NOTES FOR VISUAL BASIC PART 1

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1.Introduction to vb
What is vb?
vb is a user friendly event driven and partly objected oriented
programming language using which we can develop:
database application.
web enabled application.
and variety of other window based application.
Who developed vb?
vb is developed by Microsoft in 1991 as Visual Basic 1.0.
Why vb was developed?
before vb window based application was being done using c and
window based compiler which was a slow and tedious process. it
required lots of coding. to speed up development of window
based application vc++ and Microsoft foundation class were
developed. but the development process was still tedious and
slow. to boost development of window based application easily
and fastly vb was introduced.
What are the different editions of vb?
there are three editions of vb:standard or learning edition: contains basic language feature and
tools.
professional edition: contains more feature and tools when
compared to standard edition.
enterprise edition: contains most advance feature and tools.
the edition which we are using is enterprise edition.
What are the hardware requirement to use vb?

the hardware requirement are as follows:

cd-rom drive
cd-rom (1 to 7 cds). first cd rom contains compilers for various
languages like vb, vc++, visual foxpro, visual internet developer
etc. remaining cds contains help, client server tools, samples etc.
windows 9x Os.
80 to 120 mb for installation of vb.
40 mb free hard disk space for user generated program.
16 mb ram minimum ( 32 mb ram recommended)
80486 based micro processor ( Pentium 166 mhz recommended)
What is Event Driven programming?
when a program consists of one or more than one event
procedures and those procedures accomplish the task to be done
by program it is know as event driven programming.
What is event?
Event is any action performed by either performed by user or
performed by program itself. for example mouse-click, key press,
window resize etc.
What is the difference between structured/procedure
oriented and event driven programming
Structured/Procedure Oriented

Event Driven Programming

Program consists of one or moreProgram consists of one or more

procedure.
event procedure.
Programming task is completed byProgramming task is completed by
procedure.
event procedure.
The order of execution of procedureThe order of execution of event
is more or less predictable.
procedure
depends
on
user
performed action.
Procedure oriented programming isEvent

driven

programming

is

not suitable
application.

for

window

basedsuitable
for
application.

window

based

What do you mean by IDE ?

Ide stands for integrated development environment. it is
collection of program allowing to compose and edit the program,
test the program, run the program and debug the program.

Describe working environment of vb?

Working environment of vb is compsed of many elements:
title bar: where program title, project name and program mode is
displayed
menu bar: contains menu and related commands.
tool bar: consists of icons which are short cuts to frequently used
commands some toolbars are : standard, formatting etc.
toolbox: on the left side toolbox appears which contains controls.
form designer: appears in middle where graphical user interface
element(controls) are placed.
properties window: using this we can set properties of controls.
project explorer window: displays files which make up the project
form layout window: displays form-icon used to set start up
position of form.
immediate window: useful to test any statement or to print value
of variable.
What are the different modes of vb program?
there are three modes of vb program:
design: ( when designing form and writing code)
run : when a program is running.
break: when any occurred in program.
What is project file? why it is needed?
project file contains information about all those file which make
the project. it stores location of individual file with path. when
saving project it saves all files one by one inside project. when

we open project it automatically opens all files which are part of

project we need not to open each file one by one thus saving
time. project file has extension vbp.
What is executable file. how it is made?
to make executable file (exe) we have to go to file menu and
have to select make exe.
copying of exe file to another computer and running the exe file
does not guarantee that the executable file will run there
because a window based program depends on many different
file. it better to run distributable package using package and
deployment wizard.
What is module?
module is collection of procedures and functions corresponding
to a file in disk will generate. benefits are:
it provides code reusability and shariblity.
avoids code repetition.
testing and debugging becomes easier.
type of module:
form module: normally contains event procedures, other
procedure and function which will be used inside the same form
module. extension is .frm
basic module: normally contains global variables, procedure and
function which can be accessed across other modules. extension
is .bas
class module: contains definition of class, member function and
properties. extension is .cls
How to use code editor window?
code editor window can be brought forward using either of these
methods:
select view-> view code
right click on form and select view code
double click on any control or on double click on form.
from project explorer window select the form name and click on
button view code.
navigation of code editor window:

control+left arrow : move one word left

control+right arrow : move one word right
control +home : move to beginning of code view
control +end : move to end of code view
home : move to beginning of line
end : move to end of line
control+up arrow : move one procedure up
control+down arrow : move one procedure down
shift+f2: view definition of function or procedure under cursor
control+shift+f2: go to last position of cursor
what is documentation? why it is needed?
documention of code is very necessary. using documention we
can increase readability of our program. using documentation we
can store addition information like:
date and time of program
version no. of program
company for which it was created
author of the code
variables used and purpose
algorithm of program
explaination of statment
documentation makes the program easily understable. in future
if we are going to make modification in program it will help
greatly. we use (apostrophe) to write comments or rem keyword.
how formatting of code is done?
formatting of code make program easy to read. indentation
makes easy to follow closing of control structure. different
background and foreground colors, fonts, font size can be
assigned to normal text, keywords etc. using tool->options>editor format tab. procedure seperator line can also be turned
on to help to identify where one procedure is beginning and
ending.
describe environment options in vb?
select tools->options->environment tab

under when visual basic starts

if option button selected is prompt for project: each time visual
basic starts a dialog box appears which lets us select type of
project.
if option button selected create default project: each time visual
basic starts it automatically open standard exe project.
under a program starts:
if save changes: is selected when program is about to start it
saves the changes made in project.
if selected prompt to save changes: is selected when program is
about to start it will ask to save the changes.
if selected dont save changes: it will not save the changes made
in project and will run program.
show templates for: we can have many templates available for
use as starting point for form, mdi forms, modules etc.
Describe editor options.
select tools->options->editor tab.
auto syntax check: if checked , when writing a statement and
pressing enter check the statement for error.
require variable declaration: puts option explicit statement in
modules general declaration section which forces declaration of
variable before use as in c-language.
auto list member: if checked gives popup list consisting of
properties, methods supported by object.
auto quick info.: if checked gives information about function
parameter and data type of parameter which current function
will work on.
auto data tips: if checked gives list of constant which can be
assigned to a variable or to parameter of a procedure or function.
dim b as Boolean
type b= then you will get true, false in a list
auto indent: if checked starts new line just below the previous
line.
tab width: specify the amount of space generated by a tab key.
drag and drop text editing: if checked supports drag and drop in
code editor window.
default to full module view: if not checked only one procedure

will be visible at a time.

procedure separator: if checked draws line among procedures.
Describe automatic code completion feature of vb.
when we have to use any object property or any method of
object we have to type just a few letter of that property or
method as soon as the property or method is selected from
popup list we can press control+space key combination to
complete the whole property or method thus saving key stroke.

2. Creating programs

What is Object?
object is class variable which is composition of properties,
methods and data member. object is fundamental requirement of
any object oriented language. object has three characteristics:
state: state of any object it defines identity of object.
behaviour: behaviour of any object is decided by member
functions(methods) to which object can respond.
method: it is also known as member function it performs
computation on data member or any kind of action.
What is property?
property of any object is actually member procedure which
allows to set value in data member ( working as mutator) or
allows to retrieve value of data member ( working as accessor).
How to create program in vb?
steps are as follows:
first decide the controls which will be used to create graphical
user interface.
set properties of controls
write event procedure coding.
How to get print of visual basic program.

save the project

select file->print
from the dialog box specify:
under range:
selection to print selected code
current module- to print current module
current project- to print all modules in current project
under print what:
form image- to print the image of form.
code- to print code
form as text- to print form as text format , resulting of printing of
controls along with properties and code
under setup, specify paper size, orientation of paper and printer
to use

Describe controlling objects. or describe toolbox.

control depend on interface which are properties,events
and methods.
normally there are many controls found in visual basic. some
controls are activex controls which can be included in toolbox
using project->component dialog. there are some control already
available in toolbox which are also known as intrinsic controls or
standard controls. description of standard controls are as follows:
label control: it is useful to give user a prompt.
text box: it is useful to input/output data for program.
list box: it is useful to give list of items and user can select items
from list.
combo box: it is combination of text box and list box user can
type new item or can select an existing item from combo box list
portion.
image box: can display picture
picture box: can display picture.
directory , drive and file list box: allows to create a dialog box to
save , open file
ole control: allows to use feature of other existing application.
data control: useful to write data base program

option button or radio button : allows to select only one of

several available choices.
check box: allows to select many choices of several available
choices.
frame: acts as container to place related controls together.
command button or push button: useful to confirm action like
close, open, apply etc.
timer: useful to execute certain piece of code after specified
interval. default property is enabled which takes true or
false value.
shape: useful to decorate form
line : useful to draw line to decorate form
scrollbar: useful to take input/output or scrolling data.
3.Variables Procedures
What is variable?
variable is name given to computer memory location where we
can store value and retrieve the stored value by name.
variable is
language.

fundamental

requirement

of

any

programming

rule of naming variable or identifier:

variable name must start with alphabet.
later on digits can be used, under score can also appear.
variable name is not case sensitive
only a-z, 0-9 and _ can appear in variable Name
space and special are not allowed.
variable name must not match with keyword
we can have variable name 255 characters long
name of control must not exceed 40 characters
What is data type?
data type of variable defines range, memory and valid operation
for a variable
Data type

Range

Memory

1.Byte

0 , 255

2.Integer %

32767 , 0 , -32768

3.Single !

+/- 3.4 e +34

4.Double #

+/- 1.7 e+308

5.Date

1-1-100 to 31-12-9999 8

6.string(variable) $

2 billion characters

6.string(fixed) $
7.boolean

True, false

8.object

Reference of any object

9. variant

Range for number is

same
as
double
Range for
same
as
characters

string is
2
billion

How to declare variable?

(a) dim x as integer, y as integer
or
dim x%,y%
(b) dim x, y as integer
then x will be variant and y will be integer

(c) dim b as Boolean

Describe scope of variable.
scope specifies the code range where value of variable is
accessible.
local variable: accessible inside a function or procedure. we use
dim keyword to declare local variable.
module level global variable: accessible inside a module but not
outside from other module. we use dim or private keyword to
declare module level global variable and declare it inside general
declaration of module.
global variable : accessible from every where. we use public or
global keyword to declare global variable inside general
declaration of module.
What do you mean by shadowing of variable?
if global variable or module level global variable exists with name
a and a local variable also exists in a procedure or function it
prevents accessing of global or module level global variable
because local variable is given preference. to access value of
global variable we can use
modulename.globalvariable e.g. form1.a
what are the operators in vb?
arithmetic operator:
+ for addition,
- for subtraction.
* for multiplication
\ for integer division

c=10\3 c will be 3

/ for float division c= 10/3

^ for power e.g.

c will be 3.333

c=10^3 therefore c will be 1000

mod for modulo division c=10 mod 3 c will be 1

relation operator
>,>=,<,<=,=, <>
3. logical operator
and, or, not
assignment

=
4 .Controlling program Execution
Why do we need control structure?
We all need to alter our action depending on changing
circumstances. For example If weather is fine I will go
Dongargarh on bike otherwise I will go by train. In the same way
vb language too must be able to perform different action under
one condition and different action under another condition and
this is made possible by control structure. Sometimes a given set
of statements are needed to run repeatedly this is done using
loop control structure.
Write notes on if control structure./ explain branching
structure in vb./ write short notes on if statement/ write
short note on select case.. end select.
The general form of if statement is:
(a)if-endif statement
the general format of if statement is
if (condition is true) then
execute this statement
end if
The keyword if tells the compiler that what follows, is a decision
control instruction. The condition following the keyword if is
optionally enclosed within a pair of parentheses. If the condition,
whatever it is, is true, then the statement is executed. If the
condition is not true then the statement is not executed; instead
the program skips past it.
(b) if else-endif statement
if statement by itself can execute only one statement if condition
is true. If it required running a group of statements when
condition is true we have to enclose those statements
inside curly brace known as compound statement. The
above form of if statement mentioned in (a) will not do anything
when condition is false. If we want to run statement when
condition is false we need if-else construct.
General format of if-else construct is
If (condition is true) then

Execute this statement

Else
Execute this statement if condition is false
end if
Condition is specified using relational operator
x= y means x is equal to y.
x<>y means x is not equal to y.
x< y means x is less than y.
x>y means x is greater than y.
x<=y means x is less than or equal to y.
x>=y means x is greater than or equal to y

What is the use of logical operator?/what is meant by

logical testing?
Logical operator and, or, not are useful to join more than one
condition whereas not operator negates meaning of condition.
these are required in following situations:
* When it is be tested whether a value falls within a particular
range or not.
* When after testing several conditions the outcome is either true
or false.
* Reverse the logic of condition using not logical operator.
control structure mostly depend on logical testing to perform
some piece of code either selectively or repeatedly.
What are the different forms of if else statements?
Different forms of if-else statement are as follows:
1. if (condition) then
do this
and this
end if
2. if (condition) then
do this
do this

else
do this
do this
end if
3. if (condition) then single-true statement
4. if (condition) then single-true statement else single-falsestatement
5. if (condition) then
if (condition) then
statement
else
statement
end if
else
if (condition) then
statements
else
statements
end if
end if
if condition then
statements
elseif condition then
statements
elseif condition then
statements
else
statements
end if
program to find division given percentage
Private Sub Command1_Click()
Dim a!, b$

a = Text1.Text
If a < 33 Then
b = "fail"
Else
If a < 45 Then
b = "third"
Else
If a < 60 Then
b = "second"
Else
b = "first"
End If
End If
End If
Text2 = b
End Sub
place label : having caption enter percentage
place text1: having text property cleared
place label2 : having caption division
place text2: having text property cleared
place command1: having caption find division
program to check leap year
Private Sub Command1_Click()
Dim a%
a = Text1
If a Mod 100 = 0 Then
If a Mod 400 = 0 Then
Text2 = "leap"
Else
Text2 = "not leap"
End If
else

If a Mod 4 = 0 Then
Text2 = "leap"
Else
Text2 = "not leap"
End If
End If
End Sub
place label : having caption enter year
place text1: having text property cleared
place label2 : having caption result of testing
place text2: having text property cleared
place command1: having caption check for leap year

program to print message teenage, child, old etc. according to

given age
Private Sub Command1_Click()
Dim a!
a = Text1
Select Case (a)
Case Is <= 8
Text2 = "child"
Case 9 To 14
Text2 = "teenager"
Case 15 To 20
Text2 = "young"
Case 21 To 28
Text2 = "adult"
Case Is > 28
Text2 = "old"
End Select
End Sub
place label : having caption enter age
place text1: having text property cleared

place label2 : having caption state

place text2: having text property cleared
place command1: having caption check age

State the difference between select case and if

select-case

if-else

1.All programs made using select-All programs made by if are not

case can be solved using if. selectpossible to solve by select-case.
case
takes
different
action
depending on value of a singleif leads to less structured
variable.
programming
and
level
of
indentation is difficult to manage if
2. select-case leads to moreusing nested ifs.
structured programming and level
of indentation is manageable even
if we have nested select-case.

Multiple

ifNested

if..else

1.multiple if..else contains more1.nested if..else contains more

than one end if. Each end ifthan one else if but just one end
corresponds
to
each
if.if..
2. multiple if requires more2.
nested
comparison. Therefore it is notcomparison.
efficient.
efficient.

if
requires
less
Therefore
it
is

Write short notes on goto statement and its limitations.

goto is a statement which is quite common in monolithic
programming paradigm. some languages like basic, fortran etc.
use it deliberately. using goto we can do :
skipping of some statement without executing them.
transferring of control to a labeled statement.

coming out of loop whatever level of nesting of loop may be.

note that break statement can take out of loop inside which it
lies but goto statement can take out of loops irrespective of level
of nesting of loops.
different type of goto can be:
conditional-goto : if it is used with if statement.
unconditional-goto : if it is not used with if statement.
limitations of goto: unwise use of goto make it difficult to trace
logic flow of program and makes it difficult to remove logical
error of program therefore, as far as possible, we must avoid use
of goto.
program to print 1 to 10 using goto statement
Private Sub Command1_Click()
Dim a%, b%, c%, t$
a = Text1
b = Text2
c = Text3
mm: t = t & a & " "
a=a+c
If a <= b Then GoTo mm
Text4 = t
End Sub
place label1 : having caption enter starting term
place text1: having text property cleared
place label2 : having caption enter stopping term
place text2: having text property cleared
place label3: having caption enter value to step by
place text3: having text property cleared
place text4: having text property cleared
place command1: having caption print series in text box

Why loop control structure is needed?

Without loops we execute the same series of actions, in the same
way, exactly once. Loops allows to execute same portion of
program code repeatedly a specified no. of times or until a

particular condition is being satisfied. This repetitive operation is

done through a loop control structure.
There are four methods using which we can repeat a part of a
program which are:
* for statement
* while statement
* do-while statement
* goto statement (not recommended)

Write short notes on while

structure/test and do) loop.

(entry

level

control

In programming we require to execute same set of instructions a

fixed number of times. E.g. we want to calculate gross salary of
ten different persons, we want to convert temperatures from
centigrade to Fahrenheit for 15 different cities. The while loop is
suited for this.
program to print 1 to 10 on form
private sub command1_click()
dim a%
a=1
do while a<=10
print a
a=a+1
loop
end sub
General format is
1.
initialize loop counter
do while(condition is true)
do this;
increment loop counter;
loop
Write

short

notes

on

while

(entry

level

control

structure/test and do) loop.

In programming we require to execute same set of instructions a
fixed number of times. E.g. we want to calculate gross salary of
ten different persons, we want to convert temperatures from
centigrade to Fahrenheit for 15 different cities. The while loop is
suited for this.
program to print 1 to 10 on form
private sub command1_click()
dim a%
a=1
do
print a
a=a+1
loop while a<=10
end sub
General format is
initialize loop counter
do
do this
increment loop counter
loop while(condition is true)
Differentiate between while/while..wend
loop.

and do-while

Body of loop in case of while loop will not execute even once if
condition of while loop is false but in case of do-while loop body
of loop will run at least once because condition is tested at the
end of loop body.
format of do..loop is
initialize loop counter
do
do this
increment loop counter
loop while(condition is true)

format of while loop:

initialize loop counter
while condition
do this
increment loop counter
loop
format of while.. wend loop:
initialize loop counter
while condition
do this
increment loop counter
wend
Do while loop must test a condition that will eventually become
false, otherwise the loop would be executed forever, indefinitely
known as infinite or indefinite loop.
while loop or while..wend loop test condition and if condition is
true then statements are executed if condition is false
statements are not executed even once.
do.. while loop test condition later therefore if condition is false
statements are executed at least once.
while..wend statement can not use exit do statement to come
out of loop whereas do..while and do..loopwhile can use exit
do statement to come out of loop.

Write short notes on for loop.

for loop is most popular loop. for loop allows us to specify
three things about a loop in a single line which are:
1. Setting a loop counter to initial value.
2. Testing the loop counter to determine whether its value has
reached the number of repetitions desired.
3. Increasing the value of loop counter each time the program
segment within the loop have been executed.
The general format of for statement is as us under:

for variable= intialvalue to endvalue step stepvalue

do this
and this
and this
next
Write short notes on odd loop.
The loops in which no. of times statements inside loop body will
execute are known as finite or determinate loop. The loops
which will never terminate execution of statements inside loop
body are known as infinite loop. The loop about which we are
not certain how many times statements inside loop body will
execute but we are sure that it will terminate after some time is
known as odd loop.
Write program to demonstrate loops to solve Fibonacci series up
to n terms.
Private Sub Command1_Click()
Dim i%, term1&, term2&, term3&, t$, nterms
term1 = 0
term2 = 1
nterms = Text1
' method A- using for loop
For i = 1 To nterms
't = t & term1 & " "
'term3 = term1 + term2
'term1 = term2
'term2 = term3
'Next
method B-using do-whileloop
'i = 1
'Do While i <= nterms ' do loop until i>nterms
't = t & term1 & " "

'term3 = term1 + term2

'term1 = term2
'term2 = term3
'i = i + 1
'Loop
method C- using doloop while
'i = 1
'Do
't = t & term1 & " "
'term3 = term1 + term2
'term1 = term2
'term2 = term3
'i = i + 1
'Loop While i <= nterms ' loop while until>nterms
method D-using while wend
i=1
While i <= nterms
t = t & term1 & " "
term3 = term1 + term2
term1 = term2
term2 = term3
i=i+1
Wend
Text2 = t series will go into a text box
End Sub
place label1 : having caption enter no. of terms of Fibonacci
series
place text1: having text property cleared
place label2 : having caption series is
place command1: having caption print series in text box

Write short Notes on exit do / exit for in Loop/write

program to check primality.
We often come across situations when we want to jump out of a
loop instantly, without waiting to get back to the conditional test.
The keyword exit do / exit for allows us to do this. When the
keyword exit do / exit for is encountered inside any loop
statement, control automatically passed to the first statement
after the loop. An exit do / exit for is usually associated with
an if statement applicable to loop.
The keyword exit do / exit for takes the control out of the loop
inside which it is placed.
What is use of const keyword?
const keyword is useful to declare a constant with a given
symbolic name whose value can not change during program run
time.
const pi =3.1415
What do you mean by nested loop?
nested loop is a special case in which one loop contains other
loop inside its loop body. for each value of outer loop counter ,
inner loop counter changes frequently.

program to print prime series between 1 to 100 using for

loop and exit for
Private Sub Command1_Click()
Dim a%, b%, c%, n%, t$, i%
a=1
b = 100
For n = a To b
For i = 2 To n - 1
If n Mod i = 0 Then
Exit For
End If
Next
If i >= n Then

t=t&""&n
End If
Next
Text1 = t
End Sub
place label1 : having caption set to prime series is
place text1: having text property cleared
place command1: having caption print series in text box

Define Array.
Array or Subscripted variables:
Array is collection of variables having common name and
common data type. Individual variable in collection is identified
by index or subscript. Elements of array occupy contiguous
memory location.
How can we declare a single dimension Array?
Declaration (single dimension numeric array):
dim a(5) as integer
or
dim a%(5)
a is name of array.
it means there are 6 variables viz. a(0),a(1),a(2),a(3),a(4),a(5)
index or subscript will ange from 0 to 5. All variables will be
integers.
dim b!(10)
or
dim b(10) as single
It means there are 11 variables viz. b(0),b(1) b(5) index or
subscript will change from 0 to 10. All variables will be single.
How we can initalise an array?
Initialization of array is not supported by vb.

What are the usages/Applications of Array?

Application of arrays:
* It is useful to solve simultaneous equation.
* It is useful to solve problems of data structure like searching,
sorting, linked list, graph etc.
* Its is useful to solve such problems requiring variable of same
data type in contiguous memory location.
What is Multi Dimension Arrays? What are their usages?
Array declared with more than one dimension is known as multidimension array.
Often multi dimension array is needed to store data for table and
matrices. Multi -dimension array has more than one subscript.
Two dimension array contains two subscript, three dimension
array has three subscript and so on.
program to add two matrix of order 3x3
place three command buttons on form labeled input, sort, print
Dim a%(2, 2), b%(2, 2), c%(2, 2), i%, j%
Private Sub Command1_Click()
MsgBox "enter value for array a"
For i = 0 To 2
For j = 0 To 2
a(i, j) = InputBox("enter value")
Next
Next
MsgBox "enter value for array b"
For i = 0 To 2
For j = 0 To 2
b(i, j) = InputBox("enter value")
Next
Next
End Sub
Private Sub Command2_Click()

For i = 0 To 2
For j = 0 To 2
c(i, j) = a(i, j) + b(i, j)
Next
Next
End Sub
Private Sub Command3_Click()
For i = 0 To 2
For j = 0 To 2
Print c(i, j) & " ";
Next
Print
Next
End Sub
Program to sort a given array
place three command buttons on form labeled input,add,print
Dim a%(4)
Private Sub Command1_Click()
Dim i%
For i = 0 To 4
a(i) = InputBox("enter value", "data entry", 1)
Next
End Sub
Private Sub Command2_Click()
Dim i%, j%
For i = 0 To 3
For j = 0 To 3 - i
If a(j) > a(j + 1) Then
t = a(j)
a(j) = a(j + 1)
a(j + 1) = t

End If
Next
Next
End Sub
Private Sub Command3_Click()
Dim i%
For i = 0 To 4
Print a(i)
Next
End Sub
What is dynamic array?
dynamic array is an array whose no. of elements are not
specified earlier. no. of elements can be requested from user at
program run time. redim keyword can be used to allocate
memory for such no. of elements. after allocating memory we
can store value in elements of array.
dynamic array saves memory because we have to allocate
memory for such many elements which we want to use.
Program to sort an array using dynamic array
Dim a%(), n 'note element is not specified
Private Sub Command1_Click()
Dim i%
' take no. of elements required
n = InputBox("enter no. of elements")
'allocate memory
ReDim a(n - 1) ' workout
For i = LBound(a) To UBound(a)
a(i) = InputBox("enter value", "data entry", 1)
Next
End Sub
Private Sub Command2_Click()

Dim i%, j%
For i = LBound(a) To UBound(a) - 1
For j = LBound(a) To UBound(a) - 1 - i
If a(j) > a(j + 1) Then
t = a(j)
a(j) = a(j + 1)
a(j + 1) = t
End If
Next
Next
End Sub
Private Sub Command3_Click()
Dim i%
For i = LBound(a) To UBound(a)
Print a(i)
Next
End Sub
place command1:having caption set to input
place command1:having caption set to sort
place command1:having caption set to print
Program to add two matrix using non-dynamic array.
Dim a%(2, 2), b%(2, 2), c%(2, 2), i%, j%,t$
Private Sub Command1_Click()
MsgBox "enter value for array a"
For i = 0 To 2
For j = 0 To 2
a(i, j) = InputBox("enter value")
Next
Next
MsgBox "enter value for array b"
For i = 0 To 2
For j = 0 To 2

b(i, j) = InputBox("enter value")

Next
Next
End Sub
Private Sub Command2_Click()
For i = 0 To 2
For j = 0 To 2
c(i, j) = a(i, j) + b(i, j)
Next
Next
End Sub
Private Sub Command3_Click()
For i = 0 To 2
For j = 0 To 2
t=t & c(i, j) & " "
Next
t=t & vbcrlf
Next
End Sub
place command1:having caption set to input
place command1:having caption set to add
7place text1: having multiline property true and scrollbars set to
2 for both
place command1:having caption set to print

Program to multiply two matrix using dynamic array.

Dim a%(), b%(), c%(), i%, j%, m%, n%, p%, q%
Private Sub Command1_Click()
m = InputBox("enter no of rows in matrix a")
n = InputBox("enter no. of columns in matrix a")
p = InputBox("enter no of rows in matrix b")
q = InputBox("enter no. of columns in matrix b")

If n <> p Then
MsgBox "invalid matrix order for multiplication"
Exit Sub ' come out of event
End If
MsgBox "enter value" & m * n & " for array a"
ReDim a(m - 1, n - 1) 'allocate memory before storing value
For i = LBound(a, 1) To UBound(a, 1)
For j = LBound(a, 2) To UBound(a, 2)
a(i, j) = InputBox("enter value")
Next
Next
MsgBox "enter value" & p * q & " for array b"
ReDim b(p - 1, q - 1) 'allocate memory before storing value
For i = LBound(b, 1) To UBound(b, 1)
For j = LBound(b, 2) To UBound(b, 2)
b(i, j) = InputBox("enter value")
Next
Next
End Sub
Private Sub Command2_Click()
ReDim c(m - 1, q - 1)
For i = LBound(a, 1) To UBound(a, 1)
For k = LBound(b, 2) To UBound(b, 2)
c(i, k) = 0
For j = LBound(a, 2) To UBound(a, 2)
c(i, k) = c(i, k) + a(i, j) * b(j, k)
Next
Next
Next
End Sub
Private Sub Command3_Click()
For i = LBound(c, 1) To UBound(c, 1)

For j = LBound(c, 2) To UBound(c, 2)

Print c(i, j) & " ";
Next
Print
Next
End Sub
place command1:having caption set to input
place command1:having caption set to multiply
place command1:having caption set to print
what is use of preserve keyword?
preserve keyword is useful to let the dynamic array remember
the older contents it has.
e.g.
Private Sub Command1_Click()
Dim a%()
'redimension
ReDim a(2)
a(0) = 10
a(1) = 20
a(2) = 30
Print a(0), a(1), a(2)
'resize array without using redim
ReDim a(3)
a(3) = 40
Print a(0), a(1), a(2), a(3)
End Sub
Private Sub Command2_Click()
Dim a%()
'redimension
ReDim a(2)

a(0) = 10
a(1) = 20
a(2) = 30
Print a(0), a(1), a(2)
'change array size and use preserve
ReDim Preserve a(3)
a(3) = 40
Print a(0), a(1), a(2), a(3)
End Sub
place command1:having caption set to test without preserve
place command1:having caption set to test with preserve
What is function?
a number of statements grouped into a single logical unit is
referred to as a function which returns a value and which is made
to complete a specific task. A program can be made of many
functions.
Types of functions:
User defined function: these are those functions which are
made by programmer for his programming convenience.
Library function: these are those functions which are
readymade and are provided by compiler, uses of which are
possible by including corresponding header files. Source code of
library function is not available to programmer but its object
codes are available in precompiled form.
What is procedure?
a number of statements grouped into a single logical unit is
referred to as a procedure or subroutine which does not return
any value and which is made to complete a specific task. A
program can be made of many procedures.
What
are
the
functions/procedures?
Usages are as follows:

usages/applications

of

Function/procedure
avoids
code
repetition:once
a
function/procedure has been made we can call the
function/procedure to complete the task when and where
necessary.
Function/procedure used carefully makes the process of error
removing easier called debugging.
Once function/procedure is tested and satisfies the ones needs,
one can convert it in to library, and can distribute it others for
use.
Function/procedure allows breaking bigger task into smaller
manageable subtasks which is soul of modular programming.
Recursive function/procedure (function/procedure calling itself at
least once) solves some typical programming tasks easily and
with few lines of coding which otherwise would have taken
several lines of code.

What do you mean by recursion?/what are recursive

function explain with an example.
Expressing an entity in terms of itself is known as recursion.
When function/procedure calls itself at least once the
function/procedure is called recursive function/procedure.
Recursive function/procedure contains a function/procedure call
statement to call itself normally kept inside if-else construct.
Putting function/procedure call inside if-else construct allows
termination of recursive function/procedure call after some time.
While defining a recursive function/procedure we must take care
of these two points
* Each time a function/procedure calls itself it must be closer, in
some sense to a solution.
* There must be a decision criterion for stopping recursive
function/procedure call otherwise it will execute till the stack
overflows.
write program to find factorial using recursive function
Private Sub Command1_Click()
Dim n%, m&
n = Text1
m = fact(n)
Text2 = m

End Sub
Private Function fact&(n As Integer)
If n <= 1 Then
fact = 1
Else
fact = n * fact(n - 1)
End If
user interface:
create a command button: having caption find factorial
create text1: having text property clear
create text2: having text property clear
create label1: having caption property set to enter a value
create label2: having caption property set to factorial is
write program to find factorial using function.
Private Sub Command1_Click()
Dim n%, f&
n = Text1
f = fact(n)
Text2 = f
End Sub
'Private Function fact&(byref x%)
reference
'Dim i%, f&
'f = 1
'For i = 1 To x
'f=f*i
'Next
'fact = f
'End Function
Private Function fact&(ByVal x%)
Dim i%, f&
f=1
For i = 1 To x

by default calling by

f=f*i
Next
fact = f
End Function
user interface:
create a command button: having caption find factorial
create text1: having text property clear
create text2: having text property clear
create label1: having caption property set to enter a value
create label2: having caption property set to factorial is
Explain call by value and call by reference
'when called routine is not able to change value of actual
argument
'through dummy argument it is known as call by value
Private Sub Command1_Click()
Dim a%, b%
a = Text1
b = Text2
swap a, b
'after call
Text5 = a
Text6 = b
End Sub
Private Sub swap(ByVal a%, ByVal b%)
'default is call by reference
Text3 = a
Text4 = b
Dim temp%
'interchange
temp = a
a=b
b = temp
End Sub

call by reference:
'when called routine is able to change value of actual argument
'through dummy argument it is known as call by reference
Private Sub Command1_Click()
Dim a%, b%
a = Text1
b = Text2
swap a, b
'after call
Text5 = a
Text6 = b
End Sub
Private Sub swap(Byref a%, Byref b%)
'default is call by reference
Text3 = a
Text4 = b
Dim temp%
'interchange
temp = a
a=b
b = temp
End Sub
user interface:
6 textboxes: having text property clear and having default name
text1,text2
6 labels: having caption enter value of a, enter value of b, within
called subroutine value of a, within called subroutine value of b,
after call to swap value of a, after call to swap value of b
1 command button: having caption swap and having default
name command1

PROVIDED BY. MR NAGENDRA DEWANGAN