UFPA Ship Hydrodynamics

Professor P A Wilson
University of Southampton

September 15, 2015

Philip Wilson (Southampton)

UFPA Ship Hydrodynamics

September 15, 2015

1 / 27

General Modelling & Scaling Laws

Dimensionless numbers

Similarity requirements

Derivation of dimensionless numbers used in testing

Froude scaling

Hydroelasticity

Cavitation number

Philip Wilson (Southampton)

UFPA Ship Hydrodynamics

September 15, 2015

2 / 27

Dimensionless numbers

Without dimensionless numbers, experimental progress in fluid

mechanics would have been almost nil;

Due to the beauty of dimensionless numbers Cf of a flat smooth plate

is a function of Re only

Philip Wilson (Southampton)

UFPA Ship Hydrodynamics

September 15, 2015

3 / 27

Applications

Philip Wilson (Southampton)

UFPA Ship Hydrodynamics

September 15, 2015

4 / 27

Types of similarity

What are the similarity requirements for model testing?

1

Geometrical similarity

Kinematic similarity

Dynamic similarity

Philip Wilson (Southampton)

UFPA Ship Hydrodynamics

September 15, 2015

5 / 27

Geometrical Similarity

The model and full scale structures must have the same shape
All linear dimensions must have the same scale ratio: = Lf /Lm
This applies also to:
1
2

The environment surrounding the model and ship

Elastic deformations of the model and ship

Philip Wilson (Southampton)

UFPA Ship Hydrodynamics

September 15, 2015

6 / 27

Similarity of velocities: The flow and model(s) will have

geometrically similar motions in model and full scale. Examples:
1

Velocities in x and y directions must have the same ratio, so that a

circular motion in full scale must be circular in the model scale.
The ratio between propeller tip speed and advance speed must be the
same in model and full scale.
VF
nF (2RF )

Philip Wilson (Southampton)

Vm
nM (2Rm )

or

VF
nF D F

UFPA Ship Hydrodynamics

VM
nm D M

JF = JM

September 15, 2015

7 / 27

Dynamic Similarity
1

Geometric similarity, and,

Similarity of forces,
Ratios between different forces in full scale must be the same in
model scale

If you have geometric and dynamic similarity, you will also have
kinematic similarity
The following force contributions are of importance:
1
2
3
4
5
6

Inertia forces, Fi
Viscous forces, Fv
Gravitational forces, Fg
Pressure forces, FP
Elastic forces in the fluid (compressibility), Fe
Surface forces, FS .

Philip Wilson (Southampton)

UFPA Ship Hydrodynamics

September 15, 2015

8 / 27

Inertia Forces (mass forces)

Fi

dU 3
dU dx 3
L =
L U 2 L3
dt
dx dt

is fluid density,

U is a characteristic velocity,

t is time,

L is a characteristic length (linear dimension)

Philip Wilson (Southampton)

UFPA Ship Hydrodynamics

September 15, 2015

9 / 27

Gravitational Forces

Fg gL3
Just mass acceleration.
g is the acceleration due to gravity.

Philip Wilson (Southampton)

UFPA Ship Hydrodynamics

September 15, 2015

10 / 27

Viscous forces

FV

dU 2
L UL
dt

where:
is the dynamic viscosity and a function of temperature and type of fluid.

Philip Wilson (Southampton)

UFPA Ship Hydrodynamics

September 15, 2015

11 / 27

Pressure forces

FP pL2
Force equals pressure times area
p is the pressure.

Philip Wilson (Southampton)

UFPA Ship Hydrodynamics

September 15, 2015

12 / 27

Elastic Fluid Forces

Fe E L2
where:
1

is the compression ratio

E is the volume elasticity ( or compressibility)

E = elasticity modulus K

Philip Wilson (Southampton)

UFPA Ship Hydrodynamics

September 15, 2015

13 / 27

Surface Forces

FS L
where,
is the surface tension.

Philip Wilson (Southampton)

UFPA Ship Hydrodynamics

September 15, 2015

14 / 27

Froude number Fn
1

The ratio between inertia and gravity:

Inertia force
Fi
U 2 L2
U2
=

=
Gravity force
Fg
gL3
gL

Dynamic similarity requirement between model and full scale:

2
U2
UM
= F
gLM
gLF

UM
UF

=
= Fn
gLM
gLF
3

Equality in Fn in model and full scale will ensure that gravity

forces are correctly scaled.

Surface waves are gravity driven equality in Fn will ensure

that wave resistance is correctly scaled.

Philip Wilson (Southampton)

UFPA Ship Hydrodynamics

September 15, 2015

15 / 27

Reynolds number Re

The ratio between inertia and gravity:

Inertia force
Fi
UL
U 2 L2
=
=
= Re

Viscous forces
Fv
UL

is the kinematic viscosity,

=

Equality in Re will ensure that viscous forces are correctly scaled

Philip Wilson (Southampton)

UFPA Ship Hydrodynamics

September 15, 2015

16 / 27

Kinematic Similarity

To obtain both Fn and RN for a ship model in a scale of 1 : 10 would

require m = 3.5 108
Philip Wilson (Southampton)

UFPA Ship Hydrodynamics

September 15, 2015

17 / 27

Mach number
1

The ratio between inertia and and elastic fluid forces:

Inertia force
Fi
U 2 L2
=

Viscous forces
Fe
E L2

By requiring to be equal in model and full scale means:





U 2 L2
U 2 L2
=
E L2 M
E L2 F
U
qM

E,M

3
4

is the speed of sound

UF
=q

E,F

= Mn

Fluid elasticity is very small in water, so usually the mach number

similarity is not required.

Philip Wilson (Southampton)

UFPA Ship Hydrodynamics

September 15, 2015

18 / 27

Weber number Wn
1

the ratio between inertia and surface tension forces is:

Inertia force
Fi
U 2 L2
U 2 L
=
=

Surface tension forces

Fs
L


= 0.073 at

U 2 L2
U 2 L
=
L

U 2 L
U 2 L2
=
L

200 C
U
q M

M
L M

UF
=q

F
L F

= Wn

When Wn > 180, a further increase in Wn does not influence the fluid
forces.

Philip Wilson (Southampton)

UFPA Ship Hydrodynamics

September 15, 2015

19 / 27

Scaling ratios used in testing of ships and offshore

structures

Symbol
Re
Fn

Dimensionless number
Reynolds number
Froude number

Force ratio
Intertia/Viscous
Intertia/gravity

Mn

Mach number

Inertia/Elasticty

Wn

Weber number

Inertia/surface tension

St
Kc

Strouhal number
Keulegan-Carpenter number

Drag/Inertia

Philip Wilson (Southampton)

UFPA Ship Hydrodynamics

Definition

September 15, 2015

UL

U
gl
qU

qU

f D
U
UA T
D

20 / 27

Froude scaling

U
U
M = F UF = UM
gLM
gLF

LF
= UM
LM

Using the geometrical similarity requirement: = LF /LM

If you remember this, most of the other scaling relations can be easily
derived just from the physical units.

Philip Wilson (Southampton)

UFPA Ship Hydrodynamics

September 15, 2015

21 / 27

Froude scaling table

Physical parameter
Length
Structural mass
Force
Moment
Acceleration
Time
Pressure

Philip Wilson (Southampton)

Unit
[m]
[kg ]
(N]
[Nm]
[m/s 2 ]
[s]
[Pa = N/m2 ]

Multiplication factor

3 F /M
3 F /M
4 F /M
aF
= aM

F /M

UFPA Ship Hydrodynamics

September 15, 2015

22 / 27

Hydroelasticity

Additional requirements to the elastic model

1
2
3

Correctly scaled global stiffness.

Structural damping must be similar to full scale.
The mass distribution must be similar.

Typical applications
1
2

Springing and whipping of ships

Dynamic behaviour of marine risers and mooring lines.

Philip Wilson (Southampton)

UFPA Ship Hydrodynamics

September 15, 2015

23 / 27

Scaling of elasticity

Deflection FL
EI ,
Hydrodynamic force: F C U 2 L2
Geometric requirements: LFF = LMM F = M
Requirements for structural rigidity:
 2 4
 2 4
U L
U L
=
(EI )F = (EI )M 5
EI
EI
F
M

Philip Wilson (Southampton)

UFPA Ship Hydrodynamics

September 15, 2015

24 / 27

Scaling of elasticity continued

Geometrically similar model implies: IF = IM 4

Must change the elasticity of material: EF = EM

Elastic propellers must be made geometrically similar, using a very

soft material: EM = EF /

Elastic hull models are made geometrically similar only on the outside.
Thus E is not scaled and IM = IF 5

Philip Wilson (Southampton)

UFPA Ship Hydrodynamics

September 15, 2015

25 / 27

Cavitation

Dynamic similarity requires that cavitation is modelled.

Cavitation is correctly modelled by equality in cavitation number

=

(gh + p0 ) pv
0.5U 2

To obtain equality in cavitation number, atmospheric pressure p0

might be scaled.

pv is vapour pressure and gh is hydrostatic pressure.

Different definitions of the velocity U is used.

Philip Wilson (Southampton)

UFPA Ship Hydrodynamics

September 15, 2015

26 / 27

General modelling and scaling laws

Dimensionless numbers

Similarity requirements

Derivation of dimensionless used in model testing

Froude scaling

Hydroelasticity

Cavitation number

Philip Wilson (Southampton)

UFPA Ship Hydrodynamics

September 15, 2015

27 / 27