GSM Overview

Non-Technical Staff

Agenda
Introduction
Basic GSM Network Structure
Radio Coverage
Traffic Cases
GSM Services

Introduction

History of Wireless Communication

Date

Place

Activity

1921

Chicago

2 MHz Vehicular Mobile Radio system for Police Applications

1930s

US

Invention of Amplitude Modulation. Half Duplex transmission

1935

US

Invention of Frequency Modulation. Improved Audio Quality

1946

St. Louis

FCC First Domestic Public Land Mobile service at 150 MHz

1969

Europe

Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden form the first

standardization group: Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT)

1973

Europe

NMT specifies standards to allow mobiles phones to be located within or

across their networks. Basis for roaming idea

1979

Chicago

Advanced Mobile Phone System. First Cellular Analog network

1991

Europe

The First Digital Cellular Standard (GSM) is launched

Evolution of Cellular Communication

Evolution of Cellular Communication

Early 1980s

Evolution of Cellular Communication

Early 1990s

Evolution of Cellular Communication

History of GSM
Date

Activity

1982

Nordic Telecom and Netherlands PTT send a proposal to CEPT to specify a common
European mobile telecommunication service.
The European Commission (EC) issued a directive, which requires member states to reserve
frequencies in the 900 MHz band for GSM.

1986

Field tests were held in Paris and a GSM permanent nucleus was created and comparative
tests of 8 prototypes were performed.
The choice was Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) or Frequency Division Multiple
Access (FDMA).

1987

Hybrid TDMA/FDMA was selected as the transmission technology for GSM.

September: 13 operators and administrators from 12 areas in the CEPT GSM advisory group
sign the charter GSM (Groupe Spciale Mobile) MoU "Club" agreement, with a launch date of
1 July 1991.
The original French name was later changed to Global System for Mobile Communications,
but the original GSM acronym stuck.
GSM spec drafted. (Digital Transmission, Time Multiplexing of order 8 and slow Hopping).

1988

CEPT began producing GSM specifications for phased implementation.

Another five countries signed the MoU

History of GSM
Date

Activity

1989

The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) defined GSM as the

internationally accepted digital cellular telephony standard and took over responsibility of
GSM specifications.

1990

Phase 1 specifications were frozen to allow manufacturers to develop network requirements

and the first GSM prototype was brought to service.

1991

The GSM 1800 standard was released.

An addendum was added to the MoU allowing countries outside CEPT to sign.

1992

1993

Australia became the first non-European country to sign the MoU. The MoU now had a total
of 70 signatories.
GSM demonstrated for the first time in Africa at Telkom '93 in Cape Town
GSM networks were launched in Norway, Austria, Ireland, Hong Kong and Australia.
The number of GSM subscribers reached one million.
The first commercial DCS 1800 system was launched in the U.K.
December 1993: 32 networks on air in 18 areas

Phase 1 specifications were completed.

January - First commercial phase 1 GSM network operator is Oy Radiolinja Ab in Finland.
December 1992 - 13 networks on air in 7 areas.
First International roaming agreement was signed between Telecom Finland and Vodafone in
UK.

History of GSM
Date

Activity

1996

GSM MoU is formally registered as an Association registered in Switzerland

December 1996: 120 networks on air in 84 areas
8000 SIM launched
Pre-Paid GSM SIM Cards launched
Option International launches world's first GSM/Fixed-line modem
Nov 1996 - Sole Governmental operator in Egypt goes online.

1997

First dual-band GSM 900-1900 phone launched by Bosch

1998

At the beginning of 1998 the MoU has a total of 253 members in over 100 countries and
there are over 70 million GSM subscribers worldwide. GSM subscribers account for 31% of
the worlds mobile market.
Vodacom Introduces Free Voice Mail.
GSM SIM Cracked in USA.
21 May 1998. Egypt privatizes its GSM operator.
Iridium Live 11/98.
125 million GSM 900/1800/1900 users worldwide (12/98).
1 Dec 1998. Click GSM commercial launch.

GSM Coverage Worldwide

Questions

GSM Network Elements

Basic GSM Nodes

HLR

BTS

BSC

AUC

MSC/VLR

Radio Interface
Other
OtherSwitching
Switching
Nodes
Nodes

Other MSCs
MS

Gateways to Other Networks

PABX

PSTN

Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)

Administers one or more Base Station Controllers (BSCs).
Switches calls to/from mobile subscribers.
Records charging and accounting details.
Provides the gateway functionality to other networks.

HLR

AUC

BSC
BTS

MSC/VLR

Home Location Register (HLR)

Stores for each mobile subscriber:
Basic subscriber categories.
Supplementary services.
Current location.
Allowed/barred services.
Authentication data.

Helps the routing of mobile terminated calls and SMS.

HLR
AUC

BSC
BTS

MSC/VLR

Visitor Location Register (VLR)

Stores a copy of the HLR Profile for all mobile subscribers who are covered
by cells belonging to the MSC coverage area.
The VLR is always integrated with the MSC.

HLR

AUC

BSC
BTS

MSC/VLR

Base Station Controller (BSC)

Manages the Radio Communication with the mobile station over the air
interface.
Controls the handover of calls in progress Between BTSs.
Supervises the transmission network and the operation of each BTS.

HLR

AUC

MSC/VLR
BTS

BSC

Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

Consists of the radio transmitters, receivers and the antenna system
required to provide the coverage area for one cell.
Converts the GSM radio signals into a format that can be recognized by the
BSC.
Records and passes to the BSC the Signal strength measurements.
Performs the network end of the ciphering/encryption process.

HLR

BTS

BSC

MSC/VLR

AUC

Mobile Station (MS)

Mobile Station

+
SIM Card
Handset

The SIM Card contains a processor and memory that stores:

The international mobile subscriber Identity IMSI
The authentication and ciphering keys.

GSM Identities
Mobile Station ISDN Number (MSISDN)
20

10

1100477

44

385

196099

CC

NDC

SN

CC

NDC

SN

Vodafone Egypt MSISDN

CC : Country Code
NDC: Network Destination Code
SN : Subscriber Number

Vodafone UK MSISDN

GSM Identities
International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
234

15

1234567890

602

02

1234567890

MCC

MNC

MSIN

MCC

MNC

MSIN

Vodafone UK IMSI

MCC : Mobile Country Code

MNC : Mobile Network Code
MSIN : Mobile Station Identification Number

Vodafone Egypt IMSI

GSM Identities
International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)
6 Digits 2 Digits 6 Digits
Final Assembly Codes (FAC)

TAC

FAC

SN

IMEI

TAC : Type Approval Codes

FAC : Factory Assembly Code
SN : Serial Number

01,02
07,40
10,20
30
40,41,44
47
50
51
51
51
60
70
75
80
85

AEG
Motorola
Nokia
Ericsson
Siemens
Optional International
Bosch
Sony
Siemens
Ericsson
Alcatel
Sagem
Dancall
Philips
Panasonic

GSM Identities
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity Number (TMSI)
TMSI may be allocated to a mobile subscriber to be used instead of
IMSI during all radio communications in order to keep subscribers
information confidential on the air interface.
TMSI is relevant on the local MSC/VLR only and is changed at certain
events or time intervals.
Each operator can define its own TMSI structure.

GSM Identities
Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN)
During setup of a mobile-terminating call, the HLR of the called
subscriber requests the MSC/VLR to allocate an MSRN to the called
subscriber.
This MSRN is returned via the HLR to the GMSC.
The GMSC routes the call to the MSC/VLR exchange where the called
subscriber is currently registered.
The routing is done using the MSRN. When the routing is completed,
the MSRN is released.
The MSRN is built up like an MSISDN

GSM Network Structure

SS

AUC

PLMN
ISDN

HLR

SMSC-GMSC
SMS-IWMSC

SC

GWMSC

PSTN

MIN
DTI

EIR
MSC/VLR

BGW

BSS
SGSN
BSC/TRC

GPRS

Air I/f
OSS
MS

BTS

Split Architecture
Control Layer
BICC

MSC
Server

TSG
Server

GCP

GCP

BS
S

AP

P
U
IS

Connectivity Layer
BSC
X

MGW

X
X

MGW

PSTN/ISDN/PLMN

Vodafone Egypt Network Structure

Live Nodes in December 2008:
16

MSC

33

MSC Server

42

Media Gateway

46

BSC

Transit Gateway

15

HLR

FNR

Questions

Radio Coverage

Cell Geometry

Dead Spots

Problem of omni directional antennas

Cell Geometry
To solve the dead spot problem:

Tradeoffs:
The number of cells required to cover a given area.
The cell transceiver power.

Transceiver Antenna

Sectorial Antenna

Omni-Directional Antenna

Sectorial Antenna

The cells will take the form of overlapping circles.

Due to the obstacles in the coverage area the actual shape of the
cells would be random.

Cell Classification
Macrocell

Fast moving subscribers

Picocell
In building
coverage
Microcell
Slow moving subscribers

Cell Classification
Umbrella Cell

Normal Cell

Overlaid &
Underlaid Cells

Normal Cell

Spectrum Allocation: GSM 900

Downlink 935 960 MHz

Uplink 890 915 MHz

200 KHz
890.2
1

890

890.6
3

935

121 122 123 124

915 F (MHz)

890.4

935.2 935.6
1

Uplink

Downlink

121 122 123 124

960 F (MHz)

935.4

GSM 900 Frequency Allocation

ARFCN

Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number

Spectrum Allocation: GSM 1800

Downlink 1805 1880 MHz

Uplink 1710 1785 MHz

200 KHz
1710.2 1710.6
1

Uplink

371 372 373 374

1710 1710.4

1785 F (MHz)

1805.2 1805.6
1

Downlink

371 372 373 374

1805 1805.4

1880 F (MHz)

GSM 1800 Frequency Allocation

ARFCN

Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number

GSM Spectrum
1710
915

GSM 900
With 124 ARFCN

935

Downlink
25 MHz

1785

GSM 1800
With 374 ARFCN

95 MHz

Uplink

45 MHz

890

Uplink

960
1805

Downlink
75 MHz

1880

GSM Coverage Plan

To provide coverage for a large area, we have two options:

(A) One high power transceiver

(B) Divide area into cells

The mobile equipments will have high output

power in order to be able to transmit signals
across the coverage area.

Each cell will have relatively small power

transceivers.

The usage of the radio resources would be

limited.

The frequency may be reused in two far

separated cells. This yields:
Increased capacity of the system.
Good interference characteristics

Frequency Reuse
Why do we need frequency reuse?
Total no of channels (frequencies) = 124
Every channel can be shared between a maximum of 8 subscribers.
Maximum no of simultaneous calls = 8 X 124 = 992 !!

How is frequency reuse done?

The whole available frequencies is divided between a group of neighboring cells
which is called frequency reuse pattern or a Cluster, and this pattern is
repeated this over the whole network on 2 conditions:
Frequencies must not be used in the adjacent cells.
Enough distance between the cells where the same group of frequencies
are reused.

Frequency Reuse: 3/9 Cluster

A3

B3
A2

A1
A3

B3
A2

A1

C1
A3
A2

B1

B2

C3

C1
A3

C2
C1

A1
C3

C2
C1

A3
C2

C1

B1

B2

C3

B3
A2

A1

Available frequencies are divided into 9 groups

and distributed between 3 sites (9 Sectors)

B2
B1

C3
C2

C1

B2

C3

B1

B2
B1

A1

A2

B3

B3
A2

B3

A1

A2

A3

C1

C2

C2
C1

C2

A3

B1

B2

C3

B2

C3

B1

B2

C3

B1

A2

B3

A1

B3

A1

A2

B3

A1

C2

A3
C2

A1
A3

C1

B3
A2

B1

B2

C3

B2

C3

B1

A3

C2
C1

Frequency Reuse: 4/12 Cluster

A3

B3
A2

A1

A3
B2

B1
C3

A1

C2
A3
A2

B2

C3
C1
B3

A1

A3
B2

B1
C3

A2
B1

C1

D1

Available frequencies are divided into 12 groups

and distributed between 4 sites (12 Sectors)

C1

B2
B1

C3

D3
C2

D2
D1

D1

A2

D3

D2

B3

A1

C2

D2

C2

A3

B1

D3

C1

B2

C3

D3

C3

D1

A2

B2
B1

D2

B3

A1

C2

D2
D1

A3
B2

C3

D3

C1

D1
B3

A1

C2
C1

C1

D1

A2

D3

D2

B3

A1

C2

D2

C2

A3

B1

D3

C1

B2

C3

D3

C3

D1

A2

B2
B1

D2

B3

A1

C2

D2
D1

A2

B1

A1

C2

A3

B3
A2

D3

C1

B2

C3

D3
C2

A3

A2

B2

C3

D1

A3

B1

D2

B3

A1

A2

D3

C1

B3

A1

C2

A3

B1

B2

C3

D1

A3

B1

D2

B3

A1

A2

D3

C1

B3

C1

D2
D1

Frequency Reuse: 7/21 Cluster

A3

E3
A2

A1
B3

E2
E1

D3
B2

B1

D2
D1

C3

B3

A3
A2
A1

B1

D1

F1

C2
C1

A1
B2

G2
G1

B1

D2

C3

Available frequencies are divided into 21 groups

and distributed between 7 sites (21 Sectors)

F2
F1

G3
C2

C1

C1

G2
G1

F2
F1

G3
C2

F3

D1

D2

C3

E1

F3

D1

E2

D3

E1

B2

E3

E2

D3

B1

A2

B3

A1

G2

A3

E3
A2

B3

G1

F2

G3

F1

C2

F3

A3
F2

G3

C1

D2

C3

D1

E2

D3

F3
D2

C3

E1

B2

D3

B1
E3

E2
E1

B2

G2
G1

B3

A1

F1

C2

E3
A2

F2

G3

C1

A3

F3

G2
G1

Frequency Reuse: Which Cluster Size to use?

Frequencies per Site

Traffic Channels

C/I Ratio

3/9

High

High

Low

4/12

Medium

Medium

Medium

7/21

Low

Low

High

Carrier to Interference Ratio

Its the difference in power level between the carrier in a given cell
and the same carrier received from the nearest cell that reuses the
same frequency.

Questions

Traffic Cases

Location Update
Why do we need to update our location data?
To identify subscribers locations within the network so that incoming calls could
be routed to the correct recipient.

Options for location update:

Location update each time the subscriber changes his serving cell
huge amount of location update messages
No location updates and paging subscriber in the whole network
huge amount of paging messages

Compromise

Location Update
Location Area
Location area is a part of the MSC/VLR coverage area.
Each group of adjacent cells is assigned a universal unique Location
Area Identity (LAI).
Mobile subscribers update the network with their new location every
time it changes its Location Area.
The concept of Location Area enables us to make an approximate
estimation of the subscribers location.

Location Update
MSC Coverage Area (Service Area)

LA 1
LA 3
MSC
LA 2
LA4

Location Update
MSC Coverage Area (Service Area)

Location Update

234

15

1607

234

15

1607

781

MCC

MNC

LAC

MCC

MNC

LAC

CID

Location Area Identifier (LAI)

Cell Global Identity (CGI)

MCC : Mobile Country Code

MNC : Mobile Network Code
LAC : Location Area Code

MCC : Mobile Country Code

MNC : Mobile Network Code
LAC : Location Area Code
CGI : Cell Global Identity

Location Update
Types of Location Update
1. Normal location update within same MSC service area.
2. Normal location update between 2 different MSC service areas.
3. IMSI attach/detach
4. Periodic Location Update

Location Update
1. Normal location update within same MSC service area
Updates
LA Record

1. The Mobile sends an allocation request message to the BTS

MSC/VLR
2. The BTS responds with the allocation message
3. The mobile sends a location update request message with its
IMSI to the MSC/VLR

BSC

4. The MSC/VLR updates the location information and sends a

Location Update confirmation message

Location Update

VLR Address
=
New
Old MSC
MSC

2. Normal location update between 2 different

MSC service areas

HLR

IMSI to MGT
translation

1. The mobile sends a location update request to the MSC.

2. The new MSC/VLR receives the IMSI and conclude the
MGT.

Old MSC/VLR

New MSC/VLR

Old BSC

New BSC

3. The MSC/VLR sends a subscriber information request with

the IMSI to the proper HLR
4. The HLR stores the address of the new MSC/VLR
5. The HLR sends the data to the new MSC/VLR and it is kept
there
6. The HLR sends a location cancellation message to the old
MSC/VLR to remove the data
7. The new MSC/VLR sends a location updating confirmation
message to the mobile

LA 2
LA 1

Location Update
3a. IMSI Detach
Reject
Incoming Calls

MSC/VLR

1. At power off, the MS asks for a signaling channel.

2. The MS uses this signaling channel to send the IMSI detach
message to the MSC/VLR.
3. In the VLR, an IMSI detach flag is set for the subscriber. This is
used to reject incoming calls to the MS.

BSC

Switching Off

Location Update
3b. IMSI Attach
1. MS requests a signaling channel.

Normal
Call
Reject
Handling
Incoming
Calls

MSC/VLR

2. The MSC/VLR receives the IMSI attach message from the MS.
3. The MSC/VLR sets the MS status to IMSI attach in the VLR.
The mobile is now ready for normal call handling.
4. The VLR returns an acknowledgment to the MS.

BSC
Note: If the MS changed location area while detached, a
normal location update would take place

Detached
Active

Location Update
4. Periodic Location Update
A routine task performed by the network if the MS doesnt make any
activity during a predefined period.
If the MS doesnt respond to this periodic location update, it will be
marked as implicitly detached (Temporarily out of service).

Handover
Handover is keeping continuity of the call while the subscriber is roaming in
the network (moving from one cell to another).
During a call, the MS is continuously measuring transmission quality of
neighboring cells and reports these results to the BSC through the BTS.
The BSC is responsible of handover initiation.
Good neighbor relations between cells is an important factor in keeping the
network performance within accepted levels.

Handover
Types of Handover
1. Intra BSC Handover
Both serving and target cells belong to the same BSC.

2. Inter BSC / Intra MSC Handover

Target cell belongs to a different BSC, but to the same serving MSC.

3. Inter MSC Handover

Target cell belongs to a different BSC and a different MSC.

Handover
Initiate
Handover

1. Intra BSC Handover

1. The BSC decides from the power measurement reports that the
call must be handed over to another cell.

BSC

2. The BSC checks for an vacant TCH in the new cell and orders
this cell to activate the TCH.
3. The BSC orders the serving cell to send a message to the MS
telling the information of new TCH.
4. The MS tunes to the new frequency and sends handover access
burst.
5. The new cell detects the handover burst and sends information
about the suitable timing advance to the MS.
6. The MS sends a HO complete message to the new cell.
7. The new cell sends a message to the BSC that the handover is
successful.
8. The BSC orders the old cell to release the TCH.

Old Cell

New Cell

Handover
2. Inter BSC / Intra MSC Handover

MSC/VLR

Old BSC

New BSC

Handover
3. Inter MSC Handover

Old MSC

Old BSC

New MSC

New BSC

Mobile Originated Call

1. MS sends a call request including its IMSI to its serving MSC.

2. MSC will mark the subscriber as busy, authenticate the user to verify
the mobile the right to access the network, then initiate ciphering in
order to protect the call on the radio path..

PSTN

3. MS sends a call setup message to the MSC with information about

the call type, services required and dialed number.
4. MSC checks the subscriber profile to verify that he is authorized to
use the requested services, and then a establish a link with the BSC.

MSC

5. BSC checks the mobile serving BTS for an idle traffic channel and
then orders that BTS to seize this channel for the call.

BSC
6. The BSC informs the MSC when the traffic channel assignment is
complete.
7. The MSC starts to analyze the dialed number and sets up the
connection towards the called subscriber

Mobile Terminated Call

HLR
3

PSTN

2
4

GMSC

BSC

MSC
7

8
9

Roaming: Location Update

IMSI

Copy of the HLR Profile will

be stored in Stock. VLR

calls allowed ?

MSC/VLR
Is roaming and Int.

60202..

Is a roaming agreement present ?

Attached
Detached
VLR ADD=

HLR

Egypt Airport
Stock.
Roaming & Int.
Roaming
& Int.
Allowed
Allowed

Roaming: Call to HPLMN

MSISDN
+2010.

MSC/VLR

Originating Leg

Terminating Leg
Attached

HLR
GWMSC

VLR ADD=
xyz

Roaming: Call from HPLMN

MSC/VLR

Roaming Call Forwarding Leg

Originating Leg

Attached
VLR ADD=
Stock. Airport

MSISDN
HLR

010

GWMSC

Roaming & Int.

Allowed

Roaming: Call from another Roamer

MSISDN
+2010.

MSC/VLR
A

MSC/VLR
B

Roaming Call
Forwarding Leg

Attached

Originating Leg

VLR ADD=
Stock. B

HLR
GWMSC

Roaming & Int.

Allowed

Roaming: Call to The visited PLMN

MSISDN
+46

MSC/VLR
A

MSC/VLR
B

Originating Leg

STCK.
HLR
STCK.
GWMSC

HLR
GWMSC

Terminating Leg

Questions

GSM Services

Introduction
Examples of GSM non-Speech services
Fax calls
Data calls
Short messages service (SMS)

Conclusion: GSM is a telecommunication network rather than a

telephony network.

Fax and data Calls

Supported by :

PSTN

ISDN

The receiving node must know:

What service is requested? e.g. speech, fax or data
How will the service be performed? e.g. bit rate

GSM

Fax and data Calls

Why do we have additional MSISDN for the same subscriber to be able
to receive fax and data calls?
Information sent at call setup from ISDN or GSM on how the service will be
performed, is called Bearer Capabilities (BC).
ISDN and GSM have different transmission requirements and different
coding schemes, so they have different bearer capabilities referred to as
ISDN-BC and GSM-BC.
PSTN can not provide this type of information during call setup, so it can not
distinguish between a telephony call and a fax or data call.
An Additional MSISDN (AMSISDN) will be allocated to a mobile subscriber
who has the service of receiving fax or data calls.

Fax and data Calls

For an MSC to handle fax or data calls, it needs a Data Transmission
Interface (DTI), which provides:
Rate adaptation
Protocol conversion
Providing modems

Fax and data Calls

Fax from PSTN
AMSISDN

IMSI

AMSISDN

BC

AMSISDN

HLR

AMSISDN

PSTN

GWMSC

MSC/VLR

DTI

Fax and data Calls

GSM fax call

PSTN

MSC

DTI

Short Message Service

The Short Message Service (SMS) allows a mobile subscriber to send and
receive text messages composed of 160 characters at most.
The short messages sent or received are handled by the Short Message
Service Center (SMSC), which consists of three parts :
Service Center (SC)
SMS Gateway MSC (SMS-GMSC)
SMS Inter-Working MSC (SMS-IWMSC)

Short Message Service

Service Center (SC)
Handles the delivery of SMSs to/from Short Message Entities (SME), which can
be any originator or receiver of short messages such as mobile, fax, etc.
Stores the short messages.
Creates billing files.

SMS-GMSC
Interrogates the HLR to determine the location of a mobile subscriber.
Forwards the short message to a mobile subscriber via its serving MSC.

SMS-IWMSC
Receives the mobile originated short message from any MSC in the network.
Receives alerts from the HLR to inform the SC that a mobile subscriber who
was absent during a previous SMS delivery attempt is reachable again.

Mobile Originated SMS

SC

SMS - IWMSC

SMS - GMSC

MSC1

MSC2
HLR

MO

MT

Unsuccessful Message Transfer

SC

SMS - GMSC

W
ai
tin
g

es
sa
ge

D
at
a

SMS - IWMSC

MSC1

Pending Message
Flag

MSC2
HLR

MO

MT

The Mobile is present once more

SC

SMS - IWMSC

SMS - GMSC

er
Al
is
S
M
e t
Th n
t: ese
pr

MSC1
HLR

MS
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nt
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pre

is

MSC2
Attach

MO

MT

Other GSM Services

SS

Supplementary Services

IN

Intelligent Networks

CAMEL

Customized Application of Mobile Enhanced Logic

MMS

Multimedia Message Service

WAP

Wireless Applications Protocol

Evolution of GSM
HSCSD

High Speed Circuit Switched Data

GPRS

General Packet Radio Services

EDGE

Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution

UMTS

Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

HSDPA

High Speed Downlink Packet Access

HSUPA

High Speed Uplink Packet Access

IMS

IP Multimedia Subsystem

Evolution of GSM
UMTS

Functionality
& capabilities

capable systems
WCDMA
2 Mbps

EDGE/IS-136
384 kbps
GPRS
115 kbps
HSCSD
57.6 kbps

Packet Switched

Circuit Switched

Circuit data
<9.6 kbps
Speech
Time
1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Questions

Thank You