Name:__________________________

Student Number:________________

EE6364 Advanced Data Networks

MidTerm Exam
October 30, 2006
1. (55 Points) Use the space provided below to write down your answers.
(a) What is the bandwidth (Mb/s) required in the ATM network to support circuit
emulation of a T1 circuit using AAL1 UDT? What is the bandwidth (Mb/s)
required in the ATM network to support circuit emulation of a T1 circuit using
AAL1 SDT?

UDT
SDT

UDT 1.544*(53/47)=1.741 Mb/s

1.544*(53/(47-0.125))=1.746Mb/s

(b) In (a), during the RTS period, the derived network clock has 4733 count.
Show the eight CSI bits in the eight consecutive ATM cells assuming the data
block boundary is in the fifth cells? (Cell counting starts from 0.)

4733 = (1001001111101)2
The CSI bits are 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1

(c) The IP datagram for a TCP acknowledgment (ACK) message consists of 20

octets of TCP header and 20 octets of IP header. Assuming this ACK is
traversing an ATM network that uses multiprotocol encapsulation over ATM.
How many ATM cells will it take to carry this ACK packet if LLC encapsulation
is used? (New)
If LLC encapsulation is used, 8 extra bytes (LLC and SNAP) are added to
the IP packet. The higher layer data is then 48 bytes long. The length of
CPAAL5_CS_PDU is 96 bytes (48 bytes user data + 8 bytes AAL5 trailer+
40 bytes pad). Thus AAL5, two ATM cells are needed

(d) In a 10baseT Ethernet, after the 4th collision, what is the probability that a
node choose the random variable r=5 for backoff? If r=5 is chosen, what is the
backoff time?

The probability of choosing r=5 from the range of 0 to 15 is 1/16. The

backoff time is 5*51.2microseconds = 256 microseconds.

(e) If a bridge has two or more of its ports connected to the same network,
looping may occur. How can the bridge detect that and correct the problem?
When the network is running the STP, when these ports receive the
configuration bridge protocol data units sent by other ports that
indicating they are the root. We can choose the port with the smaller
number and shut off other ports.

(f) List the methods that can be used to identify the priority of the MPLS frames in
the MPLS network.

1. Use exp bits

2. Use the label

(g) Two hosts are connected to two different ports of a Frame Relay switch. Can
they use the same DLCI to transmit frames? Why?
Yes. They can.
Since they are connected to different ports, the switch can different the
frames using the port number.

(h) Explain the differences between PPP and HDLC.

1. PPP is byte oriented and use byte stuffing; HDLC uses bit stuffing
2. PPP includes LCP and NCP; HDLC does not

(i) An 2x2 ATM switch uses input buffering. An ATM cell arriving at either input is
equally likely to be destined for output port 1 or 2. What is the maximum
throughput on each output port?
PF=1- (1-1/2)2 = 3/4

(j) Suppose that the unslotted ALOHA protocol is used to share a 56 kbps
satellite channel. Suppose that packets are 1000 bits long. Find the maximum
throughput of the system in packets/second.

Efficiency of unslotted ALOHA is 0.184. Thus maximum throughput in

packets/sec = (56,000 b/s)* (1/1000 packet/b) * 0.184 = 10.34 packets/s.

(k) ATM can be used as the link layer to support many different services.
However, these services have different characteristics and requirements.
Several types of ATM Adaptation Layer are used to handle these services. In
the following table list the AAL type for each service:
Service
T1 circuit emulation
File Transfer
Cell phone voice
IP TV

AAL Type
AAL1
AAL5
AAL2
AAL5

2. (15 points) Use the space provided below each question to write down your
answers.
(a) What is the successor function (2, 152) of a Banyan network Y1024,4 ?
k =log4(1024) = 5
(2, 152) = d-1 (d (152, 5-2+1), 5-2) = d-1 ((d ((02120)4, 4), 3)
= d-1 ((00212)4, 3) = (00122)4 = (3,26)

(b) What is the successor function (3, 124) of a Delta network D729,3
k =log3(729) = 6
(3, 224) = d (124, 6-3+1) = d ((011121)3, 4) = (011112)3 = (4,122)

(c) In an Omega network, N,d, how many switching elements are there? How
many paths are there for each input-output pair?

Number of switching elements = (N/d)*logd N

For each I/O pair, there is only one unique path.

(3) (15 points)

Consider four stations that are all attached to two different bus cables. The
stations exchange fixed-size packets of length 1 sec. Time is divided into
slots of 1 sec. When a station has a packet to transmit, the station chooses
either bus with equal probability and transmits at the beginning of the next slot
with probability p. Find the value of p that maximizes the rate at which
packets are successfully transmitted. What is the maximum successful
transmission rate?

(4) (15 points)

Discussing delay in a packet switching network in the first lecture, we ignore
the packet header of each packet. Now lets consider the packet header. A
user is transmitting a message of K bits over an n-node path in a packetswitching network. The message is segmented into a series of packets, each
containing p data bits and h overhead bits. (The length of each packet is h +
p.) The transmission rate is c bits/second in all links, and the propagation and
queuing delays are negligible. (a) What is the total end-to-end delay? (b)
What is the optimal value of the packet size p that minimizes the total end-toend delay?

(3)
P(success) = (number of stations) x P(one station transmits on one
bus and at the next slot) x P(no other stations transmit on the same
bus and at the next slot)
3

p
p
p

= 4 x x 1 = 2 p1
2
2
2

Take the derivative with respect to p,

3

dP( success )
p
p

= 2 1 3 p 1 = 0
2
2
dp

p=(1/2)
P(success) = 27/64 = 0.4219

(4)
The delay D is
p+h
K
p+h
( n + 1) + ( 1)
D=
c
p
c
To find the optimal p
dD n + 1 Kh 1
=

=0
dp
c
p 2c c
Thus,
poptimal =

Kh
n