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NEURNIO
Unidade estrutural e funcional do Sistema
Nervoso;
Responde a estmulos fsicos e qumicos;
Produz e conduz impulsos eletroqumicos;
Libera reguladores qumicos;
SISTEMA NERVOSO
2 tipos de clulas
- neurnios
- clulas gliais
. sustentao
. constituem ponte metablica
. regulao da concentrao de ons
. bainha de mielina
(oligodendrcitos-SNC; clulas de Schwann- SNP)
. modulao sinptica
Teoria Neuronal
Camillo Golgi & Ramon y Cajal
(Nobel em Fisiologia e Medicina, 1906)
Teoria Reticular X Teoria Celular
CONTINUIDADE X CONTIGIDADE
ORGANIZAO ANATMICA
(mesencfalo)
(ponte)
(bulbo)
Padres so semelhantes
entre as espcies
INDUO NEURAL/NEURULAO
Xenopus
INDUO NEURAL/NEURULAO
Mamferos
INDUO NEURAL/NEURULAO
INDUO NEURAL/NEURULAO
Placa neural
Clulas da
crista neural
G nglio
espinhal
Sulco
neural
Melancitos
da pele
G nglios
autonmicos
Notocrdio
(formado por
invaginao do
mesoderma)
Clulas
da crista
neural
Tubo
neural
Diviso
gastroentrica
do sistema nervoso
autnomo
G lndula
suprarrenal
(medula)
Prosencfalo
Mesencfalo
Rombencfalo
Medula primitiva
bulbo
Crista Neural
- molculas difusveis
- molculas de membrana
- molculas de transduo (receptores e cascatas de sinalizao)
- fatores de transcrio
- genes regulados especificamente
Posio um fator
fundamental!
Dissociao leva a
destino neural
Experimento de Spemann e
Mangold
(vdeo The Cell)
RESUMINDO
2.21
bulbo
3) Crtex cerebral
4) Mesencfalo
1) Rombencfalo
tronco enceflico
2) tubo
neural/Medula
espinhal
3) Crtex cerebral
4) Mesencfalo
1) Rombencfalo
tronco enceflico
2) tubo
neural/Medula
espinhal
mandbula
Expresso
facial
Msc. oculares
deglutio
Rombmeros- rombencfalo
Prosmeros- prosencfalo!
Anteriorizao x Posteriorizao
normal
3) Crtex cerebral
4) Mesencfalo
1) Rombencfalo
tronco enceflico
2) tubo
neural/Medula
espinhal
Holtfreter, 1934.
Shh- importante
morfgeno para a
definio de
identidade ventral.
Shh
Marcador de motoneurnios
2.23
Shh- importante
morfgeno para a
definio de
identidade ventral.
2.25
TUBO NEURAL
E CRISTA NEURAL
Howard, 2005.
- Eventos regressivos
Outras etapas
3) Crtex cerebral
4) Mesencfalo
1) Rombencfalo
tronco enceflico
2) tubo
neural/Medula
espinhal
Definio de subtipos
Migrao Radial :
Prosencfalo e o desenvolvimento cortical
Desligamento e
aquisio laminar
Relina, VLDRL, e DAB1
Relina,VLDLR
ApoER2 DAB1
Interao
neurnio-glia
Movimento
Lis1, Dcx
3 e 1-integrina
Zona ventricular
Neuroregulina1 e Erb4-Atividade
atrativa
Rakic, 2006.
roedores
Neurognese
Neuregulin-1 tb
leva a represso
da gliognese
Metilao do
promotor de
GFAP.
Neurognese X Gliognese
CT-1
-pertence a familia
de LIF e CNTF, tb
associados a
gliognese, mas
predominantemente
expressos no
perodo psnatal
-ct-1-/- - deficit de
50-70% na
gliognese
Gliognese
Papel de Notch na
gliognese
depende da
ativao
concomitante de
STAT
NICD
ou CSL
Wegner, 2008.
Diferenciao neuronal:
1) aspectos morfolgicos:
- projeo de dendritos
- Emisso de axnios
2) aspectos bioqumicos:
- sntese de molculas para identidade neuroqumica a
ser adquirida: ex. enzimas do metabolismo de NTs,
receptores.
3) aspectos funcionais
- Aquisio da capacidade de gerar respostas eltricas
a estmulos
- sinaptognese
3) Crtex cerebral
4) Mesencfalo
1) Rombencfalo
tronco enceflico
2) tubo
neural/Medula
espinhal
MODELO:
DIFERENCIAO DOPAMINRGICA
(neurnios mesodienceflicos)
Enzimas de sntese,
transportadores
vesiculares e
transportadores de
membrana so usados
como marcadores.
Nurr1/
Downstream of the inductive signals Fgf8, Shh and Wnt1, expression of transcription factor genes and mdDA-specific genes is acquired at different stages of
differentiation: initially, the expression of the Otx1, Nkx2.2 and Sox2 genes, followed by Lmx1a, Msx1, Ngn2, Otx2 and Foxa2 transcription factors. As part of the
transcriptional code, several of these are repressed during further development (e.g. Sox2, Nkx2.2 and Nkx6.2). The early stage of mdDA-specific differentiation (at E9
E10 in mice) further involves Lmx1b, the engrailed factors En1 and En2, and Foxa1. At this stage, the first gene for dopamine synthesis, amino acid decarboxylase (Aadc),
is induced [18]. Subsequently, transcription factors for terminal differentiation are induced: Nr4a2 (Nurr1) at E10.5 and Pitx3 at E11.5. Pitx3 is required for survival of
some terminally differentiating subsets of mdDA neurons [5,18]. Ilf1 is a newly discovered forkhead factor, expressed at E12.5 [19]. Nurr2 is required for induction of
tyrosine hydroxylase (Th) at E11.5, of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (Vmat2) at E12.5, and of the dopamine transporter (Dat) at E14 [20], at which point the cells are
mature mdDA neurons of the substantia nigra (SN) or ventral tegmental area (VTA). Aldehyde dehydrogenase A1 (Aldh1a1) is expressed in proliferating mdDA
progenitors [17]. In this figure, expression of transcription factors is linked to stages of mdDA development as marked by components of dopaminergic-neuron synthesis
and transmission, but no functional genetic relationship is inferred. Inductive signals are shown on a green background, transcription factors are on pink, and enzymes of
the dopaminergic neuron phenotype are on
yellow. During the transition of an uncommitted proliferating neuroblast (top) to a mature dopamine neuron (bottom), cells undergo phenotypic changes, symbolized
here by the different colour and morphology of cells. Burbach & Smidt, 2006.