
Theremainingdifferencesbetweenupwardanddownwardbending:
Theweightoftheiceonanupwardslopeshouldbereplacedbyitsbuoyancy
foradownwardslope,i.e.theicedensityshouldbereplacedbythesubmerged
density.(i wi ;alsoseethelecturesonIceActions)
Differenceiceactionsduetodryandwetrubblepileup
So:
Forupwardanddownwardbendingthehorizontalbreakingload HB isthesame.
Forupwardbending,wecalculateHP,HR,andHT withtheicedensityi.
Fordownwardbending,HT =0,butallothercomponentsthatareafunctionof
theicedensity,i.e.HP,HR,HLarecalculatedwiththesubmergeddensitywi.
16June,2015
33
Problem4c(3)
as:
H HP HR HL HT
FH B
H
1 B
f ch
HR :
HT :
HP :
HL :
Theremainingloadcomponentscanbewrittenas:
HP
HR
HL
HT
tan
1
with i w
whr2 i i g 1 e 1
tan 2tan
w i ghr
sin
tan
sin cos
cos
cos
0,5 i 1 e hr i
1
h
cos sin
tan
sin
tan
tan
tan
1
1
tan
whr 1
tan 1
0,5hr i g 1 e
c
tan
tan
tan tan
cos
1,5wh2 i g
0
sin cos
16June,2015
i 117 kg m3
NotethatthecomponentHT maybe
neglectedcompletely,asasubmergedice
blockwillturnbeforetheendoftheslope.
34
Problem4c(4)
ThehorizontalbreakingloadHB remainsthesameandtheothercomponentsare
foundfromtheISO19906equations.
ForexampleusingH2,C2&A5,wefind:
(i.e.h=1,9m; =0,02; =52)
HB 4,77 MN
H 1,52 kN
P
HR 0,62 MN
H 0,18 MN
L
HT 0,00 MN
HB 4,77 MN
H 11,8 kN
P
HR 4,83 MN
H 0,67 MN
L
HT 1,28 MN
Andthetotalhorizontalandverticalforcesbecomes:
FH
HB HP HR HL HT 4,77 0,00 0,62 0,18 1,28
5,81 MN FH ,red 6,24 MN

HB
4,77
1
1
f ch
0,682 91,68 1,9 FH 12,04 MN
16June,2015
35
DownwardBendingHor.ActionFH(angle)
12,0
MN
H1.6C0.01
H1.6C0.02
H1.6C0.03
H1.9C0.01
H1.9C0.02
H1.9C0.03
H2.2C0.01
H2.2C0.02
H2.2C0.03
11,0
10,0
9,0
8,0
7,0
6,0
5,0
4,0
3,0
angle
2,0
10
12
14
16
18
20
16June,2015
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
36
Commonerrors
Insertingthewrongunitsintheequations,forexample:
cohesionc=1,7kPa,sointheequations,thevalueofc=1700,not1,7.
Forexample,inexcel,trigonometricfunctionsarecalculatedusinganglesin
radians,notdegrees.
21 1,595
9,7 C
2
21 1,595
11,3 C
T Tavg
2
Usetherightequation,usingtherightvaluesforallofthevariablesandthen
somehowmessupthecalculationandendupwiththewronganswer.
Calculatetheaveragetemperatureas: Tavg
Usethenearshoreicevelocityof0,4m/s,insteadoftheoffshoreicefloe
velocityof0,3m/sforastructurethatisapproximately200kmoffshore.
Forgettingpartsofequations
16June,2015
37
Generalremarks
1groupmanagedtogettheirgroupnumberwrong,andthereforeused
differentparametersthangiven.
2groupsmanagedtonotregisteratallandusedselfchosenparameters.(but
didnotdoatallbad!)
Multiplegroupsforgottoincludeasinglepageoverviewoftheanswers
Quiteafewmanagedtopresent,forexample,aresultingiceforceof
22658254,86NPleasewritethisas:22,66MN(!)
Pleaseproperlyincludethecorrectunits,sometimesIcantevendistinguish
whetherIamlookingatN,kN orMN!
1groupmanagedtoproperlycopyallthecorrectequations,butwithoutgiving
theresultinganswers
Noneedtorepresentthewholeexercise.Especially,ifyoudonotintendto
givepartialanswers
16June,2015
38
Overviewexerciseresults
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
Therewere55groups,ofthese2groupsfailedtodelivertheiranswers
Theaveragescoreofall106 participantswas 22,0 points;
16June,2015
39
BonusExerciseResults
Grp
Score
Bonus
Grp
Score
Bonus
Grp
Score
Bonus
23
0,575
20
29
0,725
39
14
0,350
25
0,625
21
30
0,750
40
13
0,325
29
0,725
22
26
0,650
41
20
0,500
25
0,625
23
42
22
0,550
26
0,650
24
43
28
0,700
29
0,725
25
10
0,250
44
21
0,525
12
0,300
26
18
0,450
45
17
0,425
26
0,650
27
27
0,675
46
17
0,425
19
0,475
28
28
0,700
47
28
0,700
10
24
0,600
29
30
0,750
48
14
0,350
11
27
0,675
30
10
0,250
49
25
0,625
12
18
0,450
31
0,225
50
13
0,325
13
30
0,750
32
25
0,625
51
16
0,400
14
26
0,650
33
28
0,700
52
14
0,350
15
14
0,350
34
24
0,600
53
14
0,350
16
21
0,525
35
28
0,700
54
18
0,450
17
23
0,575
36
28
0,700
55
24
0,600
18
29
0,725
37
27
0,675
19
28
0,700
38
15
0,375
16June,2015
40
16June,2015
FacultyCEG,DepartmentHydraulicEngineering
Faculty3mE,DepartmentMaritime&TransportTechnology
41
Examdates&Configurationoftopics
Examdates
Exam:
Reexam:
Wednesday24June, 09:00 12:00,

Thursday13August, 09:00 12:00,
2Czaal2
t.b.a.
Theexamroughlyfollowsthesetupofthecourseschedule:
GeneralArcticEngineering:
7080%
Arcticregions,Arcticstructuresandicefeatures;
Icephysicsand/oricemechanics;
Iceactionsandicestructureinteraction;
Icemanagementand/orISO19906;
ScalemodellingandArcticOceanography.
Dynamicsoficestructureinteraction:
Frequencylockinandiceinducedvibrations;
Physicsbasedandnumericalmodelling;
Industryexperience;
16June,2015
2030%
42
Arcticregionsandicefeatures
Atthelocationsgiveninthefigurebelow,offshorehydrocarbonfieldsare
beingdevelopedorwillbedevelopedinthenextfewyears.
Q: Nametheseas/areasoftheselocations
anddescribetheicefeaturesthatyou
expecttoencounterhere.
1. BaffinBay
Firstyearlevelicefloes,
Firstyeariceridges,
Multiyearlevelice floes,and
(Many)Icebergs.
2. (Southwestern)KaraSea
Firstyearlevelicefloes,
Firstyeariceridges,and
(Rarely)Multiyeariceridges.
16June,2015
43
Arcticconcepts
Q: Discusstheadvantages(pros)andlimitations(cons)ofthefollowing
hydrocarbonproductionconceptsforuseintheArctic:
GravityBasedStructure
ShipshapedFloatingProduction,StorageandOffloadingunit(FPSO)
ArcticTLP
LetsdiscusstheShipshapedFPSOunit(pros &cons):
FPSOscommonlyusedfordeeporverydeepwaters.
Goodrubbleclearing
Canbedisconnectedforpossiblecollisionswithseverefeaturessuchasicebergs.
Canbereused.
Largedeckspaceavailable.
Requiresnooffshoretopsideinstallation.
Reliesforabigpartonicevaning capability
Canonlyresistfirstyearicefeaturesandoftenrequiresicemanagement.
SmalloperationalweatherwindowcomparedtoaGBSoranArtificialisland.
Relativelyexpensivetomake.
Theriserandmooringsystemsmaybeexposedtobrokenice.
16June,2015
44
Arcticregions/conceptsandicefeatures
Q: Whichofthegivenconceptswouldyouchoose
foreachlocationandexplainwhy.
1. BaffinBay
GBS:Toodeep(200300m)
FPSO:Goodopenwaterbehaviourandassuming
itsdisconnectablemakesthisaviableoption.
ArcticTLP:perfectforopenwaterbehaviour,
butitcannotbedisconnectedforicebergs.
Bestoption:FPSO(disconnection,openwater)
2
1
2. (Southwestern)KaraSea
GBS:Viableoptionespeciallyintheshallowparts
FPSO:Notaviableoptionastheoccurringiceloads
aretoohigh,evenwithicemanagement.
ArcticTLP:Probablytooshallow.
Bestoption:GBS(ifwaterdepthallows)
GBS, Ship-shaped FPSO or Arctic TLP?
16June,2015
45
Arcticregions/structuresandicefeatures
Q: Name2(3)areaswhereoffshoreplatformsmustbedesignedforboth
iceandseismicloads?
SeaofOkhotsk(Sakhalin),
CookInlet(Alaska),or
Bohai Bay(China)
Notehere:theCaspianSeaisawronganswer:
ThereareearthquakesinthesouthernpartoftheCaspianSea,but
thereisnoseaicethere.
InthenorthoftheCaspianSeathereisseaiceduringthewinters,
buttherearenoearthquakes.
16June,2015
46
Iceactions
Q: Whatarethemechanismsthatlimittheiceloadonastructureduringice
structureinteraction?
LimitEnergy
LimitStress
LimitForce
Q: Explainbrieflywhatismeantbyeachoftheselimitingmechanisms.
LimitEnergy:
Themechanismthatoccurswhentheactionislimitedbythe(relative)kineticenergyor
momentumoftheicefeature.ThismechanismisalsoreferredtoasLimitMomentum.
LimitStress:
Themechanismthatoccurswhenthedrivingforcesworkingontheicefeatureare
sufficientfortheicetofailasitinteractswiththestructure.
LimitForce:
Themechanismthatoccurswhenanicefeatureisdrivenagainstthestructureandthe
drivingforcesareinsufficientfortheicetofailandenvelopthestructure.
16June,2015
47
Iceactions
Q: Theiceloadsexertedonaslopingstructurearedifferentfromtheiceloads
exertedonaverticalstructure.Explainonwhichofthestructurestheicefloe
exertsthelowestloads,explainwhy,andnamethecorrespondingfailure
modes.
Againstslopingstructurestheicefailsthrough(ice) bending,
whileonaverticalstructuretheicefailsthrough(ice) crushing.
Theiceactionbybendingdependsmainlyontheflexuralstrengthofice,
whilecrushingactionmainlydependsonthecompressivestrengthofice.
Theflexuralstrengthoficeismuchlowerthenthecompressivestrengthofice
andthereforebendingexertslowerloadsonastructurethancrushing.
Ergo,theloadswillbelowestonslopingstructures.Notehoweverthatrubblepilingup
and/oradfreeze maydiminishtheadvantagesofslopingstructures
Tocalculatestaticiceactions,weprincipallyapplytheISO19906,
butwehaveextensivelydiscussedthisduringthefirstpartofthislecture.
16June,2015
48
Adfreeze theformationoficebustles
Tidescausewatervariationsandwhenthewaterlowers:
thewaterfilmleftonthepilewillfreezeandaccumulate
16June,2015
49
Iceactions
Q: IntheArctic,offshorestructuresarevulnerabletomanydifferent
environmentalloads.Someoftheseenvironmentalloadswilloccuratthesame
time.Forthegivencombinationsofenvironmentalloadsexplainwhetheror
notyouwouldchoosetoconsiderthemsimultaneouslyandexplainwhy:
Maximumwaveandiceloads
WaveandIceloadswillnormallynotoccurtogether,sincewavesareattenuatedbythe
presenceofseaice.Therefore,thecombinationofthesetwoloadsIsnotaviableload
combination.
Maximumwaveandmaximumwindloads
Usuallywavesareatitshighestwhenthewindloadsarehighest,thereforetheload
combinationofmaxwaveandmaxwindisveryviable.
Leveliceandicebergcollisionloads
Leveliceandicebergcollisionloadswillcausefailureagainstastructureusinga
completelydifferentlimitingmechanism.Leveliceisusuallylimitstress,whileiceberg
collisionsarelimitenergy.Althoughtheoccurrenceofbothphenomenonatthesame
timeispossible,designingforthecombinationofthetwotogetherisirrelevant,dueto
theirdifferenceinloadingmechanism.
16June,2015
50
Crystallography:BernalFowler/icerules
Q: TheBernalFowlerrulesdescribethearrangementofwatermoleculesand
hydrogenatomsintheidealcrystallinestructureofice.Givethe4Bernal
Fowlerrules.
1. Thewatermoleculeispreservedintheicelattice.
Ergo,1Oatomwith2Hatoms.
2. Eachwatermoleculeistetrahedrically bondedto4adjacentwater
molecules.
3. Thereisonly1hydrogenatomperoxygenoxygenbond.
4. Thehydrogenatomsaremobilesorules13maybesatisfiedinany
configuration.
16June,2015
51
Icegrowth
Q: Whenseaiceformsandgrowsitobtainsdifferentformsandshapeswhile
goingthroughthedifferentstagesofitslife.Withrespecttothis,explainthe
followingterms:
FrazilIce
Finespiculesorplatesofice,suspendedinwater.
Congelationice
Congelationiceisalsoknownassecondaryiceandthisisthepartofanicelayerthatis
growninadditiontotheprimaryice.Congelationiceconsistsofthetransitionzone,the
columnarzoneandtheskeletonlayer.
Brine
Brineiswaterthatissupersaturatedwithsaltthatisenclosedinseaice;
Assaltisexpelledfromthefirsticeplateletsthatform,thesalinityofthesurrounding
waterincreases.Duringgrowth,theiceplateletstakeinwaterfromthesurrounding
seawater,increasingthesalinityofsurroundingwaterfurther.Duringfurthericegrowth
thehighsalinitywaterisincludedalongtheplateletboundariesintheformofliquidor
solidinclusions.Thenowisolatedbrineinclusionsarecalledbrinepockets.
16June,2015
52
IceMechanics
Q: Whatarethe4physicalicepropertiesthatinfluencethestrengthofice?
Temperature
Porosity
Salinity
Crystallography
Q: Howdoestherelativevelocitybetweenastructureandanicefloeinfluence
theloadsonthatoffshorestructureduringicestructureinteraction?
Lowvelocity
High(er)velocity
16June,2015
ductilefailure
brittlefailure
53
Dynamicsoficestructureinteraction
Q: Whatarethe3maintypesofmodelsthatareavailabletomodeldynamic
interactionbetweenseaiceandoffshorestructures?Giveashortexplanation
ofeachtypeofmodel.
Physicsbased models
Thistypeofmodelling triestoapproachrealityasmuchaspossiblebytaking
intoaccountthefundamentalphysical(micro)propertiesofthe
phenomenontobemodelled.
Empirical models
Modelsbasedondata.
Phenomenological models
Modelsthattrytomimicthebehaviour ofacertainphenomenonratherthan
lookingintothesourceofthisbehaviour.
16June,2015
54
Icestructureinteraction
Q: Theinteractionbetweenanicefloeandaslopingstructureisdescribedbya
loadingcyclein2alternatingphases.Describethisloadingcycleandidentifyits
2phases.
1. Uponinitialcontactoftheicefloewiththehulloftheslopingstructure,thetip
oftheicefloeispusheddownwardsandtheicefloestartsbendingdownwards
uptothepointwheretheicefloe,heremodelledasabeam,breaksinbending
atacertaindistancefromtheinteractionpointatthetipoftheicefloe.Thisis
thefirstphasecommonlydescribedas:Bendinguptofailure.
2. Onceapieceoftheicefloe(beam)breaksofffromtheicefloe,thispiece(or
piecesofrubble)ispusheddowntheslopebytheremainingicefloe,untilthetip
oftheremainingicefloehitsthehulloftheslopingstructure.Thisisknownas
thesecondphase.Oncethetipoftheremainingicefloehitsthestructurethe
icefloeisonceagainapplyingadirectloadtothestructure,andwethus
commonlydescribethisphaseas:Pushingrubble(down)untilreloading.
16June,2015
55
Icestructureinteraction
Q: Whichbeamtheorywouldyouusetomodeltheinteractionbetweentheice
andthedownwardslopingstructureand why?
EulerBernoullibeamtheory,alsocommonlyknownastheclassicalbeam
theory.
Whenmodellingtheiceasabeam,thebeamrepresentingtheicecanalways
beconsideredtobelongorslender;Whenbeamsarelong/slender,shear
deformationsandrotationalinertiamaybedisregardedasisassumedforthe
EulerBernoullibeamtheory.
AdditionalNote:
Whenconsideringshortbeams,sheardeformationsandrotationalinertia
shouldbetakenintoaccountaccordingtoTimoshenkoRayleighbeamtheory.
16June,2015
56
Dynamicicestructureinteraction
Becausetheicesheetismoving,thedisplacementoftheicesheetdoesnotonly
dependontimebutalsodependsonitspositionintime.Themovingicefloe,
modelledasabeamonanelasticfoundationisthereforeknownasaconvective
system.Consequently,itsverticalaccelerationisfoundasafunctionoficefloe
2
velocityandaccelerationas:
D 2u
2u
2u
u
2 u
z
Dt
2v t
xt
v t
z
2
a t
Q: Assumingthatthevelocityoftheicesheetisconstant,givetheequationof
motionforthebendingofamovingicesheetonanelasticfoundationusing
EulerBernoullibeamtheory.Here,theaxialcompressionalongtheicesheet
andthecorrespondingdampingmaybeneglected.
2
Assumingthattheicefloevelocityisconstant,we
D 2u z 2uz
2u z
2 uz
2 2v
v
canwritetheverticalaccelerationoftheicesheetas: Dt 2
t
xt
x 2
2
Consequently,wefind
2u z
2uz
4uz
2 uz
A 2 2v
v
EI 4 ku
0
z
theequationofmotionas:
2
t
xt
x
x

bending
foundation
convective inertia
16June,2015
57
Dynamicicestructureinteraction
16June,2015
58
Dynamicsoficestructureinteraction
DuringastructuresfirstoperationsintheChukchiSea,theicefloevelocityintheChukchi
Seavariesisobservedtobebetween0,04and0,08m/sandthebreakinglengthoftheice
thatfailsagainstthestructureinbending rangesfrom10to14m.Thenaturalfrequencyof
thestructureis0,195rad/s.
Q: Determinethefrequencyrangeoficefailureagainsttheslopingstructureandexplain
whetherfrequencylockinmayoccurwhileoperatingthisstructureintheChukchiSea.
Thelowesticefailurefrequencyisfoundforacombinationofthebiggestbreaking
lengthandthelowesticefloevelocity:
2 vmin 2 0, 04
low
max
14
0, 018 rad s
Accordingly,thehighesticefailurefrequencyisfoundforacombinationofthesmallest
breakinglengthandthehighesticefloevelocity:
2 vmax 2 0, 08
high
min
10
0, 050 rad s
Previously,wefoundanaturalfrequencyof0,195rad/s,whichis4timesbiggerthan
thehighesticefailurefrequency.Duetothebigdifference,wemayexpectthattheice
failurefrequencyandthestructuresnaturalrollingfrequencywillnotsynchronize.
Thus,wedonotexpectfrequencylockintooccurhere.
16June,2015
59
BeforeIgo
Doyouhaveanyquestions?
or
Isanythingunclearthatyou
wouldliketoseefurtherexplained?
Ifyouthinkofsomethinglatercometomyoffice
thisThursdayorthisFriday
16June,2015
60
Good luck with the exam

on Wednesday 24 June,
and enjoy the summer holiday!
16June,2015
61

OE4680 2015 - Lecture 15 - Discussion Exercise &amp; Exam Questions

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16June,2015

CFDD 17,1 1,705 215 3310

Fromthelectureonicemechanics,wefindthatCd,a =0,025andCd,w =0,002.

FLF , floe 120,11 188,82 308,9 MN

Thestructureisoffshore,sofromtable1:vbeg =0,3m/s.Obviously,vend =0m/s.

Thestructureisoffshore,sofromtable1:vbeg =0,3m/s.Obviously,vend =0m/s.

27,5 109 0,32

S 8,0 1,62h H2 1,9 : S 4,922

T Tavg 19 1,705 2 10,3525 C

H1: 28,56 8,76 37,32

H2 : 25,99 8,76 34,75

f MPa 1,76e 5,88

H1: f 0,652 MPa

A1: radd 7,15

A2: radd 6,43

A7: radd 3,75

H1: LC 20,77 m C 89,55 m

H2: LC 23,63 m C 91,68 m

H1,C 1, A1: HB 2,30 MN

H2,C 2, A5: HB 4,77 MN

HB HP HR HL HT 4,77 0,01 4,83 0,67 1,28

HB HP HR HL HT 4,77 0,00 0,62 0,18 1,28

5,81 MN FH ,red 6,24 MN

Wednesday24June, 09:00 12:00,

Good luck with the exam

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OE4680 2015 - Lecture 15 - Discussion Exercise & Exam Questions

OE4680 2015 - Lecture 15 - Discussion Exercise & Exam Questions