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Author
Scientific Background
Physical Chemistry
Professional Experience
9 years at ThyssenKrupp Electrical Steel
Quality Dept., Application Engineering
GO and NGO Electrical Steel
Dr. Andreas Jansen, ThyssenKrupp Electrical Steel
06.06.2013
Page 2
Introduction
Siemens AG
Siemens AG
06.06.2013
Page 3
Agenda
06.06.2013
Page 4
U1
N1
N2
I N
lm
f B A N
U2
U1
U2
N1
N2
r
1000
06.06.2013
Page 5
Other
GO
NO
The properties of the core material (i.e. permeability, specific total loss,
workability, costs) determine the design and efficiency of electrical devices
Dr. Andreas Jansen, ThyssenKrupp Electrical Steel
06.06.2013
Page 6
stacked sheets
e
d/n
Ps
PEc
Physt
f d B
6
Js
Peddy
massive block
0
stacked sheets
Alloying content in %
Alloying content in %
06.06.2013
Page 7
Magnetic polarization J
Magnetization curves of
body-centered cubic -iron
0.03 cm
3 cm
06.06.2013
Page 8
TD
In conventional grain
oriented products, called
CGO, the misorientation
angle between the cube
edges and the rolling
direction is on average
about 7
10mm
mm
10
Rolling direction RD
Goss texture
misorientation
angle
cube-on-edge
orientation
[001]
06.06.2013
Page 9
Steelmaking
Secondary metallurgy
very narrow ranges for the inhibitor elements (S, N, Al, ...)
and auxiliary elements (C, Sn, Bi,...)
Hot
area
Preheating
Prerolling
Reheating + soaking up to 1,400 C
Roughing rolling 40...80 mm
finedispers precipitation
of inhibitor particles
crucial step
Intermediate annealing
Finish cold rolling 0.23...0.35 mm
Cold
area
Decarburization annealing
Anneal. separator coating
Box annealing up to 1,200 C
Insulation coating
primary recrystallization;
inhibition of primary grain growth
avoidance of too strong premature inhibition drop
secondary recrystallization
purification from inhibitor elements (dissolution + diffusion)
Thermal flattening
Domain refinement
Dr. Andreas Jansen, ThyssenKrupp Electrical Steel
06.06.2013
Page 10
(Torpedo ladle)
C, Si, Mn, P, S
Converter
Desulphurization
O2, lime
scrap iron
CaC2, Mg
C, Si, Mn, P,
SLAG
STEEL
Vacuum degassing
(purity degree)
Vacuum
C, O
(stirring)
Argon
STEEL
Slabs
Dr. Andreas Jansen, ThyssenKrupp Electrical Steel
06.06.2013
Page 11
2. pre-heating
400 C
1400
C
1250
C
1250
C
3. Pre-rolling
4. High temperature
soaking
5. Roughing
6. finishing rolling
06.06.2013
7. coiling
Page 12
High temperature
box annealing
Cold rolling
Decarburization
& MgO-coating
06.06.2013
Page 13
Slab
reheating
1,400 C
1200 C
Temperature
= 10mm
complete
dissolution
coarse
nitrides:
and
sulfides:
re-precipitation
of fine AlN &
MnS as main
inhibitors
Goss grain
eating up its
random oriented
neighbours
unchanged
purified
grain-growth
suppressed by
precipitated particles
= inhibitors
= 10...25 m
Annealing time
06.06.2013
Page 14
CGO grades
HGO grades
06.06.2013
Page 15
From GO to a transformer
Siemens
GO coil
Cut-to-length &
core assembly
Material properties
Siemens
Siemens
Windings
Processing
Transformer
Transformer properties
Energy loss in a transformer is separated into no-load loss and load loss. Both
are influenced by transformer design (e.g. stacked cores or wound-core designs),
material selection and operating conditions (working induction, load rate etc.)
The no-load loss (core loss, iron loss) strongly depends on the core material
Introduction of Building factor
BF
06.06.2013
Page 16
Eo
Do
Co
Bo
Ao
320 W
260 W
210 W
180 W
145 W
075-18
weight
PowerCore H
PowerCore C
130-30
105-30
090-27
085-23
Induction
No load loss
No load loss
1,7 Tesla
266,4 W
226,4 W
193,1 W
179,8 W
157,6 W
185
1,5 Tesla
215,2 W
197,2 W
169,1 W
151,1 W
130,6 W
213,5
1,3 Tesla
180,0 W
168,4 W
142,3 W
127,7 W
110,3 W
241,8
kg
The no-load loss of a transformer can be improved by decreasing the magnetic flux density.
But then more core material is needed, so that the transformer weight will be increased
In addition an increase of core material leads to higher needs for winding material and thus
higher load losses, too
Energy efficiency can be strongly influenced by selecting an appropriate GO grade
All efficiency classes according to EN 50464-1 can be met with GO electrical steel
Dr. Andreas Jansen, ThyssenKrupp Electrical Steel
06.06.2013
Page 17
noise
resonances
magnetostriction
resonances
Butterfly loop of
magnetostriction
core
(GO)
copper
windings
tank
cooling
system
electromagnetic forces
electromagnetic forces
resonances
06.06.2013
Page 18
Anomalous loss
Classical loss
Hysteresis loss
1.4
1.2
Smoother surfaces
(interface between steel
and insulation layer)
Improved coatings with
enhanced tension
Sharper texture with
improved grain structure
(generating micrograins,
controlling grain shape)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
CGO
0.30 mm
HGO
0.30 mm
HGO
0.23 mm
HGO
0.23 mm DR
Target
Thinner gauges
(without destabilizing of
secondary recrystallization)
06.06.2013
Page 19
massive block
Goss orientation
{110} 001
lower thickness
stacked sheets
d/n
Lower classical
eddy current loss
particle density
mean particle diameter
frequency in %
30
20
10
0
0
100
200
300
400
06.06.2013
Page 20
06.06.2013
Page 21
Grain Oriented Electrical Steel is the soft magnetic material for high-efficient
power and distribution transformers. It significantly contributes to the fact that
transformers are among the electric machines with the highest efficiency.
Advantages of GO Electrical Steel
Good availability with wide range of standard grades
Easy handling, good workability, good cutting and slitting features
Used in all transformer types, in stacked as well as in wound cores
Allows a small building size and light weight of transformers
Possibility to repair transformers easily
Recyclability 100% anytime, everywhere
06.06.2013
Page 22
power generation
power distribution
electricity use
06.06.2013
Page 23