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The successful completion of this report is made possible with the help and guidance received
from various quarters. We would like to avail this opportunity to express our sincere thanks
and gratitude to all of them.
We are deeply indebted to our guide, Ms. D.LEELA RANI, M.Tech.,(Ph.D.),
Associate Professor, Department of ECE. We are really fortunate to associate ourselves
with such an advising and helping guide in every possible way at all stages providing time
and amenities to complete this Mini Project.
We extend our deep sense of gratitude to Prof. P.V.RAMANA, M.Tech., (Ph.D.),
Head of the Department, ECE for his moral support and valuable advices during this Mini
Project work and the course.
We thank our Principal, Dr. P.C. KRISHNAMACHARY, M.E., Ph.D., for
supporting us in completion of this Mini Project work successfully providing the facilities.
We are very much thankful to all the faculty members of the ECE department for their
good wishes and value based imparting of the theory and practical subjects, which we have
put to use in Mini Project report.
Finally, we would like to take this opportunity to specially thank our parents for their
kind help, encouragement and moral support.
E.HARESH 12121A0422
A.SWATHI 12121A0401
D.LEELADRI 12121A0420
C.BHARGAVA REDDY 12121A0413
Declaration
We hereby declare that Mini Project report entitled UNDERGROUND CABLE FAULT
DISTANCE LOCATOR being submitted by us for award of degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological
University Anantapur, Anantapur is a bonafide record of the SREE VIDYANIKETHAN
ENGINEERING COLLEGE and has not been submitted to any other courses or university
for award of any degree.
E.HARESH 12121A0422
A.SWATHI 12121A0401
D.LEELADRI 12121A0420
C.BHARGAVA REDDY 12121A0413
Abstract
The work is intended to detect the location of a fault in underground cable lines from the base
station in kilometers. In the urban areas, the electrical cables run underground instead of
running overhead. Whenever any fault occurs within the underground cable, it becomes
difficult to detect the exact location of the fault for the process of repairing that particular
cable. The proposed system finds the point of the exact location of the fault.
The system uses the standard concept of Ohms law, i.e., when a low DC voltage is
applied at the feeder end through a series resistor (Cable lines), then the current would vary
depending upon the location of the short circuit fault in the cable. This system uses a
microcontroller of the 8051 family and a rectified power supply. Here, the current sensing
circuit in combination with the resistors is interfaced to the microcontroller with the help of
an ADC device for representing the cable length in Km. The fault creation is made by a set of
switches. The relays are controlled by a relay driver IC, which is used to check the cable line.
The 16x2 LCD display connected to the microcontroller is used to display the information.
In case of a short circuit (Line to Ground), the voltage across the series resistors
changes accordingly. It is then fed to an ADC to develop the precise digital data which is
directed to the programmed microcontroller of the 8051 family in order to display the same in
kilometers. The work in future can be implemented by using a capacitor in an AC circuit to
measure the impedance which can even locate the open circuited cable.
List of Contents
Page no.
Chapter 1
Acknowledgement
ii
Abstract
iv
List of Figures
vii
List of Tables
viii
Introduction
01
01
Chapter 2
Block Diagram
04
Chapter 3
Hardware Requirements
05
3.1 Transformer
05
Chapter 4
07
3.3 Rectifier
08
3.4 Filter
09
3.5 Microcontroller
10
16
18
3.8 ULN2003
20
3.9 Relay
23
3.10 Diodes
25
3.11 Resistors
26
3.12 Capacitors
28
Software Requirements
33
33
33
34
34
34
34
35
35
35
Chapter 5
35
36
36
36
36
4.15 Embedded C
37
38
38
39
Chapter 6
Layout Diagram
42
Chapter 7
43
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
43
44
Coding
45
8.1 Compiler
45
52
Hardware Testing
58
58
58
Result
60
Conclusion
61
Future Scope
62
References
63
List of Figures
Name of the Figure
Page no.
Figure 1.1
01
Figure 1.2
V Diagram
02
Figure 2.1
Block Diagram
04
Figure 3.1
A Typical Transformer
05
Figure 3.2
06
Figure 3.3
07
Figure 3.4
08
Figure 3.5
Bridge Rectifier
09
Figure 3.6
09
Figure 3.7
11
Figure 3.8
13
Figure 3.9
Oscillator Connections
15
Figure 3.10
16
Figure 3.11
17
Figure 3.12
17
Figure 3.13
19
Figure 3.14
20
Figure 3.15
Diagram of ULN2003
21
Figure 3.16
21
Figure 3.17
Darlington Pair
22
Figure 3.18
23
Figure 3.19
23
Figure 3.20
1N4007 diodes
25
Figure 3.21
25
Figure 3.22
29
Figure 3.23
30
Figure 5.1
Schematic Diagram
38
Figure 5.2
40
Figure 6.1
Layout Diagram
42
Figure 7.1
44
List of Tables
Name of the Table
Page no.
Table 3.1
08
Table 10.1
60