Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
perfect gas equation and the momentum equation given below can be simplified as
follows:
p p0 p '
0 '
u u0 u '
p0 0 u0
p' '
Temos que
,
e so constantes no tempo e no espao. Assumindo que ,
e
u'
so pequenos, podemos negiglenciar os termos de segunda ordem. Substituindo na
equao do gs perfeito:
dp0 dp '
u
u
u '
u '
p0 0 p0
p' 0 p'
0
dt
dt
x
x
x
x
dp '
u '
p0
0
dt
x
(1)
0
dt
dt
dt
dt
x
x
du ' p '
0
dt
x
(2)
s c * t 346 * 7
s 2422m
b) Os troves esto propagando contra o vento:
v = 100 / 3,6 =27.8
s (c v ) * t (346 27.8) * 7
s 2227 m
a) Os troves esto se propagando com o vento:
v = 100 / 3,6 =27.8
s (c v ) * t (346 27.8) * 7
s 2617 m
Exercise 3 (Sound and Sources of Sound):22Equation Section (Next) Consider a
time-harmonic plane wave at 1kHz. Calculate the frequency perceived by an
observer moving with the flow:
a) the wave is propagating upstream with M = 0:25,M = 0:5,M = 0:75,
b) the wave is propagating downstream with M = 0:25,M = 0:5,M = 0:75
Equao da onda harmnica :
cf
Assumindo
cv
f'
c cv
f
f'
f ' f 1 M
Assim,
Para a onda se propagando na direo contrria ao fluxo,
Para M = 0.25
'
f =1000(1+ 0.25)=1250 Hz
Para M = 0.5
f ' =1000(1+ 0.5)=1500 Hz
Para M = 0.75
'
f =1000(1+ 0.75)=1750 Hz
Para a onda se propagando na direo do fluxo,
Para M = 0.25
f ' =1000(10.25)=750 Hz
Para M = 0.5
f ' =1000(10.5)=500 Hz
Para M = 0.75
f ' =1000(10.75)=250 Hz
0
0
xi x j
t
Tij
(1)
Here,
c0
(2)
p0
, and
the air
ij
the
viscous stress tensor. It is considered that the sound wave is generated by the
quadrupole source distribution in turbulence given by the inhomogeneous term in RHS
of Equation 1 and propagates like that in the stationary acoustic medium, even though
turbulence exists. This interpretation is called Lighthills acoustic analogy.
ij
Since the dissipation by
can be ignored for a high Reynolds number and
adiabaticity is well held as
p p0 c02 0 0
then the first term of Equation 2,
vi v j
(3)
particle velocities of the sound are usually sufficiently small compared with those of the
real flow and so the source term is well approximated by that obtained from
and
divV 0
2Tij
xi x j
: 0
2 vi v j
xi x j
0 sij2 wij2
1 2
v
2
0 div xV 0 2
where
sij
and
wij
(4)
1 v j vi
sij
2 xi x j
wij
1 v j vi
2 xi x j
(5)
(6)
v1 v2 v2 v1
x1 x2 x1 x2
: 2 0
(7)
In calculation of Lighthills source for 3D and 2D models, we will use the above
formulae later. For exactly incompressible fluid, an analogue to Lighthills equation is
written by a Poisson equation
2 p 0
2 vi v j
xi x j
(8)
As the analogy to the static electric field, a static pressure field is created by the
source term in RHS corresponding to the main term of Lighthills quadrupole source,
but the propagation speed of pressure distortion is infinite due to incompressibility. For
compressible fluid, the pressure distortion propagates at a finite speed, then the term
1 2 p
c02 t 2
p r , , t i
Q ck i t kr
e
4 r
(1)
b) Dipole source
Q ck 2 d
p r , , t i
cos ei t kr
4 r
(2)
c) Quadrupole source
Lateral
p r , , t
Q ck 2
4k dD cos sin
4 r
Longitudinal
p r , , t
Where
Q ck 2
4k dD cos 2
4 r
and
is the
r
u
is the velocity at some point on the surface of the source. For a pulsating
sphere the source strength is real, and equals the product of surface area and surface
Q 4 a U 0
2
velocity:
Q ck
4 r
pressure produced by a monopole is the same at all points a distance r from the source.