Dna

Intro to DNA & Genealogy for the Absolute Beginner
Jean Huot Smoorenburg, jsmoorenburg@gmail.com
Where Are You In Your Genealogy?
Do you have a proven ancestry for a minimum of eight (8) generations?

Do you know the names of your MRCA on your maternal & paternal ancestors?
Do you know where your earliest known ancestors came from?
Have your Googled your Surname DNA? Images?
Log On to FTDNA (Family Tree DNA) and search for every surname you are
researching to find out what Y-DNA work has already been done
Are You Prepared for the DNA Results? .You never know what you will find
What Vocabulary Do I Need to Know

Talking Glossary of Genetic Terms
http://www.genome.gov/Glossary/index.cfm?id=16
Comes as an IPhone or IPAD app in the ITunes Store
DNA-NEWBIE Glossary from ISOGG, Click on For Newbies

Intro to DNA for the Absolute Beginner, TXGenWeb Meeting, August 19, 2015
http://isogg.org/
Page 1
What DNA Testing Can Do for You
Confirm or uncover connections that your research cant

Solve personal history mysteries, especially uncertain parentage
Verify your Research
Test relationship theories
Test to prove Paternity or find biological parents & siblings
To prove or disprove a relationship between families of the same surname located in the same geographic
area i.e. three John Jones
Enable searches across male and females within a family
To find out ancient heritage such as Native American Ancestry
To find out more about health traits. Genetic genealogy testing can potentially reveal information about
your health. For example, infertility can be revealed by DYS464 testing of the Y-chromosome, and some
metabolic and other diseases can be revealed by full mtDNA sequencing.
To prove an oral history or family story
Connect with other researchers with similar test results that may extend your research
Because we can and are curious about where we came from; discover the history or story of you; can
answer the age old question of Where do I come from
What DNA Testing Cannot Do for You

The results of a genetic genealogy test do not include a family tree. DNA alone cannot tell a person who their greatgrandmother was, or what Italian village their great-great grandfather came from. Genetic genealogy is an addition
to traditional genealogical research, not a replacement.
Although Y-DNA and mtDNA can be used to determine the relatedness of individuals, it cannot directly
determine the degree of relationship.
A genetic genealogy test will only reveal information about a small percentage of your genome (genetic
makeup).
DNA Basics: Our Biology Lesson

From CeCeMoore, Your Genetic Genealogist
Every cell in our body contains DNA.

Our DNA consists of:
46 chromosomes (23 pair)
22 pair = Autosomal chromosomes
(atDNA)
1 pair = Sex Chromosomes (X, Y)
(X-DNA &Y-DNA)
Mitochrondrial DNA (mtDNA) (resides
outside the nucleus)
Page 2
DNA is made up of 4 Bases or Nucleotides

Not necessary to remember their names,
just the letters and that they duplicate in pairs
The Double Helix of DNA

From A Child is Born, Lenart Nilsson, p.35
A = Adenine
C = Cytosine
T = Thymine
G = Guanine
The two strands are matched according
to the pattern A to T. G to C.
Remember, they duplicate in pairs,
and mutate + or ;
and the mutation rate may be different.
From A Child is Born, Completely Revised Edition, 1978, p 35, Photographs by Lennart Nilsson, Text by Mirjam Furuhjelm, Axel
Ingelman-Sundbert, Clase Wirsen, Drawings by Bernt Forsblad
Genes are located with the chromosomes and are composed of DNA, the substance by which biological
information is transferred. The DNA molecule is the famous double helix, two strands twisted together about
each other. Along these strands, a kind of chemical alphabet, composed of only four letters, is laid out in a
sequence that forms the genetic code. After their chemical names, we may call the letters of the alphabet A, C,
G, and T.
These letters cannot be combined at random. T suits only A, and G only C. If we have a portion of a line
written as AGCTTGA, it must be joined like this:
A G C T T G A
T C G A A C T
From Anatomy & Physiology, by Kenneth S. Saladin, p.153
You Tube Video: What a Chromosome really Look Like

Page 3
All the Science You Need

Richard Hills Guide to DNA Testing: New Kindle Version, .99
Basics of Genetic Genealogy can be summed up in these Seven Rules:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
We inherit about half our DNA from each parent

DNA includes 23 pairs of Chromosomes
One pair determines sex: men are XY and women are XX
The other 22 pairs called autosomes. Each parent contributes half of each pair.
The Y chromosome passes from father to son; generation after generation
Another form of DNA is mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) which passes from mother to all her
children
7. Men have mtDNA but do not pass it on to their children
DNA and Pedigree Chart

Diagram from Richard Hills Guide to DNA Testing
Page 4
Types of DNA Tests
Genetic Genealogy: The Birth of the DNA Revolution, by Bennett Greenspan
Y-DNA - Direct paternal line Father-to-Son;
Test only available at FTDNA
DNA from the Y chromosome is used to trace paternal ancestry. Men pass their Y chromosome to their sons.
Throughout generations, small changes take place (mutations). The amount of time they took to happen can
be estimated, giving a starting place to look for genealogical connections.
Only men can test
Your Paternal Haplogroup can gives clues to origins of paternal line; good for male adoptees
Uses non-recombining part of Y chromosome Y STRs genealogical relationships
Y SNPs ancestral origins mostly
If you are ordering, recommend 37 or 67 marker test from FTDNA
Join a surname Project
Only matches with three or less differences (at 37 or 67) should be considered most of the time
From RelativeRoots, Elise Friedmans Intro to Genetic Genealogy at Family Tree DNA
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Direct Maternal LineMother-To-Child

Test only available at FTDNA
The genetic material found in mitochondria. It is passed down from females to both sons and daughters, but
only daughters pass mtDNA to their children. This inheritance pattern reveals the direct maternal line, the
mothers mothers mothers mother.
Both men and women can test
Difficult to research since maternal surnames change with each generation;
Not from the cell nucleus, doesnt recombine HVR 1, 2, and sometimes 3
Full Mitochondrial Sequence (FMS) recommended
Good for female adoptees
Common ancestors may have timed thousands of years ago; time to MRCA not easily determined
Consider only Exact matches or at most 1-step off should be considered most of the time since we
cannot determine the exact time frame
Page 5
Autosomal DNA (atDNA) Inherited From Both Parents50% From Each

DNA chromosomes located in the cell nucleus. Humans have 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes (autosomes)
and a pair of sex chromosomes (X and Y). Those 22 pairs of chromosomes include recombined DNA from each
parent, whose DNA was recombined from each of their parents.
Both men and women can be tested
Recombines randomly every generation
Provide information about your ancestors back about 6 generations
Three companies to choose from if you decide to order
Discover many previously unknown cousins
Good for Adoptees
All three major companies provide you with various forms of access to your genetic cousins
Best way to evaluate the relatedness of your matches when traditional genealogy methods have been
exhausted is to find others with overlapping sections of DNA and then work with them to ID a common
ancestors.
If ancestors married cousins or were part of a close-knit groups, relatives may appear closer than they
really are
It is the most rewarding but the most difficult to learn but many tools have come available to help
Autosomal Matching
Percentage Shared DNA in Typical Relationships
from CeCeMoore:
Using Family Finder to Solve Your Genealogical Mysteries
Relationship Pairs
Shared DNA
Parent/Child; full sibling

Grandparents/grandchild/aunt/uncle/nephew,
half-siblings
1st Cousins/great-grandparents or child/great
aunt or uncle/grandnephew or niece
12.50%
2nd Cousins once removed
6.25%
2nd Cousins
3.13%
2nd Cousin once removed
1.56%
3rd Cousins
0.781%
4th Cousins
0.195%
5th Cousins
0.049%
6th Cousins
0.012%
7th Cousins
0.003%
8th Cousins
0.001%
50%
25%
Page 6
An understanding of autosomal DNA statistics is helpful when trying to understand results from a Family Finder test
from Family Tree DNA or a Relative Finder test from 23andMe. Autosomal DNA is inherited from both parents. It is
randomly shuffled up in a process called recombination and the percentage of autosomal DNA is diluted with each new
generation.
The percentages can vary. For example, a brother might share 52% of his DNA with one sibling and 47% with
another sibling. Because of the random way that autosomal DNA is inherited third, fourth and more distant
cousins will not necessarily match you with a Family Finder or Relative Finder DNA test. According to Family
Tree DNA's figures the Family Finder test has a greater than 90% chance of detecting a match with a third
cousin, but just over a 50% chance of detecting a match with a fourth cousin. In contrast the test will
sometimes pick up traces of autosomal DNA from your more distant cousins (for example, fifth cousins and
beyond). The chart below (courtesy Dimario, Wikimedia Commons) shows the average amount of autosomal
DNA inherited by all close relations up to the third cousin level.
Now lets look at how much DNA each of the people who participated can expect to share with each of the
other participants. For this I am using the ISOGG Statistics page and the chart that shows percentages of DNA
in common between various relatives.
Simple mathematical average of sharing*

*There is more detailed information on http://www.isogg.org/wiki/Autosomal_DNA_statistics
Percentage
centiMorgans
(FTDNA)
100%
6766.2
50%
3400
Mother, father, siblings
50%
2640
Full siblings
25%
1700
12.50%
850
6.25%
425
Grandfathers, grandmothers, aunts, uncles, half-siblings, double first cousins

Great-grandparents, first cousins, great-uncles, great-aunts, half-aunts/uncles, halfnephews/nieces
First cousins once removed, half first cousins
3.13%
212.5
Second cousins, first cousins twice removed
1.56%
106.25
Second cousins once removed, half second cousins
0.78%
53.13
Third cousins, second cousins twice removed
0.39%
26.56
Third cousins once removed
0.20%
13.28
Fourth cousins
0.10%
6.64
Fourth cousins once removed
0.05%
3.32
Fifth cousins
0.0244
1.66
Fifth cousins once removed
0.01%
0.83
Sixth cousins
0.01%
0.42
Sixth cousins once removed
0.00%
0.21
Seventh cousins
0.00%
0.1
Seventh cousins once removed
0.00%
0.05
Eighth cousins
Relationship
Identical twins (monozygotic twins)
Page 7
The chart below (courtesy Dimario, Wikimedia Commons) shows the average amount of autosomal DNA inherited by all close
relations up to the third cousin level.
How Are We Related?

Family Relationship Chart from Crestleaf.com
Page 8
X-DNA Men Inherit From Mother, Women Inherit From Both Parents
Short tandem repeat (STR) markers on the X-chromosome have been used in forensic and sibling ship cases, as
well as population genetics. Men usually only have one X chromosome which they get from their mother,
they know that all X matches come from their maternal side. Women have two X chromosomes, one from
each parent, the inheritance pattern is more complicated and not as widely used.
Both men and women can test
Partial recombination
More difficult to understand although there are tools available to help
Comparison of Testing Companies

URL
Test
Pro
AncestryDNA
www.ancestry.com
23andMe
www.23andme.com
Autosomal Only
Autosomal Only
Best raw data & easiest to use with

family trees but beware trees still need
to be proven; large database; new DNA
circles ; has expanded in to European
markets
Available in 56 countries including UK;

until Dec 2013 gave health info with V3
chip because of FDA shutdown; but
currently are providing health
information to Canada & the UK; looks
like may be back in Health business in
near future with FDA ruling on
Does not give direct access to shared

DNA
Useful segment comparison

Bonus gives YDNA & mtDNA
Haplogroups
Can import in FTDNA

Good Test for Adoptees
Good test for Adoptees
Accepts GEDCOM files for matching

Uses internal messaging system to
make contact where both parties must
agree before you can see data
V-4 chip has fewer SNPs than other two
companies
V4 chip is not able to be imported into
FTDNA
Test requires Spitting that is harder for
older adults and children
Cap Limit to 1000 matches so you may
miss legitimate matches
Con
Uses Internal Messaging system
No chromosome browser (biggest
complaint)
Test requires Spitting that is harder for

Family Tree DNA (FTDNA)

https://www.familytreedna.com/
Y-DNA, mtDNA, Autosomal
(Family Finder);
Available worldwide but has a much higher

% of users outside US;
Access to all matching DNA segment data
(except some health areas are scrubbed)
Chromosome Browser and other tools i.e.
ICW, surname matching
Direct Access to data without needing to
make contact
Good test for Adoptees as well as the
mtDNA and Y-DNA tests
Direct access to customer email if customer
has given permission to show it
FTDNA keeps samples for 20 years so can
upgrade later if desired; don't wait too long
though because sample may degrade over
time
Accepts transfers from Ancestry, 23andMe
(V3 only) and National Geographic Project
for $39.00
Ethnicity estimates are not considered to
be as accurate as other two companies
Test requires a cheek swab that is easier for

Match maps only displays the earliest
ancestral location reported by your match
Page 9
Unscrambling the Code

from Family Tree Magazine, December 2012, p 44
Page 10
Ask Yourself These Questions to Decide On What Tests To Use

Q:
A:
Are there specific brick walls that you wish to target with the use of DNA testing?
If yes, then see the next two questions.
Q:
What is the ancestral pattern back to these brick walls?
A:
If the brick wall is on your direct paternal line, then choose a Y-DNA test and if it is on the direct
maternal line choose the mtDNA test. If it is any other pattern, such as your mothers fathers mothers line,
then either do an autosomal DNA test or find an appropriate direct line descendant to take the Y-DNA or
mtDNA test.
Q:
How far back in your family are these brick walls?
A:
If the brick wall is within the last five or six generations, consider an autosomal DNA (atDNA) test. If
further, then attempt to find an appropriate direct line descendant of the person in question to take the
Y-DNA or mtDNA test.
In Conclusion
Have you done the genealogy research?
Have you determined your goal(s)?
Are you ready for what you might discover?
What test(s) do you need to take to provide the evidence?
Determine who is alive to provide the DNA sample to answer your questions. You may have to go back a
generation at a time, then search forward to find a living person (Reverse Genealogy)
Test as many people as you can and afford; test your older matches especially your parents and
grandparents ASAP (Exclude grandchildren unless you have parental written consent). Read Games
Grandparents Play
Network with other researchers
Testing your DNA can extend your genealogy research in directions you never imagined
Remember Autosomal tests are reliable to about five (5) generations

Y-DNA surname projects that can be used to help research after you get your DNA results thru
FamilyTreeDNA or transfer your results from other companies
See if there is a mtDNA haplogroup project (Google your haplogroup) i.e. mine J has one on yahoo.com
Having a good working knowledge of Excel will help with more advanced topics
This is just the tip of the iceberg of a very complex topic. Learn how to interpret results from the tests to
augment your genealogy result. Read the blogs and attend webinars.
Page 11
As an excellent review and different perspective, a video from RootsTech2015

by Diahan Southard:
Video: Getting Started in Genetic Genealogy
To Learn More:
Jump into Genetic Genealogy: Use Genealogical DNA Testing to Solve Family Mysteries,
A Free Downloadable e-book from Family Tree University
Getting Started in Genetic Genealogy, Intro by Diahan Southard
Posted on February 18, 2015, DNAeXplained, Roberta Estes
3 minute Video: DNA EXPLAINED: THE BIG PICTURE
And if youre an Adoptee, Read
Finding Family: My Search for Roots and the Secrets of My DNA, by Richard Hill
or
More reading: Michael Lacopos Blog, Hoosier Daddy?
How Adoptees Can Overcome Secrecy through DNA Testing, by Richard Hill
You Tube Video: Maurice Gleeson - Solving adoption mysteries in your family tree
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6pPWHuCWV_4&feature=youtu.be
The Genetic Genealogist, called How-To DNA,

http://howtodna.com/, described as a how-to guide for genetic genealogy.
Other Resources & Tools to Interpret Results

How a Wiki is Keeping Direct-to-Consumers Genetics Alive,
Antonio Regalado, October 19, 2014
GEDMatch
DNAGedcom
Genome Mate
www.gedmatch.com
www.dnagedcom.com
http://genomemate.org/
Page 12
ISOGG: More Genetic Genealogy Success Stories

Genetic Genealogy Testing Companies
23andme
www.23andme.com
African Ancestry
www.africanancestry.com
AfricanDNA
www.africandna.com
Ancestry DNA
www.dna.ancestry.com
deCODEme
www.decodeme.com
DNA Consulting
www.dnaconsultants.com
DNA Findings
https://www.dnafindings.com/
FamilyTreeDNA
www.familytreedna.com
FamilyBuilder
www.familybuilder.com
GeneTree
www.genetree.com
National Geographic Genographic Project
https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/
Oxford Ancestors
www.oxfordancestors.com
Pathway Genomics
www.pathway.com
Television Shows
Genealogy Roadshow, PBS
Who Do You Think You Are. TLC
Finding Your Roots, PBS
Websites to Learn More

AncestryDNA YouTube channel
Ancestry DNA: I Got My Results. Now What?
AncestryDNA: What To Do With All Those Matches
AncestryDNA: Using Filters to Focus on One Family at a Time
AncestryDNA: Contacting and Collaborating with Cousins
Frequently Asked Questions About AncestryDNA
Frequently Asked Questions About AncestryDNA: Part Two
atDNA - Uses for Genealogy
An Introduction to DNA and Genetic Genealogy, Debbie Wayne
http://www.phillipsdnaproject.com/faq-sections/27/315
www.debbiewayne.com
http://www.debbiewayne.com/pubs/pub_dna200906_web.pdf
Beginners Guide To Genetic Genealogy

https://sites.google.com/site/wheatonsurname/beginners-guide-to-genetic-genealogy
Family Tree DNA
Cyndis List: Genetics, DNA and Family Health
www.familytreedna.com
www.cyndislist.com/dna.htm
Page 13
Cyndis List: Surname DNA Studies and Projects
www.cyndislist.com/surn-dna.htm
DNAAdoption - This is the repository for documentation about using your DNA results
DNA Forums
www.dnaadoption.com
www.dna-forums.org
DNA Explained, Roberta Estes

www.dnaexplain.com
DNA Testing for Genealogy 101 What Can it do for You?? Four Parts
http://upfront.ngsgenealogy.org/2013/08/dna-testing-for-genealogy-101-what-can.html
DNAGedcom
tool
http://www.dnagedcom.com
From DNA to Genetic Genealogy: Everything you wanted to know

but were afraid to ask, by Steve Morse
http://www.stevemorse.org/genetealogy/dna.htm
Family Tree DNA
http://www.familytreedna.com
Family Tree DNA Forums
http://forums.familytreedna.com/index.php
Family Tree DNA Free Webinars (by Elise Friedman of Relative Roots)
https://www.familytreedna.com/learn/ftdna/webinars/
How to Guide for Genetic Genealogy The Genetic Genealogist, How-To DNA,
GEDmatch
http://howtodna.com/
A tool
Genome Mate
http://www.gedmatch.com
A tool
http://genomemate.org/
Getting Started in DNA Testing for Genealogy, Basics, CeCeMoore (Free)
Part One, Y-DNA

Part Two, mtDNA
Part Three, autosomal DNA (23andMe, Family Finder, AncestryDNA)
Part Four, ancestral origin tests and summary
Genetealogy
http://www.genetealogy.com/
GEN-NEWBIE
http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~newbie/
Google
www.google.com
Guild of One Name Studies
http://www.one-name.org/
ISOGG - International Society of Genetic Genealogy
http://www.isogg.org/
ISOGG Wiki
http://www.isogg.org/wiki/Genetic_genealogy_blogs
Irish Type III
www.irishtype3dna.org
Human Genome Organization (HUGO)

Journal of Genetic Genealogy
The Philips DNA Project
Relative Roots, Elise Friedman
www.hugo-international.org
www.jogg.com
http://www.phillipsdnaproject.com/
www.relativeroots.net
Page 14
Roots Television DNA Channel
www.rootstelevision.com/players/player_dna3.php
Richard Hills Guide to DNA Testing
www.DNA-Testing-Advisor.com
Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation (SMGF)

Y-Chromosome Database
Mitochondrial Database
http://www.smgf.org/
http://www.smgf.org/pages/ydatabase.jspx
http://www.smgf.org/pages/mtdatabase.jspx
Y-Search Family Tree DNA Y-DNA Public Database
www.ysearch.org
Mito-Search FamilyTree DNA mtDNA Public Database
www.mitosearch.org
Wikipedia
www.wikipedia.org
SNPedia:
www.snpedia.org
Eupedia
http://www.eupedia.com/
World Haplogroup Predictors
http://members.bex.net/jtcullen515/HaploTest.htm
Worldology: European History Interactive Map
http://www.worldology.com/
Blogs
Adventures in Genealogy Research: No Stone Unturned/
The Wright Stuff
http://stonefamilytree.wordpress.com/author/stonefamilytree/
DNAeXplained Genetic Genealogy
www.dna-explained.com/
Kitty Coopers Chromosome Browser - A tool

http://blog.kittycooper.com/2014/09/using-gedmatch-with-an-ancestry-kit-the-gedmatch-chromosome-browser/
Kitty Coopers Blog (Chromosome Mapping Tool)
http://blog.kittycooper.com/
Genetic Genealogy Blogs: ISOGG Wiki
http://www.isogg.org/wiki/Genetic_genealogy_blogs
Kerchner's DNA Testing & Genetic Genealogy Info and Resources Page
Roots Television | Megan's Roots World
http://www.kerchner.com/dna-info.htm
http://www.rootstelevision.com/blogs/megans-rootsworld/
Sally Searches, Three Questions from Spitland. My name is Sally and I'm a DNA test addict
Michael Lacopos Blog, Hoosier Daddy? Read from first post Beginnings, Feb 2014
The Genetic Genealogist ISOGG member Blaine Bettinger
http://sallysearches.blogspot.com/
http://roots4u.blogspot.com/
http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com/
The Legal Genealogist, Judy Russell
http://legalgenealogist.com/blog/
Your Genetic Genealogist, CeCe Moore
http://www.yourgeneticgenealogist.com/
Bibliography
Be Sure to check to see if these books can be purchased used or as an ebook or PDF
Adams Curse: A Future Without Men, by Bryan Sykes, 2004, W. W. Norton & Company, New York. ISBN: 0-393-05896-4
Deep Ancestry: Inside the Genographic Project, by Spencer Wells, 2007, National Geographic Society, ISBN-13: 9781426201189.
Page 15
DNA and Family History: How Genetic Testing Can Advance Your Genealogical Research, by Chris Pomery, 2004, National Archives, ISBN13: 9781903365700 ISBN: 1903365708.
DNA USA: A Genetic Portrait of America, by Bryan Sykes, 2012, Liveright Publishing Corporation, A Division of W. W. Norton & Company,
New York. ISBN: 978-0-87140-412.
DNA & Genealogy, by Colleen Fitzpatrick, 2005, Rice Book Press, ISBN-13: 9780976716013.
DNA and Social Networking: A Guide to Genealogy in the Twenty-First Century, by Debbie Kennett, 2012, by The History Press (first
published October 21st 2011), ISBN: 0752458620. ISBN13: 9780752458625.
Finding Family: My Search for Roots and the Secrets of My DNA, by Richard Hill, 2012 Richard Hill, ISBN 147190832, ISBN:
13:9781475190830.
Forensic Genealogy, Revised, by Colleen Fitzpatrick, Ph.D. and Andrew Yesier, 2013 Rice Book Press, ISBN: 9780976716075.
Genetic Genealogy DNA Testing Dictionary, by Charles F. Kerchner, Jr., P.E., C.F. Kerchner & Associates, Inc., 3765 Chris Drive, Emmaus PA
18049 USA. ISBN: 0-917335-01-5
A Genetic Genealogy Handbook: The Basics & Beyond, by Emily D. Aulicino, AuthorHouse; December 13, 2013. ISBN-10: 1491840900;
ISBN-13: 978-1491840900. Book or Kindle
Inheritance: How Our Genes Change Our Lives--and Our Lives Change Our Genes, by Sharon Moalem, MD, PhD, Grand Central
Publishing,ISBN-13: 978-1455549443 ISBN-10: 1455549444.
The Invisible History of the Human Race: How DNA and History Shape Our Identities and Our Futures, Christine Kenneally. October 9,
2014. ISBN: 978-0-670-02555-8. Available on Kindle, Hardcover, Audiobook, download, Audio CD.
Jacobs Legacy: A Genetic View of Jewish History, by David B. Goldstein, 2008 Yale University Press. ISBN: 9780300125832.
NextGen Genealogy, The DNA Connection, by David R. Dowell, November 2014, Libraries Unlimited, ISBN: 978-1-61069-727-9; ebook ISBN:
978-1-61069-728-6
Origins of the British, by Stephen Oppenheimer, 2006 First Carroll and Graf Publishers. ISBN: 13-978-0-7867-890-0.
Saxons, Vikings, and Celts: The Genetic Roots of Britain and Ireland, by Brian Sykes, 2007 Norton, W. W. & Company, Inc. ISBN-13:
9780393330755
The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey, by Spencer Wells, 2004, Random House Publishing Group, ISBN-13: 9780812971460.
The Scots: A Genetic Journey, by Alistair Moffat, 2011 by Birlinn, ISBN: 13-9781841589411.
The Seven Daughters of Eve: The Science That Reveals Our Genetic Ancestry, by Bryan Sykes, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 500 Fifth
Avenue, New York, NY, 2001, ISBN: 0-393-0218-5.
Trace Your Roots with DNA: Using Genetic Tests to Explore Your Family Tree, by Megan Smolenyak Smolenyak and Megan Turner, 2004,
Rodale Inc., ISBN: 1-59486-006-8.
Unlocking Your Genetic History: A Step-by-Step Guide to Discovering Your Familys Medical and Genetic History, by Thomas H. Shawker
and National Genealogical Society, M.D., 2004, Rutledge Hill Press, ISBN: 1-4016-0144-8.
Y: The Descent of Men, by Professor Steve Jones, 2003, ISBN: 978-0349113890
Page 16

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Intro to DNA & Genealogy for the Absolute Beginner

Jean Huot Smoorenburg, jsmoorenburg@gmail.com

Where Are You In Your Genealogy?

Do you have a proven ancestry for a minimum of eight (8) generations?

What Vocabulary Do I Need to Know

DNA-NEWBIE Glossary from ISOGG, Click on For Newbies

What DNA Testing Can Do for You

Confirm or uncover connections that your research cant

What DNA Testing Cannot Do for You

DNA Basics: Our Biology Lesson

Every cell in our body contains DNA.

DNA is made up of 4 Bases or Nucleotides

The Double Helix of DNA

From Anatomy & Physiology, by Kenneth S. Saladin, p.153

You Tube Video: What a Chromosome really Look Like

All the Science You Need

Basics of Genetic Genealogy can be summed up in these Seven Rules:

We inherit about half our DNA from each parent

DNA and Pedigree Chart

Types of DNA Tests

Genetic Genealogy: The Birth of the DNA Revolution, by Bennett Greenspan

Y-DNA - Direct paternal line Father-to-Son;

Test only available at FTDNA

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Direct Maternal LineMother-To-Child

Autosomal DNA (atDNA) Inherited From Both Parents50% From Each

Parent/Child; full sibling

2nd Cousins once removed

2nd Cousin once removed

Simple mathematical average of sharing*

Mother, father, siblings

Grandfathers, grandmothers, aunts, uncles, half-siblings, double first cousins

Second cousins, first cousins twice removed

Second cousins once removed, half second cousins

Third cousins, second cousins twice removed

Third cousins once removed

Fourth cousins once removed

Fifth cousins once removed

Sixth cousins once removed

Seventh cousins once removed

How Are We Related?

Comparison of Testing Companies

Best raw data & easiest to use with

Available in 56 countries including UK;

Does not give direct access to shared

Useful segment comparison

Can import in FTDNA

Good test for Adoptees

Accepts GEDCOM files for matching

Accepts GEDCOM files for matching

Test requires Spitting that is harder for

Family Tree DNA (FTDNA)

Available worldwide but has a much higher

Test requires a cheek swab that is easier for

Unscrambling the Code

Ask Yourself These Questions to Decide On What Tests To Use

Have you done the genealogy research?

Have you determined your goal(s)?

Are you ready for what you might discover?

What test(s) do you need to take to provide the evidence?

Network with other researchers

Remember Autosomal tests are reliable to about five (5) generations

As an excellent review and different perspective, a video from RootsTech2015

The Genetic Genealogist, called How-To DNA,

Other Resources & Tools to Interpret Results