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Below is a list of the calculations are expected to be able to do in IB chemistry. This needs
committing to memory, and each type of calculation will need practice to master. Good luck!
Quantitative Chemistry
Purpose
1. Calculating a
quantity in moles
from a number of
particles
2. Determine
relative molecular or
formula mass, Mr
3. Calculate a
quantity in moles,
from a mass of a
substance
4. Determine
empirical formula
from % composition
by mass
5. Determine
molecular formula
from empirical
formula
The Calculation
n=
N
L
Notes
n=
m
Mm
m=M m . n
M m=
m
n
n ( B )=n ( A ) .
number of Bequation
number of A equation
Purpose
7. Calculate
theoretical yield
8. Determine
limiting and excess
reactants
9. Calculating
percentage yield.
10. Apply
Avogadros Law to
calculate reacting
volumes of gases
The Calculation
1. Use Calculation 6 to
determine the expected
quantity of product in moles
2. Use a rearranged Calculation
3 to determine the expected
mass.
Divide moles of each reactant by
their coefficient in the balanced
equation
a. Smallest value
limiting
b. Largest value excess
Yield=
actual yield
.100
theoretical yield
V1 V2
=
n 1 n2
V1 = the initial volume of gas
n1 = the initial quantity of gas in
moles
V2 = the final volume of gas
n2 = the final volume of gas in
moles
n=
V
22.4
n = quantity in moles
V = the volume of gas in dm3
22.4 is the molar volume of an
ideal gas at 273K and 101,000 Pa
PV =nRT
P = pressure in Pa
V = volume of gas in m3
n = quantity of gas in moles
R = the gas constant, 8.31
T = temperature in Kelvin (OC +
273)
Notes
Purpose
The Calculation
13. Relationship
between
temperature,
pressure and volume
V1 V2
=
T 1 T2
Notes
P1 P2
=
T1 T 2
P1 V 1=P 2 V 2
c=
n
V
c=
m
V
c = concentration in g dm-3
m = the quantity in grams
V = the volume in dm3 (litres)
Atomic Structure
Purpose
16. Determine
relative atomic mass
from % abundance
data
The Calculation
abundance
atomic mass .
100
()
A r =
Notes
Purpose
17. Determine %
abundance from
relative atomic mass
The Calculation
If there are two isotopes, label
one of them a and one b.
Notes
Now:
xI + yI b
Ar= a
x+ y
Ar=
xI a +(100x )I b
100
The Calculation
Notes
No calculations. Huzzah!
Energetics
Purpose
18. Calculating the
heat change of a
pure substance
19. Calculating an
enthalpy change
from experimental
data
The Calculation
q=mc T
q = the heat change in Joules
m = the mass of substance in
grams
c = specific heat capacity in J K-1
g-1
T = temperature rise in K or OC
H=mc T
H = the enthalpy change in
Joules
m = the mass of solution in
grams
c = specific heat capacity
of water: 4.18 J K-1 g-1
T = temperature rise in K or OC
Notes
Purpose
20. Calculating Hr
using a Hess cycle
21. Calculating Hr
from average bond
enthalpies
22. Calculating Hr
from enthalpies of
formation
The Calculation
Once you have produced you
Hess cycle:
1. Write the relevant H onto
each arrow
2. Multiply each H in
accordance with the
stoichiometry
3. To do your sum, add when
you go with an arrow, and
subtract when you go
against one.
Method 1: Make a Hess cycle,
then do as in Calculation 20.
Notes
Purpose
23. Calculating Hr
from enthalpies of
combustion
The Calculation
Method 1: Make a Hess cycle,
then do as in Calculation 20.
Notes
Method 2:
reactants
products
H oc ()
H oc ()
H r=
Hr = enthalpy change of
reaction
Hoc = enthalpy change of
combustion
24. Calculating
lattice enthalpy
25. Calculating S
from standard
entropy values
S =
Method 2:
products
reactants
Gof ()
Gof ()
G r=
G= HT S
G = Gibbs free energy
H = Enthalpy change
T = Temperature in Kelvin
S = Entropy change
Kinetics
Purpose
28. Calculate the
rate of a reaction
The Calculation
Rate=
[R ] [ P]
=
t
t
Notes
Gradient=
change y
change x
Rate=k [ A] x [B] y [C ] z
Purpose
The Calculation
3 1
Units=
33. Determining
activation energy
mol dm s
x
3 x
mol (dm )
Notes
k =A e
Where:
o
o
o
o
o
o
Ea
RT
k = rate constant
A = Arrhenius constant
e = exponential
constant
Ea = activation energy
R = gas constant, 8.31
T = temperature in
Kelvin
ln k =
Ea 1
. + ln A
R T
Ea =Gradient R
Equilibrium
Purpose
34. Determining the
equilibrium constant
expression
The Calculation
For the reaction:
wA + zB yC + zD
z
[C] y
K c =
Kc = equilibrium constant
Notes
The Calculation
Notes
Purpose
+
The Calculation
+
OH
K w =
Notes
At standard conditions, Kw =
1.00x10-14
Kw varies with temperature, so
it is important to know how to
do this calculation.
So:
+
H
OH
And:
OH
+
H
37. Calculating pH
from [H+] and vice
versa
H
pH=log 10
+
H =10 pH
38. Calculating pH
from [OH-] and vice
versa
39. Determining Ka
and Kb of
acids/bases and
their conjugate
bases/acids
OH
pOH=log 10
OH =10pOH
K w =K a . K b
So:
K a=
Kw
Kb
And:
K b=
Kw
Ka
Purpose
40. Determining pKa
and pKb of
acids/bases and
their conjugate
bases/acids
The Calculation
pK w = pK a + pK b
Notes
So:
pK a= pK w pK b
And:
pK b= pK w pK a
41. Determining pH
from pOH and vice
versa
pK w = pK a + pK b
So:
pH=14 pOH
And:
pOH=14 pH
42. Calculating pH
of a solution of a
weak acid
+
H
K a=
+
H =10 pH
+
H
K a=
Then:
+
H
K a=
So:
Then:
+
H
pH=log 10
Purpose
43. Calculating pOH
of a solution of a
weak base
The Calculation
+
B
OH
K b=
OH
K b=
So:
OH
Then:
OH
pOH=log 10
Notes
OH =10pOH
Then:
OH
K b=
Purpose
44. Determining pH
of acidic buffer
solutions (and alkali
buffers)
The Calculation
+
H
K a=
Notes
K a .
Then:
+
H
pH=log 10
o
cell
The Calculation
o
cell
E =E ( cathode )E
(anode)
Notes
Organic Chemistry
Purpose
The Calculation
Notes
No calculations. Huzzah!
The Calculation
Notes
47. Calculating
absolute uncertainty
when
addition/subtraction
is involved
48. Calculating
relative uncertainty
when
multiplication/divisio
n is involved
multiplying/dividing values
Total uncertainty= ( relative uncertainties)
with different units
Human Biochemistry
Purpose
47. Calculating the
energy value of food
from combustion
data
The Calculation
Use:
Notes
q=mc T
q = the heat change in Joules
m = the mass of substance in
grams
c = specific heat capacity in J K-1
g-1
T = temperature rise in K or OC
48. Calculating
iodine numbers
N (I 2)=m ( I 2 ) .
100
m(lipid)
Purpose
The Calculation
Notes
I
I
N ( 2)
M r ( I 2)
n( 2)=
n(lipid )=
100
M r (lipid )
I
n( 2)
n(lipid )
Double bonds=
Where:
N(I2) = the iodine number
n = quantities in moles
Mm = molar masses
The Calculation
No calculations. Huzzah!
Notes