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Hardness Test
Brinell Hardness Test:
10mm sphere of steel or tungsten carbide
Correlation between
Hardness and Tensile Strength
TS (MPa) = 3.45 x HB
TS (psi) = 500 x HB
Why?
A rapid loading gives less time for dislocations to
move past obstacles: thus hardens the material
Impact Tests
Impact test conditions are chosen to represent
severe conditions for fracture:
1. Deformation at a relatively low temperature: less
opportunity for movement of dislocations
2. Very rapid deformation: less opportunity for
movement of dislocations
3. Presence of a notch: existing crack initiation site
Two Standard Testing Methods:
Charpy (common)
Izod (for non-metallic)
Heavy pendulum:
starting at height
h, swings through
its arc
strikes and
breaks the
specimen
reaches a final
elevation, h'
h' is a measure
of the ability of
the material to
withstand the
impact (energy
absorbed)
Creep
Deformation of materials at elevated temperatures
plastic deformation,
time-dependent,
for metallic materials creep temperature > 0.4 Tm
(Tm = melting point on absolute temp. scale, K),
life limiting factor for several critical high
temperature components
Assessment of Creep
Measurement of
deformation or
strain as a
function of time
at:
Constant
temperature
and
Constant load
or stress
Instantaneous Deformation
On loading, instantaneous elastic deformation
Larson-Miller
Parameter
vs
log stress
Cyclic Loading
Fluctuations in:
Temperature (inside and outside)
Loading
Pressure
Fatigue
Damage or failure caused due to dynamic and
fluctuating stress
(e.g., bridges, aircraft and machine components)
Failure may occur at a stress level considerably
lower than the tensile or yield strength
Failures normally occur after a lengthy period of
repeated stress or strain cycling