Chapter 2 Study Guide

2.1 Lesson Objectives

Identify the three subatomic particles found in atoms.
Explain how all of the isotopes of an element are similar and how they are different.
Explain how compounds are different from their component elements.
Describe the two main types of chemical bonds.

2.2 Lesson Objectives

Discuss the unique properties of water.
Differentiate between solutions and suspensions
Explain what acidic solutions and basic solutions are.

2.3 Lesson Objectives

Describe the unique qualities of carbon.
Describe the structures and functions of each of the four groups of macromolecules.

2.4 Lesson Objectives

Explain how chemical reactions affect chemical bonds.
Describe how energy changes affect how easily a chemical reaction will occur.
Explain why enzymes are important to living things.

1. THINK VISUALLY The diagrams show models of carbon isotopes. Complete the
diagrams by drawing in the rest of the atomic particles, including their charges.

Use your completed diagrams to answer Questions 23.

2. Identify two differences between carbon-12 and carbon-14.

The atomic mass is different and the number of neutrons are different
3. Identify two ways in which carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14 are alike.
Same number of electrons and same number of protons

For Questions 46, complete each statement by writing the correct word or words.

4. A chemical element is a pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom
5. Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain are called
isotopes
.
6. An atom is made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons

7. What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond?

In an ionic bond electrons are transferred from one element to another. In a covalent
bond 2 elements share electrons

8. What makes pure water neutral?

It has an equal number of positive hydrogen ions and negative hydroxide ions
9. What does the pH scale measure?
Concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution

10. On the pH scale, indicate which direction is increasingly acidic and which is
increasingly basic.
Increasingly basic
Increasingly acidic

11. How many valence electrons does each carbon atom have?
4
12. What gives carbon the ability to form chains that are almost unlimited in length?
A carbon atom has to make 4 bonds. It has the ability to bond to other carbon atoms
For Questions 1315, complete each statement by writing the correct word or words.

13. Many of the molecules in living cells are so large they are called macromolecules.
14. polymerization is the process that forms large organic molecules.
15. When two or more monomers join together, a polymer forms.
16. Create a table in which you compare the components and functions of the following
macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.

17.THINK VISUALLY The graphs below show the amount of energy present during two
chemical reactions. One of the reactions is an energy-absorbing reaction, the other is an
energy-releasing reaction. Label the type of reaction for each, label the energy level for
the reactants and products, then draw an arrow on each to show the energy of activation.

18. What is released or absorbed whenever chemical bonds form or are broken?
energy
19. What is the energy of activation?
Energy needed to start a reaction
20. Of the two reactions shown, which one is more likely to start spontaneously and why?
Energy releasing because it doesnt need as much energy to start the reaction
21. How does the addition of a catalyst affect the energy of activation of a chemical reaction?
It lowers the energy of activation making the reaction occur faster
22. What type of catalysts affect biochemical reactions?
enzymes
23. What makes proteins the ideal types of compounds to act as enzymes?
They are large molecules that bend into many different shapes. This allows them to form
different actives sites where substrates can bind (kind of like they can form many different
locks that will fit a variety of keys)
Use the diagram to answer Questions 24-25.

24. THINK VISUALLY Label the enzyme, the active site, and the products in the diagram.
See bottom of page
25. Write what is happening at each numbered part of the diagram.
(1) substrates bind to enzyme
(2) substrates are converted into products
(3) products are released

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