11/4/2011

Hematopoiesis
All blood cells arise from hematopoietic stem
cell (HSC)
self-renewing
maintain their population level by cell division

formation and development of RBCs & WBCs

embryonic yolk sac
fetal liver and then spleen
bone marrow

hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)

unipotent cell
which differentiates into a single cell type

multipotent or pluripotent
able to differentiate in various ways and different
cell types (hematopoietic stem cell)

one HSC per 5 X 104 cells in the bone marrow

Hematopoietic Stem Cell (HSC)

Differentiates along one of two pathways
Lymphoid progenitor cell
Myeloid progenitor cell

Lost the capacity for self-renewal

Committed to a particular cell lineage
Depends on particular growth factors and
cytokines

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Lymphoid Cells
Grow and mature on a meshwork of stromal
cells
Fat cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and
macrophages
Provide a hematopoietic-inducing
microenvironment (HIM)

B LYMPHOCYTES
Bursa of Fabricius (Birds)
Bone marrow (Mammals)
Display membrane-bound immunoglobulin
(antibody)
Naive B cell
Plasma cells
Memory cells

B cells
T cells
Natural killer cells
CD
Cluster of Differentiation
Membrane molecules recognized by particular
monoclonal antibodies

T LYMPHOCYTES
Thymus
T-cell receptor (TCR)
T Helper (TH) cells
CD4 T cells
Class II MHC molecules

T Cytotoxic (TC) cells

CD8 T cells
Class I MHC molecules

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T Helper (TH) cells Activation

T Cytotoxic (TC) cells Activation

Activated by recognition of an antigenclass II

MHC complex on an APC
TH 1 response

Activated by interaction with an antigenclass

I MHC complex on the surface of an altered
self-cell
Differentiate into cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)
Secrete few cytokines
Recognize and eliminate altered self-cells

Cytokine
supports inflammation and activates mainly
certain T cells and macrophages

TH 2 response
Activates mainly B cells and immune responses
depend on antibodies

NATURAL KILLER CELLS

Large, granular lymphocytes
Activity against tumor cells and some viral
infected cells
No membrane molecules and receptors
Distinguish abnormalities

Reduction in the display of class I MHC molecules

Surface antigens displayed by tumor cells and some
viral infected cells

Cells having antitumor or antiviral antibodies

attached to their surfaces

Mononuclear Phagocytes
Monocytes in the blood
Macrophages in the tissues
Granulocyte-monocyte progenitor cells
differentiate into promonocytes (Bone
Marrow)
Differentiate into mature monocytes (Blood)
Differentiate into specific tissue macrophages
or dendritic cells

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Differentiation of a monocyte into a

tissue macrophage

Cell enlarges five- to ten fold

Organelles increase in number and complexity
Acquires increased phagocytic ability
Produces higher levels of hydrolytic enzymes
Secrete a variety of soluble factors
Fixed macrophages
Free, or wandering macrophages

Macrophages

Alveolar macrophages (lung)

Histiocytes (connective tissues)
Kupffer cells (liver)
Mesangial cells (kidney)
Microglial cells (brain)
Osteoclasts (bone)

PHAGOCYTOSIS
Ingesting and digesting exogenous
antigens
Whole microorganisms and insoluble particles

Endogenous matter
Injured or dead host cells
Cellular debris
Activated clotting factors

Oxygen-dependent pathway
Oxygen-independent pathway

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Granulocytic Cells
NEUTROPHILS or Polymorphonuclear
leukocyte (PMN)
EOSINOPHILS
BASOPHILS
MAST CELLS
DENDRITIC CELLS

NEUTROPHILS or Polymorphonuclear
leukocyte (PMN)
Released into the peripheral blood and
circulate for 710 h
Migrate into the tissues, life span of only a few
days
First to arrive at a site of inflammation
Leukocytosis
oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent
pathways higher than macrophages

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EOSINOPHILS
Motile phagocytic cells
can migrate from the blood into the tissue spaces

Less important than that of neutrophils

Play a role in the defense against parasitic
organisms
Secretions damage the parasite membrane

BASOPHILS
Nonphagocytic granulocytes
Release substances from their cytoplasmic
granules
Role in certain allergic responses

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MAST CELLS
Released into the blood as undifferentiated
cells
Differentiate in tissues
Contain histamine
Role in the development of allergies

DENDRITIC CELLS
Long membrane extensions
Function
the presentation of antigen to TH cells

Four types of dendritic cells