GSM BSS Overview

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)
Nortel GSM BSS Overview

Release: V18.0 PC2
Document Revision: 18.07
www.nortel.com
411-9001-001
.

Release: V18.0 PC2
Publication: 411-9001-001
Document release date: 29 January 2010
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Contents
New in this release
Features 7
Abis over IP on electrical BSC 3000 (34964) 8
Abis over IP on BTS6000/BTS9000/BTS18000 (34966) 8
Abis over IP on BTS S8000 / S12000 (34967) 8
Abis over IP: IP BTS OAM Services (IBOS) (34969) 8
Abis over IP: end-to-end functions (34973) 8
V18 support for GSM-R (35095) 8
V18.0 PC1 Access and SGSN 5.0 compatibility (35158) 9
V18.0 PC1 Access and SGSN 6.0 compatibility (35159) 9
V18.0 PC1 Access and NSS18 compatability (35160) 9
V18.0 PC1 Access and NSS19 compatibility (35161) 9
V18.0 PC1 Access and MGW20 compatibility (35162) 9
BSS V18.0 PC2 and MSCS19/MG19 compatibility (35203) 9
BSS V18.0 PC2 and MSVCS20/MG20 compatibility (35204) 9
BSS V18.0 PC2 and SGSN 5.0 compatibility (35206) 10
BSS V18.0 PC2 and SGSN 6.0 compatibility (35207) 10
CT2000 and WPS compliancy with BSS V18 PC1 (35210) 10
V18.0 PC2 Access and NSS17R compatability (35272) 10
Other changes 10
Introduction
11
Chapter 1 GSM specifications
13
1.1 GSM family 13

1.1.1 GSM 13
1.1.2 GPRS 13
1.1.3 EDGE 13
1.2 GSM architecture 14
1.2.1 GSM subsystems 14
1.2.2 Interfaces 17
1.2.3 Links between entities 19
1.3 Services 22
1.3.1 User services 22
1.3.2 Network internal services 23
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4
1.4 Links 26
Chapter 2 Nortel BSS introduction
27
2.1 Architecture of the Nortel BSS solution 27

IP networking 28
2.2 Nortel BTS 31
2.2.1 e-cell 31
2.2.2 S8000 family 31
2.2.3 S12000 34
2.2.4 BTS 6000 35
2.2.5 BTS 9000 37
2.2.6 BTS 18000 37
2.3 Nortel BSC 40
2.3.1 BSC 3000 functional architecture 40
2.4 Nortel TCU 40
2.4.1 TCU 3000 functional architecture 40
2.5 PCUSN 41
2.5.1 PCUSN introduction 41
2.5.2 Gb over IP 43
2.6 GSM-R 44
2.6.1 Introduction 44
2.7 Nortel OAM 45
2.7.1 OMC-R 45
2.7.2 RACE 48
2.8 Nortel software tools 48
2.8.1 CT2000 48
2.8.2 CT/CPT 51
2.8.3 WPS for PCUSN 52
2.8.4 TML/TIL 54
2.9 Specific BSS Nortel interfaces 56
2.10 Compliancy 56
Chapter 3 Regulatory information

3.1 Specific regulatory information 57
3.1.1 United States of America 57
3.1.2 Canada 59
3.2 Human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields 60
3.2.1 United States of America and Canada 60
3.2.2 Europe 62
3.3 Electro-magnetic compatibility (EMC) 63
3.3.1 United States of America and Canada 63
3.3.2 Europe and others 64
3.4 Operating conditions 65
3.4.1 For all countries 65
3.5 Cable specifications 65
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57
5
3.5.1 For all countries 65
3.6 PCM requirements 66
3.6.2 Canada 66
3.6.3 Europe 67
3.7 Radio approvals 67
3.7.2 Canada 67
3.8 Product labeling 68
3.8.2 Canada 68
3.9 RoHS compliancy 69
3.9.1 RoHS directive 69

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411-9001-001 18.07 29 January 2010
New in this release

The following sections detail what are new in Nortel GSM BSS Overview
(411-9001-001) for release V18.0 Pick & Choose 2.
Features (page 7)
Other changes (page 10)
Features
See the following sections for information about feature changes:
Abis over IP on electrical BSC 3000 (34964) (page 8)

Abis over IP on BTS6000/BTS9000/BTS18000 (34966) (page 8)
Abis over IP on BTS S8000 / S12000 (34967) (page 8)
Abis over IP: IP BTS OAM Services (IBOS) (34969) (page 8)
Abis over IP: end-to-end functions (34973) (page 8)
V18 support for GSM-R (35095) (page 8)
V18.0 PC1 Access and SGSN 5.0 compatibility (35158) (page 9)
V18.0 PC1 Access and SGSN 6.0 compatibility (35159) (page 9)
V18.0 PC1 Access and NSS18 compatability (35160) (page 9)
V18.0 PC1 Access and NSS19 compatibility (35161) (page 9)
V18.0 PC1 Access and MGW20 compatibility (35162) (page 9)
BSS V18.0 PC2 and MSCS19/MG19 compatibility (35203) (page 9)
BSS V18.0 PC2 and MSVCS20/MG20 compatibility (35204) (page 9)
BSS V18.0 PC2 and SGSN 5.0 compatibility (35206) (page 10)
BSS V18.0 PC2 and SGSN 6.0 compatibility (35207) (page 10)
CT2000 and WPS compliancy with BSS V18 PC1 (35210) (page 10)
V18.0 PC2 Access and NSS17R compatability (35272) (page 10)

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8 New in this release
Abis over IP on electrical BSC 3000 (34964)

This feature modifies the GSM BSC 3000 (electrical configuration) to
connect to its dependent BTSs with an Abis interface that runs over a
packetized IP network instead of a traditional time-division multiplex carrier
(E1 or T1).
See: 2.3.1 BSC 3000 functional architecture (page 40)
Abis over IP on BTS6000/BTS9000/BTS18000 (34966)

This feature allows a BTS 6000, BTS 9000, BTS 18000 to connect to the
BSC using an Abis interface that runs over a packetized IP network.
See 2.2.4 BTS 6000 (page 35) for the BTS 6000.
Abis over IP on BTS S8000 / S12000 (34967)

This feature allows an S8000 BTS or an S12000 BTS to connect to the
BSC using an Abis interface that runs over a packetized IP network.
See S8000 (page 31) for the S8000 BTS.
See 2.2.3 S12000 (page 34) for the S12000 BTS.
Abis over IP: IP BTS OAM Services (IBOS) (34969)

This feature introduces a new software entity at the OMC-R, IP BTS OAM
Services or IBOS. IBOS software integrates with the existing OMC-R
facilities to allow the OMC-R to manage the new IPM and IPM-User
modules that the BTS needs to implement the Abis interface over IP
backhaul.
See: IBOS (page 46)
Abis over IP: end-to-end functions (34973)

This feature enables packet-based backhaul transmission as an alternative
to the TDM-based E1/T1 links on the BSC-to-BTS interface. The backhaul
carries voice and data traffic between BTSs and BSCs.
See: IP networking (page 28)
V18 support for GSM-R (35095)

This feature indicates that the V18.0 release supports the GSM-R
application.
See: 2.6 GSM-R (page 44)

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Features
V18.0 PC1 Access and SGSN 5.0 compatibility (35158)

The GSM BSS V18.0, including all Pick-and-Choose features, is compliant
with the SGSN 5.0 release.
The following paragraph indicates this compliancy: 2.10 Compliancy
(page 56)
V18.0 PC1 Access and SGSN 6.0 compatibility (35159)

The GSM BSS V18.0, including all Pick-and-Choose features, is
compatible with the release 6.0 of the SGSN.
(page 56)
V18.0 PC1 Access and NSS18 compatability (35160)

with the NSS18 release.
(page 56)
V18.0 PC1 Access and NSS19 compatibility (35161)

with the NSS19 release.
(page 56)
V18.0 PC1 Access and MGW20 compatibility (35162)

with the MGW20 release.
(page 56)
BSS V18.0 PC2 and MSCS19/MG19 compatibility (35203)

with the MSCS19/MG19 release.
(page 56)
BSS V18.0 PC2 and MSVCS20/MG20 compatibility (35204)

with the MSVC20/MG20 release.

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10 New in this release
The following paragraph indicates this compliancy:2.10 Compliancy

(page 56)
BSS V18.0 PC2 and SGSN 5.0 compatibility (35206)

(page 56)
BSS V18.0 PC2 and SGSN 6.0 compatibility (35207)

(page 56)
CT2000 and WPS compliancy with BSS V18 PC1 (35210)

The BSS V18.0 PC1 release is compliant with the release V6 of the
CT2000 and the release V3 of WPS for PCUSN.
(page 56)
V18.0 PC2 Access and NSS17R compatability (35272)

with the NSS17R release.
(page 56)
Other changes
See the following sections for information about changes that are not
feature-related:
updated section 2.5.2 Gb over IP (page 43)

updated section Bearer services (page 23)

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11
Introduction
This document briefly describes the GSM (Global System for Mobile
communications) specifications. Then it introduces the Nortel BSS (Base
Station Subsystems) solution. Finally it gives the regulatory information
followed by the Nortel BSS solution.
Prerequisites
Nortel GSM BSS Documentation roadmap (411-9001-000)
Navigation
Chapter 1 GSM specifications (page 13)

Chapter 2 Nortel BSS introduction (page 27)
Chapter 3 Regulatory information (page 57)
Abbreviations
BSC: Base Station Controller
BSS: Base Station Subsystem
BTS: Base Transceiver Station
GSM: Global System for Mobile Communication
MMI: Man Machine Interface
NG: New Generation
NG2: New Generation 2
OMC-R: Operations and Maintenance Center of Radio subsystems
PCUSN: Packet Control Unit Support Node
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Introduction
TCU: TransCoder Unit

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13
Chapter 1 GSM specifications

1.1 GSM family
The GSM family contains the following wireless technology platforms:
GSM
GPRS
EDGE
1.1.1 GSM
The GSM system is a versatile, open-ended digital radiotelephone system.
It has been designed to reduce not only installation costs, but also network
operating costs, especially transmission costs.
1.1.2 GPRS
The General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a wireless packet data
service that is an extension of the GSM network. It provides an efficient
method to transfer data by optimizing the use of network resources. The
GPRS radio resources allocator is used to provide multiple radio channels
to only one user in order to reach a high data user rate. Furthermore, one
radio channel can be shared by multiple users in order to optimize the
radio resources. So, the GPRS enables a high spectrum efficiency by
sharing time slots between different users, supporting data rates up to 170
kbit/s and providing very low call set-up times.
1.1.3 EDGE
The Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution (EDGE) is an extension of
the GSM/GPRS access network. In that sense, it largely inherits the
administration, maintenance and supervision of the currently deployed
BSS. The GPRS coding schemes are enhanced with seven EDGE Coding
Schemes (MCS2, MCS3 and MCS5 to MCS9) using two radio modulations
(GMSK and 8-PSK). This set of radio coding schemes increases the peak
radio throughput of a carrier by a factor of three compared to GPRS.

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14 Chapter 1 GSM specifications
1.2 GSM architecture

1.2.1 GSM subsystems
The GSM system contains the following subsystems:
Mobile station (MS)

Base station subsystem (BSS)
Network and switching subsystem (NSS)
Operations subsystem (OSS)
The functional architecture of the GSM system is shown in the following

figure.

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Figure 1
GSM system functional architecture

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15
1.2.1.1 Mobile station (MS)

The MS consists of the mobile equipment (the terminal) and a smart
card called the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). The SIM provides
personal mobility, so that the user can have access to subscribed services
irrespective of a specific terminal. By inserting the SIM card into another
GSM terminal, the user is able to receive calls at that terminal, make calls
from that terminal, and receive other subscribed services. The mobile
equipment is uniquely identified by the International Mobile Equipment
Identity (IMEI). The SIM card contains the International Mobile Subscriber
Identity (IMSI) used to identify the subscriber to the system, a secret key
for authentication, and other information. The IMEI and the IMSI are
independent, thereby allowing personal mobility. The SIM card may be
protected against unauthorized use by a password or personal identity
number.
1.2.1.2 Base station subsystem (BSS)

The BSS or radio subsystem, provides the distribution function of the
communication network. It includes base transceiver stations (BTS) that
provide mobile subscribers with the radio link.
BTSs are controlled by a base station controller (BSC), which also controls
remote transcoder units (TCU). These units enable users to reduce the
number, and thus the cost, of pulse code modulation (PCM) links needed
between BSS and NSS. As required by the system, the BSS has a
standard interface so it can be connected to different types of switching
centers.
1.2.1.3 Network and switching subsystem (NSS)

The network subsystem handles all switching and routing functions.
Mobile-oriented communication networks require a mobile station to be
located before a call may be routed and set up.
The mobile services switching center (MSC) is responsible for switching
and routing. Reference data, specific to each subscriber, is stored in a
database that is distributed among home location registers (HLR). To
minimize access to the HLR, the MSC uses a visitor location register
(VLR), which contains working data for subscribers moving around its
coverage area. Network security and access controls are provided by the
authentication center (AUC) and by the equipment identity register (EIR).
1.2.1.4 Operations subsystem (OSS)

The operations and support subsystem contains two parts: the radio
operations and maintenance center (OMC-R) and the switching operations
and maintenance center (OMC-S).

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1.2.2 Interfaces
Modules that make up the cellular network are linked to one another
through the following interfaces:
Radio interface, also called Um or Air interface
Lb interface
Abis interface
Ater interface
A interface
MAP (Mobile Application Part) interface
PSTN/PSPDN (Public Switched Telephone Network/Public Switched
Packet Data Network) interface
Ls interface
The interfaces of the radio-cellular system are shown in the following

figure.

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17

Figure 2
Radio-cellular system interfaces
Radio interface
The radio interface provides communication between the mobile station
and the BTS for speech and data. The signaling protocol is based on the
LAPDm layer 2.

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19
Abis interface
The Abis interface provides communication between the BTS and the BSC
for radio traffic management and base station operations and maintenance
using the LAPD protocol.
Ater interface
The Ater interface provides communication between the BSC and the TCU
for traffic management using the LAPD protocol CCITT No. 7 signaling
protocol and X.25 protocols are also used but remain transparent for the
TCU.
A interface
The A interface provides communication between the TCU and the MSC
for traffic management using the CCITT No. 7 signaling protocol and the
system defined BSSAP (BSS application part) protocol.
MAP interface
The MAP interface provides communication between NSS various
units, using the CCITT No. 7 signaling protocol and the MAP protocol.
Communication between the MSC and database enables mobile station
mobility monitoring.
PSTN/PSPDN interface
The PSTN/PSPDN interface enables the MSC to be connected to public
speech or data networks by the PCM links, according to the CCITT No.7
signaling protocol and the TUP (Telephone User Part) and ISUP (ISDN
User Part) protocols used by public networks.
Lb interface
The Lb interface is used only for LCS application and relies on SS7. The
Lb interface supports the SMLC to SMLC signaling through SS7 STPs
using SMLCPP messages as defined in GSM standards.
Ls interface
The Ls interface connects the SMLC to the MSC/VLR.
1.2.3 Links between entities

The components of the cellular network infrastructure are linked together
by terrestrial PCM links on the Abis, Ater, and A interfaces.
An optional feature is now available enabling the implementation of
satellite rather than terrestrial links between the BTSs and the BSC on the
Abis interface. This satellite-link feature addresses the problem of network
areas which do not have a terrestrial transmission infrastructure between
the BSC and the BTS.

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However, because of the extra time taken to go to/from the satellite, the
propagation delay between BSC to BTS increases from a few milliseconds
to more than 200 milliseconds. All Abis OAM procedures take longer.
LAPD capacity is reduced (and LAPD parameters have to be tuned).
E1 PCM links
The general E1 PCM features are the following:
The E1 PCM bit rate is 2.048 Mbit/s carrying 32 time slots at 64kbit/s.
Time slot 0 is used for synchronization only.
The speech coding follows the A-law.
Line impedance can be at 75 ohms or 120 ohms.
The cellular system components use PCM E1 links or internal PCMs.
The coding type is HDB3.

The cyclic redundancy code is CRC4, used for external and internal
links.
A transmission/reception line interface handles communication

between external and internal E1 PCM links.
T1 PCM links
The general E1 PCM features are the following:
The T1 PCM bit rate is 1.544 Mbit/s (24 time slots at 64 kbit/s plus one
kilobyte for synchronization, which is distributed along the multiframe).
The speech coding follows the law.

The coding types are AMI or B8ZS.
The cyclic redundancy code is CRC6, used for external links only.
Line adjustment is fixed to 100 ohms.
A transmission/reception line interface handles communication
between external T1 type PCM at 1.544 Mbit/s and internal type
PCM links at 2.048 Mbit/s. Unused time slots on the internal links are
ignored for transmission, and are set to FF (hexadecimal value) in
reception.
This table shows the correspondence between the E1 internal PCM TSs
and the T1 external PCM TSs.

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Table 1
Correspondence between E1 internal PCM TS and T1 external PCM TS
E1 internal PCM
T1 external PCM
0
1---------- ----------1
2---------- ----------2
3---------- ----------3
4
5---------- ----------4
6---------- ----------5
7---------- ----------6
8
9---------- ----------7
10---------- ----------8
11---------- ----------9
12
13---------- ---------10
14---------- ----------11
15---------- ----------12
16
17---------- ----------13
18---------- ----------14
19---------- ----------15
20
21---------- ----------16
22---------- ----------17
23---------- ----------18
24
25---------- ----------19
26---------- ----------20
27---------- ----------21
28
29---------- ----------22
30---------- ----------23
31---------- ----------24

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21
1.3 Services
1.3.1 User services
The GSM system offers user services in the following fields:
teleservices
supplementary services
bearer services
Teleservices
Teleservices offered by the system are full end-to-end services, including
terminal capabilities, and are designed to meet user needs in the
communication field. These services are the following:
Standard telephone services enable mobile subscribers to

communicate with other users of telephone networks, whether fixed or
mobile.
Emergency call services enable any mobile or fixed user to call

emergency services from the mobile network. These calls take priority
over all other calls.
Short message services enable any mobile or fixed user to send tens
of bytes long alphanumeric messages to another user.
Other teleservices, such as fax, telex or videotex.
Supplementary services
When subscribing to the mobile network, users may choose among
services that add up to the conveniences of basic radio communication
services. These services include the following:
calling line identification

call transfer
call wait
call hold
conference call
closed user group
charge-related services
user-to-user signaling
call barring

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1.3 Services
23
Bearer services
These services enable the mobile subscriber to send data in the following
modes:
circuit
This service is used to send data in synchronous or asynchronous
duplex circuit mode to the PSTN or the ISDN.
Transmission rate in asynchronous mode may be 600 bit/s, 1200 bit/s,
2400 bit/s, 4800 bit/s, 9600 bit/s, or 14400 bit/s.
Transmission rate in synchronous mode may be 1200 bit/s, 2400 bit/s,
4800 bit/s, 9600 bit/s, or 14400 bit/s.
PAD (Packet Assembly/Disassembly)

This service enables a mobile station to gain access to a PAD facility
in asynchronous mode at a transmission rate of 600 bit/s, 1200 bit/s,
2400 bit/s, 4800 bit/s, or 9600 bit/s.
packet
This service enables a mobile station to send packets of data in
synchronous duplex mode, at a transmission rate of 2400 bit/s, 4800
bit/s, or 9600 bit/s.
1.3.2 Network internal services

Call routing and follow-up services are transparent to users, but they
initiate the following procedures:
location
authentication
communication supervision
network synchronization
Location
The network must be able to locate any mobile station so it can route calls
to it. Given the cellular design, two types of procedure may be initiated:
the location updating/registration procedure

When a mobile station moves into another cell, it first checks if the
new cell belongs to the same location area. If it does, no procedure
is initiated. If it does not, the mobile station must register itself to
the new location area. Depending on whether the new location
area is controlled by the same MSC or by a different one, a location
updating or a registration procedure is performed. Both procedures are
performed the same way.
the paging procedure

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When a user attempts to call a mobile subscriber, the call is handled

by the MSC, which controls the location area the mobile station is in
and a paging procedure is begun.
Both procedures are used simultaneously to locate the mobile station as
precisely as possible.
Authentication
The authentication procedure prevents unauthorized access to the
network. Each time a connection is attempted, the mobile subscriber
undergoes an authentication procedure to check the IMSI (International
Mobile Subscriber Identity). Each IMSI is associated with a secret key (Ki).
This key is stored in the HLR and in a special module inside the mobile
terminal, the SIM (Subscriber Identity Module), and is never transmitted
on radio waves. The mobile equipment identity number (IMEI) is used
to ensure that the mobile station is not faulty or stolen. If it is faulty or
stolen, the attempt to establish a connection is rejected. Confidentiality is
also increased by replacing the IMSI with a temporary mobile subscriber
identity (TMSI) number which is frequently changed.
The home location register (HLR) hosts an authentication central unit
(AUC) that stores the subscribers IMSI and secret key. Using the IMSI
and the secret key, the AUC processes an algorithm that produces triplets
composed of the following:
a random number (RAND)

a signed answer (SRES) for signed result
a cipher key (Kc)
Upon each HLR request, the AUC generates authentication triplets. The
HLR sends some of these triplets to the VLR that requests them. One
triplet per authentication procedure is used. When its stock is exhausted,
the VLR makes a new request to the HLR.
During an authentication procedure, the VLR transmits a random number
(RAND) to the mobile terminal. The mobile terminal uses this number,
together with the secret key (Ki) stored in the SIM, to generate a signed
response (SRES) and sends it to the VLR, which compares it to the
one supplied by the HLR. If they are identical, the connection may be
established between the mobile station and the network. If they are not,
the connection is immediately rejected.

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1.3 Services
25
Communication supervision
The system must maintain communication with a mobile subscriber when
moving in a cell or between two cells. The call is maintained by the
network according to the transmission quality and the amount of traffic
handled by the cells. Mobile and base stations regularly perform radio
transmission measurements.
The radio measurement processing is performed by the BTS. It ensures
that the network and the mobiles can communicate with each other with
minimum interference, at the lowest possible transmission power and with
the best transmission quality. The mobile takes measurements in the
downlink direction (BTS MS) and the BTS in the uplink direction (MS
BTS).
The BTS averages these measurements for each connection. The
averaged measurements are then used as the basis for a decision making
process for the following:
power control
call clearing
inter-cell handover
intra-cell handover
These decisions are made by comparing the measurements with a series

of OAM-defined thresholds.
The power control and the handover procedures may be initiated.
When transmission quality from MS to BTS decreases, the BTS asks
the mobile station to increase transmission power. If transmission by the
mobile was already at maximum strength, or if transmission from the
BTS to MS is considered too weak, the BSC performs a communication
handover.
Power control and handover algorithms are performed, whatever channel
is used by the mobile station (traffic channel TCH or dedicated signaling
channel SDCCH). When it receives an external handover command, a
BSC does not check the state of the requested resource (TCH or SDCCH).
Network syncnhronization
The system needs to make efficient use of the frequency spectrum and
reduce interference in order to provide better voice quality:
greater handover success

availability
less call drops
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The network is said to be synchronized if all its elements have a common

time source. By time source is meant:
a clock
and/or a value for GSM time
The network can be synchronized even if GSM time is not common among
the elements. If this is the case, all entities are working off of the same
clock.
Network synchronization consists of three major tasks:
clock and time acquisition with associated defense and fault

mechanisms
GSM time setting

broadcast of relevant information to concerned entities
Two different modes are available for the operator:
burst synchronization: feature aiming at enslaving the network on a

source clock and ensuring that all bursts are aligned in time.
time synchronization: feature aiming at enslaving the network on a

source clock and forcing the GSM time to be deduced from an unique
source time.
1.4 Links
For more information on GSM, you can visit the GSM Association web
site:.GSM World from the GSM Association

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27
Chapter 2 Nortel BSS introduction

2.1 Architecture of the Nortel BSS solution
The flexibility of the cellular system enables the operator to easily increase
the equipment capacity according to traffic needs. The number of links
needed to connect the system units depends on the amount of traffic that
must be handled.
The Nortel BSS solution contains the following products:
2.2 Nortel BTS (page 31)

2.3 Nortel BSC (page 40)
2.4 Nortel TCU (page 40)
2.5 PCUSN (page 41)
Nortel OAM
2.7.1 OMC-R (page 45)

2.7.2 RACE (page 48)
Nortel software tools:
2.8.1 CT2000 (page 48)

2.8.2 CT/CPT (page 51)
2.8.3 WPS for PCUSN (page 52)
TML
TML for BTS (TIL) (page 55)
TML for BSC 3000/TCU 3000 (page 55)
The functional architecture of the Nortel GSM/GPRS solution is shown in

the following figure.

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28 Chapter 2 Nortel BSS introduction

Figure 3
Functional architecture of the Nortel GSM/GPRS solution
IP networking
Optionally, the Nortel BSS solution provides the Abis interface through an
IP interface, on a packet-based network.

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2.1 Architecture of the Nortel BSS solution 29
New modules dedicated to IP networking are introduced:
IPG in BSC (based on two IGM boards for redundancy purpose)
IPM or RIPM in BTS 6000/9000/18000. The RIPM is the redundant

variant of the IPM.
IPM-USER or RIPM-USER for S8000 or S12000 BTS. The

RIPM-USER is the redundant variant of the IPM-USER.
IBOS (IP BTS OAM services) applications running on an OMC-R

platform
The following figure shows the functional architecture of the Nortel BSS
solution, with the Abis and Gb interfaces provided through an IP network.

411-9001-001 18.07 29 January 2010

Figure 4
Functional architecture of the Nortel BSS solution (Abis and Gb over IP)

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2.2 Nortel BTS
31
2.2 Nortel BTS

The Nortel BTS contains a base cabinet and one or more extension
cabinets depending on the BTS type. The number of extension cabinets
depends on the number of radio channels to be supported and on the site
structure (single or multi-cellular site).
Nortel proposes the following BTSs in its portfolio:
e-cell
S8000 family
S12000
BTS 6000
BTS 9000
BTS 18000
2.2.1 e-cell
The e-cell is the compact and lighter weight micro-BTS from Nortel. It is
quick and easy to install, an ideal solution for hot spots, patchy coverage
and indoor applications. The e-cell unit includes two transceivers and
can be easily extendible to a synchronized four-transceivers BTS. It is
EDGE-ready and provides Indoor deployment as part of a microcellular
underlay, or for in-building coverage.
For more information about the e-cell, see Nortel GSM BTS e-cell
Fundamentals (411-9001-092).
2.2.2 S8000 family

The S8000 family contains the following BTSs:
S8000
S8002
S8003
S8006
S8000
Specifically designed for outdoor/indoor installation, the S8000
Outdoor/Indoor BTS is a complete solution for macrocellular voice and
data applications that can deliver the high-capacity needed in cities as well
as wide-coverage in remote rural areas. The S8000 BTS is also a platform
for future data evolution of GSM networks ready to support GPRS and
future EDGE services.

411-9001-001 18.07 29 January 2010
The S8000 BTS uses the latest technology to provide operators with:
High capacity accommodating up to 8 TRXs per cabinet and 24 TRXs

per site in an optimized and dense packaging.
Best-in-class radio performance thanks to high receive sensitivity

receivers, unique interference cancellation and improved spatial
diversity algorithms along with high output power, providing optimum
coverage and link quality for both data and voice services.
High modularity concept due to high integration of advanced

technology. This in turn contributes to a significant reduction in
required floor space, size and equipment operating costs. This concept
is adapted to environmental constraints and is leading to the best
economic trade-off between initial and final capacity.
Spectrum efficiency optimization with the support of the undisputed

Nortel Networks capacity features that provide high quality voice and
data services to a dense subscriber population in a limited spectrum
and at competitive cost. These solutions include Fractional Frequency
Reuse, Automated Cell Tiering and future AMR evolution.
Industry leading transmission solution including high signaling

concentration on the Abis and drop and insert capability.
The S8000 BTS product is designed for full growth capability of up to 8

TRXs per cell in a sectorial configuration or 16 TRXs in an omnidirectional
site.
Optionally, the S8000 BTS provides the Abis interface over IP. In
this case, the S8000 BTS must be equipped with an IPM-USER or
RIPM-USER.
S8002
Specifically designed for outdoor installation within the Railway GSM
market, the S8002 Outdoor Base Station takes advantage, in particular, of:
Improved performance (very high receive sensitivity and immunity from

interference), new features (enhanced full-rate coding and extended
GSM bands) and sophisticated handover and frequency re-use
algorithms, optimizing the coverage and the spectrum efficiency of the
system.
Packaging and modularity concept due to high integration of advanced

is adapted to environmental constraints.
This product is designed and optimized for applications such as O2 BTS

configurations, required in majority by the railway market.

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2.2 Nortel BTS
33
S8003
Specifically designed for indoor installation, the S8003 Indoor Base
Transceiver Station (BTS) is a complete solution for macrocellular voice
and data applications that can deliver the high-capacity needed in cities as
well as wide-coverage in remote rural areas.
The S8003 BTS is also a platform for future data evolution of GSM
networks ready to support GPRS and future EDGE services.
High capacity accommodating up to 3 DRXs per cabinet in an

optimized and dense packaging.
Best-in-class radio performance thanks to high receive sensitivity

coverage and link quality for both data and voice services.



concentration on the Abis and drop and insert capability.
S8006
Specifically designed for outdoor installation, the S8006 Outdoor Base
Transceiver Station takes advantage, in particular, of:
Improved performance (very high receive sensitivity and immunity from

interference), new features (enhanced full-rate coding and extended
GSM bands) and sophisticated handover and frequency re-use
algorithms, optimizing the coverage and the spectrum efficiency of the
system.
Packaging and modularity concept due to high integration of advanced

is adapted to environmental constraints.

411-9001-001 18.07 29 January 2010
This product is designed and optimized for deployment in a variety of

street locations, with regards to specific dimensions compared to the other
Nortel BTS products.
For more information about the S8000 family, see Nortel GSM BTS
S8000/S8002/S8003/S8006 Fundamentals (411-9001-063).
2.2.3 S12000
The 12000 BTS is available in indoor and outdoor versions.
The S12000 BTS is a platform for GSM networks supporting GPRS today
and ready for EDGE services.
high capacity accommodating up to 12 TRXs per cabinet and 36 TRXs

per site in an optimized and dense packaging
best-in-class radio performance thanks to high receive sensitivity

coverage and link quality for both data and voice services


compatibility with S8000 and BTS 18000, through site synchronization

concentration on the Abis and drop and insert capability. As an
example, a single timeslot only is required for carrying the signaling
of a S233 BTS.
The S12000 BTS product is designed for full growth capability of up to 12

TRXs per cell in a sectorial configuration or 16 TRXs in an omnidirectional
site.
Optionally, the S12000 BTS provides the Abis interface over IP. In
this case, the S812000 BTS must be equipped with an IPM-USER or
RIPM-USER.

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2.2 Nortel BTS
35
For more information about the S12000, see Nortel GSM BTS S12000
2.2.4 BTS 6000

The GSM BTS 6000 Outdoor is a medium capacity version of the BTS
18000. This family of BTS is based on a new highly integrated radio
module (RM) that provides the equivalent of three GSM/GPRS/EDGE
transceiver channels including power amplifier function. This represents
further integration of the successful single module DRX (Driver Receiver)
approach for the receiver, transmitter, and frame processor used in Nortel
legacy S8000 and S12000 BTS.
The BTS 6000 represents an unprecedented ratio between capacity and
compactness. The BTS 6000 provides continuity to the S8000 and S12000
BTS by its ability to be operated as a synchronized site extension to
increase the capacity of existing S8000 or S12000 BTS sites.
The BTS 6000, which can contain 18 GSM carriers in three cabinets, is a
platform reducing the cost of ownership for GSM networks. The BTS 6000
is able to address small to medium configurations such as S222, S111 or
O3. In addition, dual band configurations can be supported.
The BTS 6000 is also a platform for future data evolution of GSM networks
supporting GPRS and EDGE services.
The BTS 6000 takes benefit of all the planned and future evolutions of the
BTS 18000.
The BTS 6000 outdoor supports the railway application (GSM-R).
The BTS 6000 uses the latest technology to provide operators with:
capacity accommodating up to 6 GSM TRXs per cabinet in an

optimized and dense packaging
best-in-class radio performance utilizing:
high sensitivity receivers

unique interference cancellation and improved spatial diversity
algorithms along with high output power
providing optimum coverage and link quality for both data and voice
services
high level of integration contributes to a significant reduction in required

floor space, size and equipment operating costs. This concept is
adapted to stringent environmental constraints and is leading to the
best economic trade-off between initial and final capacity.

411-9001-001 18.07 29 January 2010
spectrum efficiency optimization with the support of the undisputed

Nortel capacity features that provide high quality voice and data
services to a dense subscriber population in a limited spectrum and at
competitive cost. These solutions include Fractional Frequency Reuse,
Automated Cell Tiering and AMR support.
compatibility with the S8000 or S12000 and BTS 18000, through

existing site synchronization or through the possibility to reuse existing
site equipment (such as an S8000/S12000/BTS18000 Outdoor plinth)
catalyst for operator evolution to 3G data services via

GSM/GPRS/EDGE and UMTS dual technology capabilities

concentration on the Abis and drop and insert capability. As an
example, a single timeslot only is required for carrying the signaling of
a S333 BTS. An optional optical interface can also be proposed.
future Evolution via the SPM card for data transport and potential
for future functionality addition to the BTS through latest hardware
generation provision
Optionally, the BTS 6000 provides the Abis interface over IP. In this case,
the BTS 6000 must be equipped with an IPM or RIPM.
For more information about the BTS 6000, see Nortel GSM BTS 6000

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2.2 Nortel BTS
37
2.2.5 BTS 9000

The BTS 9000 is proposed as an indoor version only. It can provide up to
9 TRXs per cabinet. A BTS 9000 site is made of one to three BTS 9000
cabinets.
The BTS 9000 supports the railway application (GSM-R).
2.2.6 BTS 18000

The BTS 18000 is proposed in standard in two main versions:
BTS 18000 indoor: BTS 18010 or BTS 18010 NG2

BTS 18000 outdoor: BTS 18020 or BTS 18020 NG
Both can provide up to 18 TRXs per cabinet.

BTS 18000 possible uses

The BTS 18000, which is meant for various operating environments:
replaces the BTS S8000 or BTS S12000 in Nortel Networks portfolio

for greenfield site deployments
provides continuity to the BTS S8000 and BTS S12000 by its ability
to be operated in a synchronized collocation mode, to increase the
capacity of existing S8000 or S12000 sites
BTS 18000 features

The BTS 18000 offers a set of features enhancing the Quality of Service
and the spectrum efficiency of the network such as:
full support of GPRS data services
improved receiver diversity gain using a Nortel Networks specific

algorithm, providing 5 dB or more diversity gain in most situations,
when spatial diversity and de-correlated antennas are used
full support of EDGE 8PSK modulation

guaranteed -110 dBm dynamic single-branch receive sensitivity (GMSK
modulation) at the BTS antenna, without any tower-mounted Low
Noise Amplifier (LNA)

411-9001-001 18.07 29 January 2010
high output power with a 30W or 40W Power Amplifier (PA), and an
optional 60W High Power Amplifier
dual-band GSM configurations with single-BCCH, built in a single or in

multiple BTS 18000 cabinets
enhanced voice quality due to an innovative algorithm of interference

cancellation significantly reducing the end-users perception of errors
generated in the radio transmission
full RF power control range (static and dynamic)

spectrum efficiency optimization with the support of the undisputed
data services to a dense subscriber population, in a limited spectrum
and at competitive cost
These solutions include Fractional Frequency Reuse, Automated Cell
Tiering and Adaptive Multi Rate (AMR) support.
best-in-class radio performance thanks to high sensitivity receivers,

unique interference cancellation and improved spatial diversity
algorithms along with high output power, providing optimum coverage
and link quality for both data and voice services
high integration of advanced technology

This in turn contributes to a significant reduction in required floor
space, size and equipment operating costs. This concept is adapted to
stringent environmental constraints and is leading to the best economic
trade-off between initial and final capacity.
In addition, the BTS 18000 supports asymmetrical radio configurations
such as S963 in one cabinet.
Compatibility with the BTS S8000 and BTS S12000:
through existing site synchronized co-location,

through the possibility to re-use existing site equipment (such as an
S8000/S12000 outdoor plinth).
As an example, a single timeslot is only required for carrying the
signaling of a S333 BTS. Only two PCM timeslots over the Abis
interface are required for each 8-radio timeslot TRX. For signaling,
only one PCM timeslot is required, with configurations up to S333.
only three PCM timeslots are required, with configurations up to S999

only six PCM timeslots are required, with configurations up to
S18.18.18
The BTS 18000 can support eight E1/T1 PCM links, with a granularity
of four E1/T1 per IFM board.
The drop-and-insert capability is used to reduce the number of
PCM links needed to connect the BTSs to their BSC. This can be
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2.2 Nortel BTS
39
implemented through chain connection or loop connection, depending

on the level of reliability required. The BTS 18000 supports the
drop-and-insert function exactly the same way as the S8000 and
S12000 BTSs do. Therefore, it is possible to have the S8000, S12000
and BTS 18000 BTSs on the same chain or loop.
GSM/GPRS/EDGE and UMTS dual technology capabilities for operator

evolution to 3G data services

411-9001-001 18.07 29 January 2010
2.3 Nortel BSC

The Nortel BSC is the BSC 3000.
2.3.1 BSC 3000 functional architecture

There are two types of BSC 3000:
the electrical BSC 3000

the optical BSC 3000
The BSC 3000 functional architecture is based on the following features:
ability to handle varying traffic loads

adaptability to different equipment structures
highly fault tolerant architecture
easy maintenance platform
robust and scalable platform
reliable and high-performance of management
Optionally, the electrical BSC 3000 provides the Abis interface over IP. In
this case, it must be equipped with an IPG module.
For more information about the BSC 3000, see Nortel GSM BSC
3000/TCU 3000 Fundamentals (411-9001-126).
2.4 Nortel TCU

The Nortel TCU is the TCU 3000.
2.4.1 TCU 3000 functional architecture

The TCU 3000 functional architecture is based on the following features:
the ability to handle different traffic loads

the adaptability to different equipment structures
the commitment to a functional approach
a highly fault tolerant architecture
an easy maintenance platform:
each module has the same looking and the same visual indicators
network connections are concentrated in an unique and easy
access cable transition unit
path finding is used to identify the faulty module
simplified and opened network management

a robust and scalable platform:

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2.5 PCUSN
41
a star architecture which provides accurate and immediate fault

detection
scalability: the equipment capacity can be increased by simply

plugging in a new processing module
the use of a 64 kbps Timeswitch for the BSC 3000 connection with the
MSC
This function is divided as follows:
switching matrix management

S-link monitoring
PCM link management
terminating the LAPD links, from the BSC 3000, which carries:
transcoder management
transcoding and rate adaptation
synchronization of the time base on the clock taken from six of the
PCM links connected to the MSC or from an internal reference clock
permanent links for the CallP and the OAM functions

temporary links for the software downloading
For more information about the TCU 3000, see Nortel GSM BSC
3000/TCU 3000 Fundamentals (411-9001-126).
2.5 PCUSN
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) and EGPRS (Enhanced GPRS,
also known as EDGE) are wireless packet data services that are an
extension to the GSM network. The GPRS/EGPRS network infrastructure
is implemented on the existing wireless infrastructure with the introduction
of:
the PCUSN (Packet Control Unit Support Node), in the BSS network
the (E)GPRS Core Network, added to the NSS network
2.5.1 PCUSN introduction

The PCUSN is a separate node in the BSS that is used in order to
provide the specific packet processing (3GPP-defined Pack Control Unit
functionality or PCU) of the GPRS. It provides the interworking function
between the BSS and the (E)GPRS Core Network. It is connected to the
BSCs through the Agprs interface (Nortel proprietary) and to the SGSN of
the (E)GPRS Core Network through the Gb interface (open).

411-9001-001 18.07 29 January 2010
The PCUSN hardware was designed to meet certain objectives:
modularity, so that the PCUSN shelf can be customized to suit current

or anticipated network requirements by adding specific assemblies as
necessary
deployment of the PCUSN cabinet in both customer-premise

equipment and central office environments
front access to replaceable assemblies
conformance to safety standards
front display of all alarm LEDs and status indicators

systematic organization and management of a large number of cables
and cable types
For more information about the PCUSN, see Nortel GSM PCUSN

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2.5 PCUSN
43
2.5.2 Gb over IP
Optionally, the Gb interface can be provided over an IP network.
Figure 5
Gb over IP
When an operating company deploys the Nortel GPRS/EDGE data

solution in its network, it has the option to run the Gb interface over an
IP network (Gb over IP), instead of using frame relay as the transport
medium.
The Gb interface is the interface that connects the PCUSN to the SGSN,
and thus, connects the BSS to the GSM packet core. The messaging
and data involved in GPRS/EDGE packet data calls are transported in
protocol data units (PDU) defined by the BSS / GPRS Protocol (BSSGP).
The BSSGP in turn runs over a network services layer which provides
the transport layer between the network service entities (NSE). In the Gb
interface the network service entities are the PCUSN and the serving
GPRS support node (SGSN). In the case of Gb over IP, BSSGP and
the network services layer are transported on top of a connectionless

411-9001-001 18.07 29 January 2010
UDP/IP stack, as opposed to a connection-oriented frame relay network.

Throughout the discussion that follows, the term NSE refers to the
BSC+PCUSN unless otherwise noted.
The network services layer is divided into two sub-layers: an upper layer,
the network service control (NSC) layer directly supports the BSSGP
messaging, while the lower sub-network services (SNS) layer provides
the communication services that connect the peer entities defined by the
NSC layer. The SNS layer is dependent on the transmission medium used
(frame relay or IP).
In order to provide end-to-end communication between the BSS and
SGSN irrespective of the exact configuration of the Gb interface, the
concept of Network Service Virtual Connection (NS-VC) is used. NS-VCs
are end-to-end virtual connections between the peer entities. An NS-VC is
given by a pair of IP endpoints at the BSS and the SGSN. An IP endpoint
is an association of an IP address and an UDP port.
Gb over IP is supported on all PCUSN configurations with PCUSP or with
PCUSPE2 having 4pEth100BaseT Functional Processors. Faceplate ports
of the 4pEth100BaseT board, hosting the Gb/IP application, are used as
I/O interfaces.
For more information, see Nortel GSM BSS FundamentalsOperating
Principles (411-9001-007).
2.6 GSM-R
From PC1, GSM for Railways (GSM-R) is supported in the BSC, TCU,
PCUSN, and OMC-R provided that all the BTSs remain in V16.0.
2.6.1 Introduction
GSM-R (GSM for Railways) is a pan-European radio system which covers
the mobile telecommunication needs of the European railways. GSM-R
uses standard GSM technology and additional features customized for
railway operations. General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) is a major part
of GSM-R for data transport.
Railway operations requirements are as follows:
a dedicated network (infrastructure, dial plan, and others) with specific

applications (shunting, and others) and operational efficiency
secured operations and a high reliability, especially in case of

emergency
group communication facilities for working teams

interoperability with:

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2.7 Nortel OAM 45
existing railway communication infrastructures

international railway communication networks
public communication networks
GSM-R is also designed to reduce operational costs.
Table 2
Frequency bands supported by the railway application
Name
Uplink (mobile
transmit, base receive)
Downlink (base
transmit, mobile
receive)
E-GSM (extended GSM)
880-915 MHz
925-960 MHz
P-GSM (Primary GSM)
890-915 MHz
935-960 MHz
R-GSM
876-915 MHz
921-960 MHz
For more information about GSM-R, see Nortel GSM BSS

FundamentalsOperating Principles (411-9001-007).
2.7 Nortel OAM

2.7.1 OMC-R
The Operations and Maintenance Center-Radio (OMC-R) manages the
GSM Access Network, including the BSC, TCUs and a wide range of
BTSs. The PCUSN is supported as part of the GPRS program.
The OMC-R has most of the functions found on a full Nortel service Data
Management, including Fault Management, Configuration, Performance,
Security and Administration functions.
The OMC-R is based on a Sun client-server architecture that consists of
three subsystems:
server
client workstations
communication network that links the server and workstations
The OMC-R should be perceived as a subsystem itself and not as an open

UNIX box. Third party software not approved or sanctioned by Nortel must
not be used on the OMC-R. Using third party software may jeopardize
system security, integrity, and performance.
The following actions are recommended to maintain system security and
performance:

411-9001-001 18.07 29 January 2010
The OMC-R is a real time platform environment that must not be used
as a workstation.
Nortel does not recommend that you perform any scripting on the
system.
Limit the number of users that can be connected.

Root account and password must be closely guarded and controlled.
New UNIX accounts must not be created for the system. Only UNIX
accounts provided must be used on the system.
The OMC-R can be synchronized to an atomic clock through a radio

signal.
IBOS
The IBOS is used in case of the Abis interface provided through an IP
network. The IBOS applications act as:
an authentication server for the BTS (IPM) and the IPG-IPM

connection set-up
an OAM node in charge of the non-GSM FM, PM, and CM functions for
the IPM, as well as the IPM software storage and download
OMC-R location
The OMC-R is connected to a set of BSSs.
Physically, the OMC-R is in a room that contains the equipment described
in the "OMC-R physical architecture" chapter.
Furthermore, some of the OMC-Rs interactive equipment (remote stations,
RACE) can be located and used remotely to meet specific operating
requirements such as operation and maintenance from BSS sites.
The OMC-R is made up of the following two logical entities:
a local manager
an agent (the MD-R)
The two entities communicate by means of an internal Q3 interface except

for the purposes of the notification management function.
The Q3 interface can also be used as an external interface to enable the
MD-R to communicate with a remote manager.
The following figure shows the position of the OMC-R in the GSM network.

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2.7 Nortel OAM 47

Figure 6
Position of the OMC-R in the GSM network
For more information about the OMC-R, see Nortel GSM OMC-R

411-9001-001 18.07 29 January 2010
2.7.2 RACE
The Remote ACcess Equipment (RACE) consists of a portable PC running
a web browser. It communicates with the RACE server (hosted by an
OMC-R workstation) by means of the telephone network (PSTN). The
RACE server is connected to the OMC-R LAN.
The RACE can be used to carry out BSS maintenance and operation
tasks. It is equipped with the same functions as an OMC-R workstation
with some exceptions such as security management functions.
For more information about the RACE, see Nortel GSM RACE
Fundamentals and Commands Reference (411-9001-127).
2.8 Nortel software tools

The Nortel software tools are the following:
CT2000
CT/CPT
WPS for PCUSN
TML
TML for BTS (TIL)

TML for BSC 3000/TCU 3000
2.8.1 CT2000
CT2000 is the Nortel GSM/GPRS EDGE BSS configuration product.
The CT2000 allows the operator to configure all the Nortel BSSs and
gives a graphic representation of all BSS network elements and links. The
CT2000 can manage several OMC-Rs.
The CT2000 is a high-performance tool that will help you design
and configure (BSS datafill) a BSS network, based on GSM/GPRS
recommendations.
The main objective of the CT2000 is to allow you to:
perform the initial configuration of a BSS network

extend and optimize the configuration of an existing BSS network.
To perform these operations, the CT2000 manages BSS data coming from
various sources:

411-9001-001 18.07 29 January 2010
input data such as DRF Data Request Forms (BSS network

parameters in ASCII file format) issued by Customer BSS Network
Design tools, and database import coming from the OMC-R
output data such as formatted DRF, NRP (Network Reconfiguration

Procedure) files, and command files to be executed on the OMC-R.
The following figure shows the position of the CT2000 in an operator

network.

411-9001-001 18.07 29 January 2010
49

Figure 7
CT2000 position in an operator network

411-9001-001 18.07 29 January 2010
51
It also provides a centralized view of all BSS network parameters

(frequency plans, hand-over, power control and radio resource
management).
The CT2000 is compliant with Nortel BSS and telecommunication systems:
GSM 850, GSM 900, GSM 1800, GSM 1900, and e-GSM
GSM-R
GPRS-Access
For more information about the CT2000, see Nortel GSM CT2000
2.8.2 CT/CPT
CT/CPT introduction
The CT/CPT (Call Trace/Call Path Trace analyzer) has three functions:
Call Tracing: this consists in activating a trace session on a particular

communication identified by the mobile identity.
Call Path Tracing: this consists in tracing all the communications

supported by the BSC with respect to a particular object or equipment
(cell, TRX, terrestrial circuit).
Cell Tiering: this consists in allocating the worst communications to the

non-hopping frequencies and the best communications to the hopping
frequencies.
Data provided by the Call Trace/Call Path Trace analyzer are collected
and stored on the OMC-R server.
The Call Trace/Call Path Trace analyzes SDO files located on the CT/CPT
server or on the local PC hard disk.
The Call Trace/Call Path Trace analyzes SDO files located on a server
(CT/CPT or SDO) using a connection to the server or on the local PC hard
disk.
The Call Trace/Call Path Trace architecture is described in the following
figure:

411-9001-001 18.07 29 January 2010

Figure 8
Call Trace / Call Path Trace architecture
Two modes can be used:
Remote - Connection to the server

Local - Work from the local hard drive
Before performing an analysis, you can choose to work either in local

mode or in remote mode.
For more information about the CT/CPT, see Nortel GSM BSS
Performance Management - CT/CPT User Guide (411-9001-060).
2.8.3 WPS for PCUSN

WPS for PCUSN is an advanced tool for off-line configuration
(provisioning). It works with a Graphical User Interface (GUI) featuring
Windows-Explorer like tree of managed objects and parameters tabular
display with sorting capabilities.
It provides task-oriented configuration wizards with intuitive graphical
support and on-line contextual help. These wizards simplify the
provisioning tasks by relying on extensive use of templates and embedded
engineering rules.
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53
WPS for PCUSN allows the user to:
configure a PCUSN (creation, deletion or update)

retrieve/restore data configuration
check the network consistency
audit the network configuration
WPS for PCUSN provides configuration data import and export

capabilities. It uses an OMC-R based conversion module that supports
data exchange between PCUSN(s) and WPS.
The process of WPS for PCUSN is shown in the following figure.
Figure 9
WPS for PCUSN process
This conversion module allows the user to:
retrieve PCUSN configuration and convert it into a snapshot file (in

XML format)
import snapshot files or user-generated workorders (in XML format)

then convert them into PCUSN-specific configuration command script
(CAS commands) to be processed by the PCUSN
For more information about WPS for PCUSN, see Nortel GSM WPS for
PCUSN Fundamentals (411-9001-802).

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2.8.4 TML/TIL
Within a global GSM 900, GSM 1800, or GSM 1900 network, the major
part of Base Station Subsystem maintenance activities are centralized
at the OMC-R, as defined in CCITT recommendations. In some cases,
however, the information required by maintenance teams cannot be
centralized and the operator needs to perform procedures that the OMC-R
does not support.
On-site BSS maintenance, therefore, refers to all the operations
undertaken outside the OMC-R through a local maintenance terminal,
called the TML, connected to one of the following:
BTS
BSC
TCU
The TIL components are shown in the following figure.

Figure 10
On-site maintenance terminal (TIL components)

411-9001-001 18.07 29 January 2010
55
TML for BTS (TIL)

BTS maintenance operations are performed on-site through a special
terminal, called the TIL, which uses specific tools for each functional entity.
A hardware device (PC) and a dedicated package of boards, software, and
cables support the complete tool set.
The tool set includes the following:
BTS on-site maintenance terminal (TIL RTC) for that supports the
following:
BCF maintenance test software tool (TIB)

FP maintenance test software tool (TIF)
BTS on-site maintenance terminal (TIL COAM) for S12000 and S8000
(CSWM or CBCF), S8002 BTS, S8003 BTS, and S8006 BTS
The TIL is compatible with Windows Vista.

For more information about the TIL, see Nortel GSM BTS Commissioning
and Configuration - TML User Guide (411-9001-051).
TML for BSC 3000/TCU 3000

The TML for BSC 3000/TCU 3000 works in two ways:
With equipment off-line and OMC-R link out of service

The TML allows the user to perform tests after an equipment
installation.
With equipment on-line processing traffic and OMC-R in or out of

service
The TML application allows the user to:
perform corrective maintenance tasks

investigate and locate any product problem
With BSC/ TCU 3000 products, preventive maintenance automatic tests
are performed by the nominal software. Their results are periodically sent
to the OMC-R. So, the TML 3000 is not used in a preventive maintenance
context.
A TML software release supports English and French languages.
The TML is compatible with Windows Vista.
For more information about TML for BSC 3000/TCU 3000, see Nortel GSM
BSC 3000/TCU 3000 Commissioning and Configuration - TML User Guide
(411-9001-139).
411-9001-001 18.07 29 January 2010
2.9 Specific BSS Nortel interfaces

The specific BSS Nortel interfaces (not defined by the GSM
recommendations) are the following:
Agprs interface
The Agprs interface handles the communication between the BSC and
the PCUSN.
Asynchronous BTS-PCUSN interface

The asynchronous BTS-PCUSN interface handles data between the
BTS and the PCUSN. This interface supports all GPRS and EGPRS
coding schemes. The data carried by this interface are transmitted to
and from user phones by the BTS.
Gb interface
The Gb interface handles the communication between the PCUSN and
the SGSN.
2.10 Compliancy
with the following releases:
Release
PC1
PC2
SGSN5.0
SGSN6.0
NSS18
NSS19
PCUSN
PCR8.2
MDM
R16.2
CT2000
V6
WPS for PCUSN
V3
CT/CPT
V18
MGW
release 20
packet
circuit
Note: Items marked with an X are the releases compliance.

411-9001-001 18.07 29 January 2010
57
Chapter 3 Regulatory information

3.1 Specific regulatory information
3.1.1 United States of America
The products comply with Part 68 of the FCC rules. Each equipment
contains a label that gives the FCC registration. If requested, this
information must be provided to the telephone company.
Each product uses the following standard connections and codes:
Table 3
Regulatory information
S8000 Outdoor BTS
BTS 18000
USOC CODE
RJ-48H
Service Order Code
6.OF
Facility Interface Code:
04DU9-BN, 04DU9-DN, 04DU9-1KN,

04DU9-1SN
USOC CODE
Service Order Code
6.OF
Facility Interface Code:
04DU9-BN, 04DU9-DN, 04DU9-1KN,

04DU9-1SN
If the equipment causes harm to the telephone network, the

telephone company will notify the customer in advance that temporary
discontinuance of service may be required. But if advanced notice is not
practical, the telephone company will notify the customer as soon as
possible. Also the customer will be advised of his right to file a complaint
with the FCC if he believes it is necessary.
The telephone company may make changes in its facilities, equipment,
operations or procedures that could affect the operation of the equipment.
If this happens, the telephone company will provide advance notice in
order for the customer to make necessary modifications to maintain
uninterrupted service.
No repairs can be performed by the user. In case of trouble with this
equipment and for repair and warranty information, please contact:

411-9001-001 18.07 29 January 2010
58 Chapter 3 Regulatory information
NORTEL NETWORKS
400 North Industrial
Richardson, Texas 75081
U.S.A.
Tel (972) 684-1000
If the equipment is causing harm to the telephone network, the telephone
company may request that the customer disconnects the equipment until
the problem is resolved.
This equipment cannot be used on public coin phone service provided
by the telephone company. Connection to party line service is subject
to state tariffs. Contact the state public utility commission, public service
commission or corporation commission for information.

411-9001-001 18.07 29 January 2010
3.1 Specific regulatory information
59
3.1.2 Canada
NOTICE: The Industry Canada Label identifies certified equipment. This
certification means that the equipment meets telecommunications network
protective, operational and safety requirements as prescribed in the
appropriate Terminal Equipment Technical Requirements document(s).
The Department does not guarantee the equipment will operate to the
users satisfaction.
Before installing this equipment, users should ensure that it is permissible
to be connected to the facilities of the local telecommunications company.
The equipment must also be installed using an acceptable method
of connection. The customer should be aware that compliance with
the above conditions may not prevent degradation in service in some
situations.
Repairs to certified equipment should be coordinated by representative
designated by the supplier. Any repairs or alterations made by the
user to this equipment, or equipment malfunctions, may give the
telecommunications company cause to request the user to disconnect the
equipment.
Users should ensure for their own protection that the 1 electrical ground
connections of the power utility, telephone lines and internal metallic water
pipe system, if present, are connected together. This precaution may be
particularly important in rural areas.
DANGER
Electric shock
Users must not make such connections themselves, but
should contact the appropriate electric inspection authority, or
electrician, as appropriate.

411-9001-001 18.07 29 January 2010
3.2 Human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields

3.2.1 United States of America and Canada
Regulatory bodies in the US, Federal Communications Commission
(FCC), and Canada, Health and Welfare, are imposing EMR limits. FCCs
OET Bulletin #65 addresses calculation and measurement procedures to
determine compliance with the FCC limits which includes the 800 MHz
cellular and 1.9 GHz bands. The equipment and its associated deployment
must comply with NCRP Report No.86, "Biological Effects and Exposure
Criteria for Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields". This standard is
largely based on the limits and test methods outlined in IEEE C95.1-1982
and C95.3-1982 respectively.
This requirement officially takes effect Jan.1/97, but should apply to all
known sites since existing facilities are not exempt or grandfathered from
the new rules.
The FCC has determined that certain sites will require "Environmental
Evaluations" in order to show compliance to the standards. Adhering to
these guidelines can ensure compliance to the standard, and therefore
can be the basis for the Environmental Evaluation. Please note that
some installations do not require such an evaluation, exceptions are
noted further in this document, but adherence to these guidelines are still
recommended to promote safety. Environmental Evaluations are kept on
hand, as opposed to filed with the FCC, unless it is requested by them for
substantiation.
Where NORTEL NETWORKS is responsible for installing or engineering
base stations the person in charge should be aware of and have
access to documentation for making an Environmental Evaluation. Also,
NORTEL NETWORKS will need to provide assurances to the FCC that
Environmental Evaluations have been conducted for each radio station
that uses our Experimental Radio License, or STA, where the station
transmits at 100 Watt ERP or more.
The objective of the Environmental Evaluation is to ensure that human
exposure to RF energy does not go beyond the maximum permissible
levels stated in NCRP No.86. Therefore certain sites do not require
an evaluation by nature of its design. It could be that the antennas are
placed high enough thereby resulting in extremely low RF fields by the
time it reaches areas that would be accessible to people. Environ mental
evaluations are required for broadband GSM 1900, Part 24 Subpart E:
non-rooftop antennas: height of radiation center < 10 m above ground

level and 12000 W ERP (3280 W EIRP)
rooftop antennas: total power of all channels > 2000 W ERP (3280 W
EIRP)

411-9001-001 18.07 29 January 2010
3.2 Human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields
61
An environmental evaluation must be prepared, regardless of the above

conditions, should the site be located in any one of the areas mentioned
below:
Wilderness Area
Wildlife Preserve
Endangered Species Area
Historical Site
Indian Religious site
Flood Plain (100 yrs)
Wetlands
High intensity lights in residential neighborhoods
RF energy from other peoples equipment must be considered when

sharing antenna sites. The total RF must be within the limits for exposure.
All parties sharing that site are accountable unless the RF energy from
their system contributes less than 1% of the total energy. Therefore, when
deploying at a shared site, it is recommended that measurements are
made at that site prior to its acquisition.
If an Environmental Evaluation shows that the EMR limits are exceeded,
then an Environmental Assessment must be made and filed with the FCC
that justifies why the limits in this case can be exceeded. The FCC would
then review this Assessment and make a judgement whether or not its
acceptable.
Safe distance formulae for base stations.
Uncontrolled refers to situations where individuals are either unaware or

not in control of their exposure to the electromagnetic fields in question.
This typically pertains to the general public.
Controlled refers to situations where individuals are aware and in control
of their exposure to the electromagnetic fields in question. This typically
pertains to trained staff that are in contact with these fields as a result of
their employment.

411-9001-001 18.07 29 January 2010
If it is important for trained personnel to gain access to an area which

exceeds the controlled limits, access can still be allowed given the
following conditions:
Mount appropriate warning signs to make sure they are cognizant

of the danger and can therefore take any of the following steps to
minimize exposure. An example of such a sign is as follows:
This equipment emits electromagnetic radiation. You should not come
into contact with this equipment while it is being operated."
Use RF shielding
RF protective clothing could reduce power density levels by as much

as 10dB.
Turn off or reduce the transmit power

Control time of exposure. The controlled limits are averaged over 6
minutes, therefore one could reduce their exposure by almost 50% if
working in proximity for only 3 minutes at a time.
For more complete Antenna Siting Guidelines, please refer to the

document SI-EMR-R01.0.
3.2.2 Europe
No European legislation is in place regarding Maximum Permissible
Exposure to electromagnetic fields. Nevertheless, there is a project which
reference is ENV 50166.
Guidelines outlined above for America and Canada can be retained, in so
far as they are very close to the European project. For further information,
please contact your NORTEL NETWORKS representative.

411-9001-001 18.07 29 January 2010
3.3 Electro-magnetic compatibility (EMC)
63
3.3 Electro-magnetic compatibility (EMC)

3.3.1 United States of America and Canada
GSM 1900 products
GSM 1900 products are classified under two categories:
Class A devices: S4000C Indoor, BSC 3000/TCU 3000

Class B devices: S12000 Indoor, S12000 Outdoor, S2000E Outdoor,
S8000 Outdoor, BTS 18000
For a Class A digital Device This equipment generates, uses, and can
radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance
with the instruction manual, may cause harmful interference to radio
communications. This equipment has been tested and found to comply
with the limits for a Class A digital device, pursuant to part 15 of the FCC
Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against
harmful interference in a commercial environment. If this equipment is
used in a residential area, it may cause harmful interference that you must
fix at your own expenses.
For a Class B digital Device This equipment has been tested and found
to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to part
15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable
protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This
equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and,
if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may
cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is
no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation.
If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television
reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on,
the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more
of the following measures:
Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.
Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.

Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to
which the receiver is connected.
For all BTSs only:

This Base Station has been evaluated under IEEE C95.1 requirements,
regarding safety levels with respect to human exposure to radio
frequency electromagnetic fields, 3kHz to 300 GHz. The leakage fields

411-9001-001 18.07 29 January 2010
and equivalent power densities are orders of magnitude less than the
maximum permissible exposures (MPEs) given in the IEEE safety
guidelines.
3.3.2 Europe and others

This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy
and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual,
may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there
is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation.
If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television
reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on,
the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference.
The EMC requirements have been selected to ensure an adequate level of
compatibility for apparatus at residential, commercial, and light industrial
environments. The levels however, do not cover extreme cases which may
occur in any location but with low probability of occurrence. In particular, it
may not cover those cases where a potential source of interference which
is producing individually repeated transient phenomena, or a continuous
phenomena, is permanently present, e.g. a radar or broadcast site in the
near vicinity. In such a case it may be necessary to either limit the source
of interference, or use special protection applied, to the interfered part,
or both.
Compliance of radio communications equipment to the EMC requirements
does not signify compliance to any requirement related to the use of the
equipment (i.e. licensing requirements).
These products are compliant with the relevant parts of the following
specifications:
Table 4
Specifications
S2000E Indoor /S2000E
Outdoor BTS
S8002 BTS
89/336/EEC (EMC directive)
ETS 300 342 - 2 Nov. 1994
p ETS 300 342 - 3 may 1997
GSM 11.20
GSM 11.21
e-cell
BTS 18000
EN 61000-4-6
EN301908-1 & -3
EN 61000-4-11
S8000 Indoor BTS
S8000 Outdoor BTS

411-9001-001 18.07 29 January 2010
3.5 Cable specifications
Table 4
Specifications (contd.)
p ETS 300 342 - 3 MAY 1997
p ETS 300 342 - 3 MAY 1997
GSM 11.21
GSM 11.20
S12000 Indoor BTS
S12000 Outdoor BTS
p ETS 300 342 - 3 MAY 1997
p ETS 300 342 - 3 MAY 1997
GSM 11.21
GSM 11.20
BSC 3000
TCU 3000
EN 300 386 V1.2.1
ETS 300 342 - 2 NOV 1994
3.4 Operating conditions

3.4.1 For all countries
EMC compliance of the product is based on the following operating
conditions (called normal operation):
doors closed and/or cover in place
no modification of any mechanical or electrical characteristics of the

product
external cables of the same type as specified by NORTEL

NETWORKS
Any change or modification made to the product without written approval

from NORTEL NETWORKS does not engage NORTEL NETWORKS
responsibility any more.
3.5 Cable specifications

3.5.1 For all countries
The compliance to EMC requirements in force (89/336/EEC) has
been verified using cables as specified by NORTEL NETWORKS. The
continuing compliance of the product relied upon the correct cabling
scheme, as specified by NORTEL NETWORKS.
Refer to the installation guide for details on cable specifications.

411-9001-001 18.07 29 January 2010
65
3.6 PCM requirements

This equipment complies with Part 68 of the FCC rules. The equipment
label contains, among other information, the FCC registration number
for this equipment. Upon request of the telephone company, you should
provide the FCC registration number of the equipment which is connected
to your T1 line.
No repair can be performed by the user. If trouble is experienced with this
equipment, please contact your NORTEL NETWORKS representative
office. If the trouble is causing harm to the public network, the telephone
company may request you remove the equipment from the network until
the problem is resolved.
3.6.2 Canada
This equipment has been certified by the Industry Canada under CS03
requirements. The equipment label shows the certification number. This
certification means that the equipment meets telecommunications network
protective, operational and safety requirements as prescribed in the
appropriate Terminal equipment technical requirements document(s). The
department dose not guarantee the equipment will operate to the users
satisfaction.
Before installing this equipment, users should ensure that it is permissible
to be connected to the facilities of the local telecommunications company.
The equipment must also be installed using an acceptable method
of connection. The customer should be aware that compliance with
the above conditions may not prevent degradation in service in some
situations.
Repairs to certified equipment should be coordinated by representative
designated by the supplier. Any repairs or alterations made by the
user to this equipment, or equipment malfunctions, may give the
telecommunications company cause to request the user to disconnect the
equipment.
Users should ensure for their own protection that the electrical ground
connection of the power utility, telephone lines and internal metallic water
pipe system, if present, are connected together. This precaution may be
particularly important in rural areas.
Users should not attempt to make such connections themselves, but
should contact the appropriate electric inspection authority, or electrician,
as appropriate.

411-9001-001 18.07 29 January 2010
3.7 Radio approvals
67
3.6.3 Europe
Compliance of the product to European PCM requirements has been
verified against standards CTR 12 and TBR 13. They cover essential
requirements (directive 91/263/EEC) for the physical and electrical
characteristics of the terminal equipment interface, unstructured leased
lines (U2048S) and structured leased lines (D2048S).
Conformance to these requirements does not guarantee end-to-end
interoperability.
Conformance to these requirements does not guarantee user safety or
safety of employees of public telecommunications networks operators, in
so far as these requirements are covered by the Low Voltage Directive
73/23/EEC.
3.7 Radio approvals

For all BTSs only:
This equipment complies with Part 24 Subpart E of the FCC rules. The
equipment label contains, among other information, the transmitter
(TX) FCC registration number for this equipment. Upon request of the
telephone company, you should provide the TX FCC registration number
of the equipment.
Compliance of radio communications equipment to the FCC Part 24
Subpart E requirements does not signify compliance to any requirement
related to the use of the equipment (i.e. licensing requirements).
3.7.2 Canada
For all BTSs only:
This equipment complies with RSS 133 of the DOC rules. The equipment
label contains, among other information, the DOC registration number
for this equipment. Upon request of the telephone company, you should
provide the DOC registration number of the equipment.
Compliance of radio communications equipment to the DOC RSS 133
requirements does not signify compliance to any requirement related to the
use of the equipment (i.e. licensing requirements).

There is a specific radio approval procedure for each country. It is not
possible to list all the applicable approvals, since they will be dependant on
markets and products. Please contact your local NORTEL NETWORKS
representative for more information.

411-9001-001 18.07 29 January 2010
3.8 Product labeling

To indicate compliance with FCC requirements, this device bears the
following statement in a conspicuous location on the device:
This device complies with part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is

subject to the following two conditions:
(1) This device may not cause harmful interference

(2) This device must accept any interference received, including
interference that may cause undesired operation.
TX FCC ID: xxxxxxxxx (FCC Part 24 compliance)

FCC ID: xxxxxxxxx Complies with part 68, FCC rules
Manufacturers name
Model Number
Equipment designation: Example = S8000 Outdoor BTS GSM 1900
The label may be located inside or outside the product, provided that the
user and/or maintenance people will have the information when working
on the product.
3.8.2 Canada
To indicate compliance with the Canadian Standards, the device bears a
label stating that the unit complies with all conditions set out in the special
permission. Suggested text for the notice indicating compliance with this
Standard:
This Class (*) digital apparatus meets all requirements of the Canadian
Interference-Causing Equipment Regulations.
CANADA ID: xxxxxxxxxx (RSS 133 compliance)

CANADA ID: xxxxxxxxxx (CS03 compliance)
Manufacturers name
Model Number
(*) has to be replaced by A or B depending on the product, as
following:
Class A devices: S2000 Indoor, S2000E Indoor, S4000/S4000C

Indoor, S4000 Outdoor, BSC 12000HC, TCU
Class B devices: S2000E Outdoor, S8000 Outdoor, BTS18000.

411-9001-001 18.07 29 January 2010
3.9 RoHS compliancy
69
on the product.

To indicate compliance with the European Directives (EMC, Low Voltage,
Terminal), this device bears the following label in a conspicuous location
on the device:
CE 0188 X
Manufacturers name
Model Number
Any labeling requirement specific to a market (e.g. Type Approval)
on the product.
3.9 RoHS compliancy

3.9.1 RoHS directive
The RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances) directive imposes
restrictions on the type and quantity of materials used in the manufacturing
and construction of Electronic and Electrical Equipment (EEE).
The directive is not applicable to spare parts for the repair, or the reuse, of
electrical and electronic equipment put on the market before 1 July 2006.
For details concerning Nortels environmental strategy, refer to:
www.nortel.com

411-9001-001 18.07 29 January 2010

411-9001-001 18.07 29 January 2010

Release: V18.0 PC2
Publication: 411-9001-001
Document revision: 18.07
Document release date: 29 January 2010
While the information in this document is believed to be accurate and reliable, except as otherwise expressly agreed to in writing
NORTEL PROVIDES THIS DOCUMENT "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OR CONDITION OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS
OR IMPLIED. The information and/or products described in this document are subject to change without notice.
Nortel, Nortel Networks, the Nortel logo, and the Globemark are trademarks of Nortel Networks.
All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
To provide feedback or to report a problem in this document, go to www.nortel.com/documentfeedback.

www.nortel.com

GSM BSS Overview

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Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

Nortel GSM BSS Overview

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

Chapter 1 GSM specifications

1.1 GSM family 13

Chapter 2 Nortel BSS introduction

2.1 Architecture of the Nortel BSS solution 27

Chapter 3 Regulatory information

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

New in this release

Abis over IP on electrical BSC 3000 (34964) (page 8)

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

8 New in this release

Abis over IP on electrical BSC 3000 (34964)

Abis over IP on BTS6000/BTS9000/BTS18000 (34966)

Abis over IP on BTS S8000 / S12000 (34967)

Abis over IP: IP BTS OAM Services (IBOS) (34969)

Abis over IP: end-to-end functions (34973)

V18 support for GSM-R (35095)

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

V18.0 PC1 Access and SGSN 5.0 compatibility (35158)

V18.0 PC1 Access and SGSN 6.0 compatibility (35159)

V18.0 PC1 Access and NSS18 compatability (35160)

V18.0 PC1 Access and NSS19 compatibility (35161)

V18.0 PC1 Access and MGW20 compatibility (35162)

BSS V18.0 PC2 and MSCS19/MG19 compatibility (35203)

BSS V18.0 PC2 and MSVCS20/MG20 compatibility (35204)

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

10 New in this release

The following paragraph indicates this compliancy:2.10 Compliancy

BSS V18.0 PC2 and SGSN 5.0 compatibility (35206)

BSS V18.0 PC2 and SGSN 6.0 compatibility (35207)

CT2000 and WPS compliancy with BSS V18 PC1 (35210)

V18.0 PC2 Access and NSS17R compatability (35272)

updated section 2.5.2 Gb over IP (page 43)

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

Nortel GSM BSS Documentation roadmap (411-9001-000)

Chapter 1 GSM specifications (page 13)

TCU: TransCoder Unit

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

Chapter 1 GSM specifications

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

14 Chapter 1 GSM specifications

1.2 GSM architecture

Mobile station (MS)

The functional architecture of the GSM system is shown in the following

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

1.2 GSM architecture

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

16 Chapter 1 GSM specifications

1.2.1.1 Mobile station (MS)

1.2.1.2 Base station subsystem (BSS)

1.2.1.3 Network and switching subsystem (NSS)

1.2.1.4 Operations subsystem (OSS)

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

1.2 GSM architecture

Radio interface, also called Um or Air interface

The interfaces of the radio-cellular system are shown in the following

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

18 Chapter 1 GSM specifications

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

1.2 GSM architecture