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Fig.1. The division of bulk liquid into several layers caused by the movement of the top
plate. The speed of different layers varies linearly from zero at the bottom to v at the top.
The continuous movement of the top plate must be enforced by a tangential force
F, which cancels the inner friction inside the liquid. Assuming the low speed v and small
thickness y, it can be approximated by
F = S
v
y
(1)
[] = [F] [y] = N2 m 1
[S] [v] m m s
= Pa s
1
.
(2)
The ratio of the liquid's dynamic viscosity to its density defines the kinematic
viscosity
=
(3)
[] = [] = Pa s3
[ ] kg m
= m 2 s 1
The falling-ball viscosimeters are based on the fact that the viscosity of liquid
modifies the speed of ball falling through this liquid. When the ball of volume V, radius r
and mass m is allowed to descent through the liquid, it is affected by the forces shown in
Figure 2. Downwards acting force is the weight of ball
G = m g = V S g =
4
r 3 S g
3
(4)
4
r3 L g
3
(5)
where L is the density of liquid. Finally, real liquid with dynamic viscosity generates a
resistance against the movement of ball. This resistive force F can be derived from the
Stokes' law
F = 6 r v
(6)
where v is the speed of ball. While the two previously mentioned forces (G a FVZ) are
static and do not depend on the speed v, the resistance F increases with the speed. Thus,
the speed of the falling ball will be increasing only until the net force is zero
G FVZ F = 0
(7)
Fig. 2. The forces experienced by the ball falling through the liquid.
L
2 2
r g S
9
(8)
determination of time during which ball moves from one mark to another. The calculation
is based on the modified equation (8)
L
L 2 2
= r g S
t 9
(9)
(10)
We combine the constant coefficients from equation (10) into a single coefficient
K=
2 r2
g , which simplifies this equation into a form
9 L
= K ( S L ) t
(11)
The viscosimeter constant K can be determined using measurements carried out with
distilled water, as its viscosity is well-known, according to
K=
( S L ) t
(12)
Equipment:
Hppler viscosimeter, stop-watch, studied solutions, distilled water, sifter, glass container
for waste.
Experimental procedure:
1.
Fill the tube of Hppler viscosimeter with distilled water and insert a ball carefully.
Add water such that there are no air bubbles in the tube. Close the tube.
2.
Turn the tube by 180 (upside down) and watch the ball falling down. Measure the
time during which the ball is falling between the two marks. Repeat measurement 3
times.
3.
Empty the tube such that you capture the ball using a sifter. Rinse the tube with a
studied liquid and empty it again. Finally, fill the tube with this liquid, insert the
ball and measure the time of its fall 3 times. Repeat this step for all of the studied
liquids.
4.
Rinse the viscosimeter with distilled water after finishing all the measurements.
5.
Write down the density of the ball S and those of the studied liquids L. Calculate
the average t for distilled water. Calculate the viscosimeter constant K (equation
12) using the previously determined values and the dynamic viscosity of water
corresponding to laboratory temperature (Tab.3).
6.
Calculate the average falling times t for studied liquids. Determine their dynamic
viscosities using equation (11) and kinematic viscosities according to equation (3).
7.
Draw a graph of the dynamic viscosity of liquids versus their densities, include also
water.
Tab. 1: The falling time t of the ball in distilled water, average time t , dynamic viscosity
H2O
t [s]
[Pa.s]
Tab. 2: The falling times t of the ball in studied liquids, average times t , and calculated
t [s]
t [s]
[Pa.s]
[m2s-1]
t [C]
[Pas]
15
1.13910-3
16
1.10910-3
17
1.08110-3
18
1.05310-3
19
1.02710-3
20
1.00210-3
21
0.977910-3
22
0.954810-3
23
0.932510-3
24
0.911110-3
25
0.890410-3
References:
1.
2.
3.
Kopeck, F.: Physics for Students of Pharmacy I. Bratislava, UK 1999. 184 s. (in
Slovak).
Edition of Department of Physical Chemistry: Laboratory Practice in Physics for
Students of Pharmacy. Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, UK
1991.
Oremusov J., Vojtekov M.: Viscosity of liquids. Manual for laboratory practice.
(in Slovak)