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alaysian Studies is a book in the visual mind maps series that combines
visual maps and diagrams in one book and makes learning more fun. The attractive
and colourful presentation helps students to memorise and understand the facts
effectively. It is specially designed to help students to excel in the subject as
well as in the examination.

alaysian Studies is prepared based on the syllabus formulated by
the Malaysian Qualifications Agency (MQA). This book also presents attractive
illustrations, pictures and maps to generate and stimulate the students interest
to learn. Acronyms and acrostics are also provided to help students memorise
the important facts easily.

his book is very unique compared to other books in the market. It
presents various learning methods which cannot be found in any other books.
Students can use visual maps to memorise the facts easily and will not feel
bored studying the subject. Futhermore, this book provides various types of
questions which help to enhance students understanding of the subject.

s a publisher, we always understand the students problems. This
book provides maximum satisfaction for students to understand and memorise
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trive for Excellence and Success through Malaysian Studies Visual Mind
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PNI Neuron (M) Sdn. Bhd. (554690-H)

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PNI Neuron (M) Sdn. Bhd. (554690-H).
(184023-W)
ISBN 978-967-351-444-1
Visual Mind Maps Malaysian Studies
First Print 2012
PNI Neuron (M
Sdn Bhd
(554690-H)
Printed by:
Kim Guan Enterprise Sdn. Bhd.
No. 100, Jalan PBS 14/4, Taman Perindustrian Bukit Serdang,
43300 Seri Kembangan, Selangor Darul Ehsan.
1
PNI Neuron (M) Sdn Bhd (554690-H)
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 EARLY HISTORY
Pre-historical Ages of Malay Archipelago
Early Kingdoms in the Malay Archipelago
The Malacca Sultanate
The Colonial Era - Portuguese Colonization
The Colonial Era - Dutch Colonization
The Colonial Era - British Colonization of Penang, Singapore and Malacca
Direct Intervention - British Intervention in the Malay States
The Federated Malay States
The Non-Federated Malay States
The Japanese Occupation
The Era of Emergency
3
4-8
9-15
16
17
18-19
20-24
25
26
27-30
31-33
CHAPTER 2 FORMATION OF MALAYSIA

The Struggle for Independence - Malayan Union
The Struggle for Independence - Federation of Malaya
Effects of the Formation of the Federation of Malaya
Towards Independence
Formation of Political Parties in Malaya (1945-1957)
Negotiations For Independence
The Formation of Malaysia
34-37
38-40
41
42-43
44
45-47
48-52
CHAPTER 3 FORMATION OF GOVERNMENT IN MALAYSIA

Structure of National Administration
The Democratic System in Malaysia
Parliament
The Legislative Body
Elections
Administrative System
The Local Government
53-54
55
56
57
58
59
60
CHAPTER 4 The Supremacy of the constitution

The Supremacy of the Constitution
61-64
CHAPTER 5 Society and Unity

Society and Unity
Society and Culture
Unity and National Integration
Culture and Heritage
65-72
73-85
86-96
97-98
CHAPTER 6 NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

National Development
National Development Plans and Policies
Foreign Policies
99
100-110
111-118
CHAPTER 7 ISSUES OF NATIONAL CONCERN

Environmental Issues
EXERCISE
ANSWERS
119-120
121-127
128
PRE-Historical
ages
PALEOLITHIC AGE
(EARLY stone age)
S E TTL E M E N T
Nomadic
Lived in caves
ACTI V ITI E S
B E LI E F S
Collected forest products

and hunted wild animals
Animism
Worshipped the spirits
of ancestors
Began using
stone tools
MESOLITHIC AGE
(Middle STONE AGE/
HOABINHIAN AGE)
Lived in caves and along

rivers and lakes
Collected forest
products
Hunted wild animals
Began farming
Animism
Practised special
funeral rites and
burial customs.
Used more refined

tools
Able to make
earthenware
NEOLITHIC AGE
(New stone Age)
Lived in caves and

nearby rivers
The community
lived in small tribes
Division of labour
existed
METAL/BRONZE
AND IRON AGE
Developed permanent
residential areas
near rivers and
caves
Began rearing livestock

Began making goods and
accessories
Used more sophisticated
stone tools
Began communicating with
communities in other places
Created pottery
Collected sea products
Involved in trade
Involved in farming and
hunting activities
Practised barter system
Produced metal products
such as bronze and steel
Animism
Believed all things
possessed spirits.
Practised social customs

Had beliefs and principles
Carried out the burial using
pieces of stones
YEAR
Began about 35,000 years ago.
AREA/ LOCATION
Tampan Estuary,
Perak
Niah Cave, Sarawak
Tingkayu, Sabah
YEAR
AREA/LOCATION
Cha Cave, Kelantan
Kecil Cave, Pahang
Kepah Cave, Kedah
Jenderam Hilir, Selangor
Madai Cave, Sabah,
Gamantang Cave, Sabah
Tengkorak Cave, Sabah,
Niah Cave, Sarawak
MEMORY
TEST
Name some
differences
between the
Old and the
New Stone
Ages.
YEAR
AREA/LOCATION
Cha Cave, Kelantan
Kecil Cave, Pahang
Kepah Cave, Kedah
Jenderam Hilir, Selangor
Madai Cave, Sabah,
Gamantang Cave, Sabah
Tengkorak Cave, Sabah,
Niah Cave, Sarawak
MEMORY
TEST
Describe the
activities
of the New
Stone Age
people.
YEAR
MEMORY TEST
AREA/LOCATION
three places
Lang River, Selangor Name
in Malaysia where
Langar River, Johor prehistoric remains
Muar River, Pahang have been found.
Terengganu River, Terengganu
PRE-HISTORICAL AGES OF MALAY ARCHIPELAGO
Tools were
simple and
crude
YEAR/AREA AND
LOCATIO N
EARLY KINGDOMS IN THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO

Did you know?
Funan became rich and powerful because it
dominated the Isthmus of Kra, the narrow portion
of the Malay Peninsula where traders transported
trade goods between China and India.
FUNAN KIngdom
(i) An ancient
Indianized kingdom
located around the Mekong Delta.
(ii) Founded in the 1st century A.D. by an
Indian Prince, Kaundiya.
(iii) Funans territory includes present day Cambodia,
Southern Vietnam, parts of Laos, Thailand,
Myanmar and the Malay Peninsula.
(iv) Reached its greatest extent under the rule of
Fan-Shih-Man in the early 3rd century A.D.
(v) The kingdom became rich through maritime
trade and agriculture.
(vi) It dominated an important trade route and was able to
be the meeting place for traders from many parts of
the world.
(vii) The main trading port was Oc Eo.
(viii) Archaelogical discoveries such as a large canal
system linking various settlements within the
kingdom reveals a highly organized society with a
high population density and advanced technology.
(x) Water storage and irrigation system were built for
agriculture.
(xi) The Funan Kingdom was strongly influenced by
Indian culture and had adopted many elements of
the Indian tradition such as the use of the Sanskrit
Language in the high courts, legal system, astronomy,
Hindu and Buddhist religions and literature.
ANNAM
UNDER
CHINA
CH
PA
AM
CHENLA
VYADHAPURA
FUNAN
OC EO
SOUTH CHINA
SEA
MALAY
PENINSULA
FUNAN EMPIRE
Did you know?
In the Sanskrit language,

langkha means resplendent
land and sukha means bliss.
LANGKASUKA, PATANI
(i) It was a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom founded in

the 2nd century A.D.
(ii) It was located in the Malay Peninsula.
SOUTH CHINA
SEA
(iii) In 515 A.D. King Bhagadatta first established

relations with China and further emissaries
were sent in 523, 531 and 568 A.D.
LANGKASUKA (Patani)
KEDAH
(iv) Langkasuka reached its greatest economic

success in the 6th and 7th centuries.
(v) It became an important trade centre as it
drew trade from Chinese, Indian and local
traders.
(vi) In the 11th century, Langkasuka was invaded
and became tributary to the Srivijaya empire.
MALAY
PENINSULA
(vii) Langkasuka declined as a major trade centre

following the invasion of Rajendra Chola in
the 11th century.
Rajendra Chola
( viii) It was replaced by the Patani Kingdom

around the 15th century.
SUMATRA

TUN-SUN, ISTHMUS of kra (segenting kra)
(i) Tun-Sun was a trading centre in the Isthmus of Kra.
(ii) The Isthmus of Kra is the narrow land bridge which
connects the Malay Peninsula with the mainland of
Asia.
(iii) Merchants from east and west traded in all sorts of goods.
(iv) The ruling system was influenced by Hinduism.
VYADHAPURA
TUN-SUN
Isthmus
of Kra
(v) The King of Tun-Sun ruled over five smaller kings who
also paid tribute to Funan.
(vi) There were five hundred families of Indian merchants
in addition to the Buddhist and Brahmin priests.
SOUTH CHINA
SEA
TR
MA
SU
MALAY
PENINSULA
(v) According to the Chinese records, the kingdom

existed in the Malay Peninsula around the Tapi River
in present day Surat Thani province. Futhermore, it was
stated that the kingdom was a supply and trading port
for ancient mariners, between India and Indochina and
the kingdom was Hindu.
MEMORY TEST
Did you know?
gangga negara, perak
Gangga Negara means a city

on the Ganges in Sanskrit.
1. According to Hikayat
Merong Mahawangsa,
who was the founder of
Gangga Negara?
(i) Gangga Negara is believed to be a lost semi-legendary

Hindu kingdom mentioned in the Malay Annals.
(ii) The kingdom covered present-day Beruas, Dinding
and Manjung in the state of Perak, Malaysia.
SOUTH CHINA
SEA
Gangga
Negara
(iii) The kingdom was believed to be founded by Raja Ganjil

Sarjuna of Kedah or the Khmer royalties around the
2nd century A.D.
TR
MA
SU
(iv) Raja Gangga Shah Johan was among the kings who
ruled the kingdom.
MALAY
PENINSULA
(v) The kingdom was based at Beruas and it collapsed

after an attack by King Rajendra Chola I between
1025 and 1026.
BORNEO
INDIAN OCEAN
Did you know?
MEMORY TEST
Tun-Sun, Gangga Negara

and Tan-Tan were some
of the earlier kingdoms
established in the Malay
Peninsula.
Tan-Tan, Terengganu
When was the kingdom of

Tan-Tan established?
(i) The kingdom of Tan-Tan was one of the early

kingdoms in the Malay Archipelago.
FUNAN
(i) The kingdom of Tan-Tan was located in Terengganu.

(ii) The kingdom was established in the 6th century.
SOUTH CHINA
SEA
(iii) The kingdom was influenced by Chinese culture.
Tan-Tan
(iv) The kingdom had strong relationship with China, a

major power at that time.
(v) The kingdom sent tributes to China and received
Chinese protection in return.
TR
MA
SU
MALAY
PENINSULA
A
A 6th century statue of the

Buddha and a 9th century
statue of a Hindu priest
found in Perak.

Did you know?
According to Chinese records, Chih Tu was built by
kit mow people who sailed from the coast of Funan
(Cambodia). It was named Red Earth Kingdom as
the terrain was red.
MEMORY TEST
KINGDOM of chih-tu
1. Who was the founder of

the Chih-Tu Kingdom?
(i) Chih-Tu means Red earth land.

(Malay: Tanah Merah)
SOUTH CHINA
SEA
(ii) According to I-Ching, the kingdom of Chih-Tu

or also known as Red Earth Kingdom was
located in Kelantan.
(iii) The Sui Dynasty annals described Chih Tu as
an advanced kingdom.
Chih-Tu
(iv) The kingdom was founded by King Guatama

in the 6th century.
(v) The ruling system was influenced by Hindu
culture.
MALAY
PENINSULA
(vi) The king had absolute authority.
TR
MA
SU
(vii) King Guatama was assisted by 3 ministers

in the running of the administration.
(viii) Had strong relationship with China.
(x) Chih Tu was an early important trade
centre in the Malay Peninsula.
ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM
KING
Minister 1
Minister 2
(xi)

Minister 3
The King had absolute power. The Ministers were

responsible for the governance and administration.
They were the Kings aides.
The merchants would get the local porters

to transport goods using rafts, elephants
along the early transpeninsular routeway
and part of the ancient Spice Route.
Did you know?
The King was regarded as the paramount

ruler. The King, the royal family and the
kingdoms officials had the authority
to launch temple constructions and
irrigation works.
MEMORY TEST
MATARAM, JAVA
1. Who was the founder of

Mataram Kingdom?
(i) A Hindu - Buddhist kingdom that

flourished between the 8th and
10th centuries.
(ii) Based in Central Java and later in
East Java.
Borobudur Temple
Illustration of Sailendra Dynasty

during the construction of
Borobudur Temple.
(iii) Established by King Sanjaya.

(iv) The kingdom was ruled by the
Sailendra and Sanjaya families.
MALAY
PENINSULA
(v) The ruling system was influenced by

Hindu culture.
INDIAN
OCEAN
BORNEO
The kingdom left behind several

temples and monuments. The most
famous ones are Prambanan, Sewu
and the Plaosan temple compound.
TR
MA
(vii)

SU
(vi) The king has the highest power and

authority.
SOUTH CHINA
SEA
JAVA
Mataram
Temples and monuments built during the Mataram Kingdom.

Did you know?
Kingdom of Srivijaya
In Sanskrit, sri means

shining or radiont and
vijaya means victory
or excellence.
(i) Established in the 7th century.
Ligor
(ii) It was based in Palembang,

Sumatra.
Samudera
Langkasuka
(iv) Had strong relationship with India and China.
MALAY
PENINSULA
M
CA
AC
AL
(v) The minister functions as the intermediate

between the King and the citizens.
(vi) The important port was Palembang.
SUMATRA
(vii) The administration system was divided into 3 parts:

Royal administration
SOUTH CHINA
SEA
Kedah
SO
IT
RA
ST
(iii) The King had the highest authority.
Candi Gumpung
Kampar
Did you know?
Candi Gumpung, a Buddhist

temple at Muaro Jambi of
Melayu Kingdom was one
of Srivijayas important
urban centre.
Military administration
District administration
Melayu
Jambi
Bangka
Tulang Palembang
Bawang
D
UN
FS
O
T
STRAI
Sunda
(vii) A well-known trade centre and centre of Buddhism

and Sanskrit language.
(viii) Conquered Straits of Malacca, Straits of Sunda
and Java to control the maritime trade in the
Malay Archipelago.
Srivijaya
vassal states
JAVA
MEMORY TEST
Did you know?
Kingdom of Old Kedah
Bujang valley is the oldest entrepot

in Malay Peninsula, preceeding the
Port of Malacca.
SOUTH CHINA
SEA
Old
Kedah
1. Name two main ports of

Old Kedah?
2. When was the kingdom of
Old Kedah established?
(i) The earliest kingdom in the Malay Peninsula.

(ii) Known as Kataha/Cheh-cha.
KEDAH
PEAK
Gunung Jerai
MALAY
PENINSULA
Gunung
Jerai
Gunung Jerai
SG. MERBOK
(iii) Established in the 5th century.

(iv) Main ports were Sungai Mas and Lembah
Bujang.
Sg.
Merbok Sg. Bujang
Kechil
(v) Influenced by Hinduism and Buddhism.
SWAMP
(vi)

Sg. Muda
Candi Bukit Batu Pahat

in Bujang Valley
TR
MA
SU
(vii) Gunung Jerai was used by traders and

seafarers to guide them to Sungai Mas and
Lembah Bujang.
(viii) An important trade centre/entrepot.
A
Ancient artefacts discovered
in Bujang Valley
The ruins of candi (temple) which were

discovered in Bujang Valley indicated the
establishment of an ancient Hindu-Buddhist
kingdom in Bujang Valley.

MEMORY TEST
THE KINGDOM OF MAJAPAHIT
State the characteristics of

the kingdom of Majapahit.
Old
Kedah
SOUTH CHINA
SEA
SU
A
TR
MA
Temasik
BORNEO
INDIAN OCEAN
CELEBES
Palembang
MEMORY TEST

What was the basis of

the formation of the
administrative system by the
kingdom of Majapahit?
JAVA
Majapahit
Singhasari
Singharaja
Borobudur
Mataram
A C R O S T I C
The areas claimed authority
by the Majapahit Kingdom
Vassal states of Majapahit
(i)
Srivijaya - S
Gangga Negara - G Langkasuka

-L
Chih-Tu
- C Mataram
-M
Old Kedah
- O Majapahit
-M
Tun-Sun - T
Acrostic: Singer Tina Turners Friends Go Cycling
Funan
- F On Late Monday Morning.
Tan-Tan
-T
The last Indianized kingdom in Indonesia.
Did you know?
The King was considered as the

universal ruler and believed
to be the representive of God
on earth.
(ii)
Based in eastern Java.
(iii)
Existed between the 13th and 16th centuries.
(iv)
Founded by Raden Wijaya, a prince of Singhasari who was

influenced by Hinduism and Buddhism.
(v)
The administrative system was based on the Law of Manu.
(vi)
The King was assisted by the Prime Minister and four ministers.
The King held the highest political authority and legitimacy.
(vii)
Reached its peak of glory under the reign of King Hayam Wuruk
and his Prime Minister, Patih Gajah Mada.
(viii)
(x)
Did you know?
When was the kingdom of

Majapahit established?
Became a major trading centre in the 15th century.

Visits were made by merchants from South East Asia, China,
India, and the Middle East.
Did you know?
According to the Nagarakretagama,

Majapahit was an empire of 98 tributaries,
stretching from Sumatra to New Guinea
consisting of present-day Indonesia,
Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei, Southern
Thailand, the Philippines and East Timor.
However, there is no evidence regarding
the matter.
ESTABLISHMENT OF MALACCA
Geographical Factors That Contributed to the
Establishment of Malacca
(a) Water supply was easily available.
(b) Strategic position the centre of trade routes
between east and west.
(c) Harbour protected from the Southwest Monsoon
and Northeast Monsoon.
(d) Natural and strategic harbour the deep sea of
Straits of Malacca.
(a) Parameswara reached a fishing village at

the mouth of the Bertam river.
(b) He found that the village was perfectly
located for trade. It was situated midway
along the trade routes between India and
China.
Ancient Malacca Port
(a) Parameswara founded Malacca in

1400.
(b) Parameswara was a Prince from
Palembang.
Malacca
Temasik
(c) Palembang was situated at the east of

Sumatra.
(d) Palembang was under the rule of the
Majapahit empire.
(e) When the Majapahit empire became
weak and disintegrated, Parameswara
took the opportunity to release
Palembang from the Majapahit empire.
(f) However, Parameswara failed in his
mission. He was attacked by the
Majapahit army.
(g) Parameswara and his associates fled
from Palembang to Temasik.
Palembang
MEMORY
TEST

Why did
Parameswara
kill Temagi?
(a) Parameswara and his associates arrived at

Temasik in 1390.
(b) The ruler of Temasik, Temagi welcomed
Parameswara and his associates.
(c) Parameswara seized Temasik by killing
Temagi, the representative of the kingdom
of Ayuthia (Siam) at Temasik.
(d) Parameswara took over the management of
Temasik.
(e) However, he was attacked by the Siamese
army five years later. Therefore he fled to
Muar.
(f) Although he was safe in Muar, he proceeded
north to Sening Ujung, Bertam, and finally
Malacca, which had been a fishing village.
THE MALACCA SULTANATE
(c) Parameswara named the village Melaka

(name of a tree).
MEMORY TEST
Who was the founder
of Malacca?
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTED TO THE GOLDEN AGE OF MALACCA

THE GOVERNMENT OF MALACCA
(SISTEM PEMBESAR EMPAT LIPATAN)
(a) The head of highly

organized municipal
government
K I N G / S U LTA N
(b)
The Council of 4 Ministers
(i) Bendahara
(ii) Penghulu Bendahari
(iii) Temenggung
Sistem Pembesar Empat Lipatan

Malacca had a structured and
systematic administration.
The King/Sultan was assisted by an
organization that was structured
with a hierarchy and their respective
functions.
The system was called Sistem
Pembesar Empat Lipatan.
(iv) Laksamana
Four Ministers
A C R O S T I C
Eight Senior Officials
The Council of 4 Ministers.
Sixteen Junior Officials

Thirty-two Government Officers
Bendahara
Temenggung
Penghulu Bendahari
Laksamana
- B
- T
- P
- L
Acrostic: Bendahara Tun Peraks

Leadership.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE MALACCA GOVERNMENT
THE ROLE OF THE SULTAN AND THE MINISTERS IN THE ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM
(a) Sultan
(i) Head of state
(ii) Chief of the armed forces
(iii) Monitors and coordinates the economy of
the state/government
(iv) Symbol of diplomatic unity
(v) Head of diplomatic relations
(c) Penghulu Bendahari
(b) Bendahara
(i) A position similar to that of a Prime Minister
MEMORY
(ii) Chief minister
TEST
1. List out the duties
(iii) An adviser to the Sultan
of the Bendahara.
(iv) Controlled the military, defence, 2. Who represents
the Sultan during
royal customs and traditions
his absence?
(v) Acts as a substitute (Pemangku) in the
absence of the Sultan
(i) Treasurer who controlled

the state treasury
(ii) Head of all the treasurers
(iii) Collected taxes and revenue
(iv) Secretariat General of the
palace
(d) Temenggung
(i) Chief of Police
(ii) Head of the protocol and
customs
(iii) Controlled internal affairs
relating to peace and
order
MEMORY TEST
1. What was the role of
the Sultan as the head
of the state?
2. What was the
responsibility of the
Penghulu Bendahari?
3. Give an outline of the
Malacca Government
System.
(e) Laksamana
MEMORY TEST
1. Who was the head of

defence of Malacca?
2. Who was responsible to
carry out the protocol
of the palace?
(i) An admiral who was responsible for the state

and the Sultans security
(ii) A commander in the war, especially at sea
(iii) Responsible for bringing the governments
envoy
10
CENTRE OF TRADE
1 GeograPHICAL LOCATION
(a) Situated midway
(b) The deep sea
of the Straits of Malacca
along the trade routes
made Malacca a natural and
between India and
strategic harbour.
China.
The port could handle ocean-going
Situated at one of the
vessels from all over the world.
narrowest points between the
Malay Peninsula and Sumatra.
Malacca was in the position to
control the traffic that passed
through the straits.
(d) Malacca lay at the natural meeting
place of the monsoons. The monsoon
winds enabled Arab and Indian traders from
the west to travel to China in the east and vice
versa.
Had a favourable position in relation to the
spice areas of South-East Asia.
(c) The harbour was sheltered from

the winds of the Southwest monsoon
and Northeast monsoon.
T H E G R O W T H O F M A L A C C A A S A P O RT
THE ROLE OF SYAHBANDAR (HARBOUR MASTER)
(a) Port officer

(b) Organized
Malaccas Port
(c) Duties:

(i)

(ii)

(iii)
(iv)

(v)

(vi)

Provided warehouse storage for traders

to store their goods
Took care of the welfare of foreign
traders
Collected taxes
Enforced rules and regulations in the
port
Inspected weighing and measuring
instruments and currencies
Supervised the merchants who traded
in the city
Each Syahbandar was given the responsibility to

supervise and cater to the needs of the merchants
who traded in the city.
(a) Syahbandar I
(Harbour Master 1)
Supervised the merchants

from Gujerat.
(b) Syahbandar II
(Harbour Master II)
Supervised the
merchants from Ryukyu,
China and Champa.
(c) Syahbandar III

(Harbour Master III)

from Kalingga, Pegu,
Benggala and Parsi.
(d) Syahbandar IV
(Harbour Master IV)
The Syahbandars were
responsible for matters
of trade and ports.
11

from the Island of Java,
Maluku, Banda, Kalimantan,
Borneo, Pasai and the
Philippines.
THE GROWTH OF MALACCA AS A PORT

2 The role of laksamana and orang laut
The foreign traders felt safe

trading in Malacca as the
Laksamana
The Admiral who controlled the fleet.
Responsible for the safety of the Straits of Malacca.
The Malacca fleet comprising 40 to 100 ships guaranteed the
safety of the merchants and their goods.
Orang Laut
Carried out the duties of safeguarding the
waters of Malacca.
Laksamana and Orang Laut

had carried out their duties
in ensuring the safety and
security of the Straits of
Malacca.
3 The effectiveness of the system of goverNment

Malacca had a well-defined government with a set of laws.
The formal legal text of traditional Malacca consisted of
the Undang-Undang Melaka (Laws of Malacca) which was
also called the Hukum Kanun Melaka, Risalat Hukum Kanun
and the Undang-Undang Laut Melaka (the Maritime Laws
of Malacca)
The port was governed based on the Maritime Laws of
Malacca.
The ships were considered nations complete with their own
administration at sea. The captain of the ship was as the
Sultan, the navigator as Bendahara (Chief Minister), the
discipline officer as Temenggung (Police Chief) and the
crew as the people. The crew would be fined by the captain
if they did not perform their duties well.
The laws of Malacca and the

Maritime Laws of Malacca
ensured the trading activities
to run fairly and smoothly.
4 PORT FACILITIES
(a) Provided warehouses to the traders to store their goods.
(b) Provided accommodation to the merchants.
(c) Offered ships, boats, junks and workers to transport
goods to the warehouses.
(d) The damaged ships can be repaired.
(e) Offered food and drinks.
A lot of merchants came

to Malacca as they were
attracted by the port
facilities and the security
that it offered.
THE malay language as lingua franca

(a) The Malay Language became a lingua franca
(medium of communication) in trade affairs in
Malacca.
(b) Foreign traders use the Malay language while
dealing with the officers and other traders in
Malacca.
(c) The Malay Language was easy to understand
and it was the main language of this community.
(d) The Malay Language became the language for
administration, missionary activities and learning.
12
Malacca became the most

important port in the East,
between the Mediterranean
Sea and China and over 80
languages were spoken there.
However, the Malay language
became the medium of
communication between the
traders.

GOOD RELATIONS WITH REGIONAL COUNTRIES
R
E
L
A
T
I
O
N
S
(i) Diplomatic relations were established through the marriage of the

Sultan of Malacca, Megat Iskandar Shah with the Princess of Pasai.
Pasai
(ii) Diplomatic relations were also established through the exchange of

views on issues related to Islamic Law.
(iii) Position of both the governments was equivalent.
(iv) Malacca had offered help to Pasai during war.
(v) Malacca received black pepper, gold and rice
supplements from Pasai.
(b)
Supplied rice, food and spices to

Malacca.
Java
(c)
Siak
and
Kampar
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

(iv)
(v)

Supplied gold to the government of Malacca.

Established ties with the conquest of Malacca.
Malacca wanted to dominate the trading
commodities of Siak and Kampar.
Accepted Malaccas suzerainty.
Kampar and Siak paid tributes (money/goods)
to the government of Malacca.
(a) China
(i) Began in 1404, when Admiral Yin

Ching visited Malacca.
(b) Siam
I
N
T
(ii) Had strong diplomatic and trade
E
relations with China.
R
(iii) China recognized the government of N
Malacca as sovereign.
A
T
I
(c) Ryukyu (Japan)
O
(i) Had trade and diplomatic relations
N
with Japan.
A
L
(ii) Sultan Mansor Shah had sent a
letter to the King of Ryukyu informing R
the behaviour of traders from Ryukyu E
who violated the Law of Malacca.
L
A
(iii) The King of Ryukyus reply to Sultan
T
Mansor Shah through
I
a letter,
O
showed
N
that he
S
appreciated
it.
(i)

(ii)

Relationship with Siam was established

after Malacca sent a diplomatic mission
represented by Tun Telanai and Jana
Putera to Siam.
Supplied teak, rice and food
products to Malacca.
(d) Gujerat
(i)
(ii)

(ii)

Had good trade ties with Gujerat.

The merchants from Gujerat supplied
cotton fabrics, incense, medicinal wood
to Malacca and in return they brought back
with them the gold, tin, spices, cloves and
sandalwood of South East Asia as well as
silk, tea, and ornamental works from
China and Japan.
Traders from Gujerat helped to spread
Islam in Malacca.
(e) Arab
(i)

(ii)

13
The traders from Arab bought gold

and spices of South East Asia and tea
from China.
The Arab traders helped to spread Islam
in Malacca.

R
E
G
I
O
N
A
L
(a)
THE COMING OF ISLAM IN MALACCA - MALACCA AS THE CENTRE OF DEVELOPMENT OF ISLAM
Arab missionaries spread the

teachings of Islam in Malacca.
PEDIR
ACHEH
PASAI
PERLAK
SOUTH CHINA SEA
PATANI
PALAWAN
KEDAH
MINDANAO
14
BRUNEI
MALACCA
The gravestone found in

Tanjung Inggeris, Kedah.
SU
MOLLUCAS
TR
MA
BORNEO
CELEBES
PALEMBANG
INDIAN
Arab traders
brought Islam to
OCEAN
Malacca (Image courtesy of
the Malacca Historic City
Council)
Centuries :
13th & 14th
15th
16th
DEMAK
JAVA
TUBAN
GRESIK
BALI
17th & 18th

19th & 20th
Map showing the spread of Islam in South East Asia
The Terengganu Inscription

(Batu Bersurat)
Parameswara married the daughter

of the Muslim ruler of Pasai. He
embraced Islam and changed his
name to Megat Iskandar Shah. After
Parameswara became a Muslim,
Malacca became the centre from
which Islam spread to other parts
of South East Asia.
Early evidence of the presence of Islam :

(i) The discovery of the gravestone in Tanjung
Inggeris, Kedah around the ninth century in Kedah.
(ii) The discovery of the Inscribed Stone (Batu
Bersurat) in Kuala Berang, Terengganu around the
thirteenth century.
(iii) Islam was established in Malacca around the
fifteenth century when Megat Iskandar Shah
embraced Islam.
(iv) Kedah and Terengganu were the early kingdoms in
the Malay Peninsula to accept Islam.
T H E FA L L O F T H E M A L A C C A S U LTA N AT E
WEAK LEADERSHIP
(a) Tun Mutahir replaced Tun Perak as the Bendahara of Malacca.

(b) Bendahara Tun Perak was biased during his administration.
(c) Jealousy arose between the chiefs. In addition, there was defamation against Tun Mutahir stating
that he was trying to conspire a plot to overthrow Sultan Mahmud.
(d) Sultan Mahmud Shah was angry and immediately ordered the
execution of Tun Mutahir and his family.
family.
(e) Upon realising his mistake, Sultan Mahmud Shah handed over his
reign to Raja Ahmad. Raja Ahmad Shah was weak and inefficient.
(f) Tun Mutahirs successor, Tun Perpatih Putih was very old and ill.
(g) Defamation and corruption were rife.
(h) The current taxation system was not carried out.
Traders were not happy with the high tax rates
and started to divert their attention to other ports.
2
(a)

DISUNITY
The appointment of Tun Mutahir as Bendahara caused uneasiness among

the Malays (Raja Mendeliar and Laksamana Khoja Hassan). They accused
Tun Mutahir of conspiring a plot to overthrow Sultan Mahmud. The Sultan
immediately ordered the execution of Tun Mutahir and his family
with the exception of Tun Fatimah.
(b) This caused disunity among the people.
THE WEAKNESS OF MALACCAS DEFENCE
(a) The Malacca soldiers used traditional weapons meanwhile the

Portuguese soldiers used modern weapons.
(b)

(c)

Portuguese soldiers were well-trained and

better equipped than their opponents.
Mercenary soldiers from Java fled when
Malacca was attacked by the Portuguese.
A C R O N Y M
Factors that contributed to the

Fall of the Malacca Sultanate.
4 THE ARRIVAL OF the PORTUGUESE
Weak Leadership
-L
Reasons for the Portuguese to go East:
Disunity
-D
(i) Control the spice trade.
Weakness of Malaccas
Defence
-D
(ii) Control the important trade route to the east.
The Arrival of the
(iii) Discovery of the sea route to the east through
Portuguese
-P
Cape of Good Hope.
Alfonso de Albuquerque Acronym: LDDP.
15
ReasonS WHY PORTUGUESE GO EAST
THE CHRONOLOGY OF PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION

OF MALACCA
PORTUGAL
Baghdad
PHILIPPINES
Cameroon
MALACCA
Malindi
Mombasa
Mozambique
Delagoa
Bay
Durban
Controlled
important
trade route
to the east.
fro
SOUTH CHINA SEA
m
dia
In
Acheh
hin
a
Cape of Good
Discovered
Hope
the sea route
to the east
through Cape
of Good Hope.
Map Showing Portuguese route to the East
Malacca 1630
MALACCA
TR
MA
SU
SPICE
ISLANDS
BORNEO
Controlled the
spice trade.
to
C
16
Possessed
superior
sea power
and naval
expertise
Spice
Islands
CELEBES
INDIAN
OCEAN
Macassar
Batavia
JAVA
Portuguese route to the Spice Islands
Portuguese Invasion of Malacca
St Pauls church
THE COLONIAL ERA PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION
Calicut
Cochin
AFRICA
Lopez de Sequeira was defeated by Tun Mutahir in 1509.

Rivalry between local Malays and Muslim Tamils in Malacca.
Sultan Mahmud executed Tun Mutahir.
The Chinese and the Javanese were not happy with the
treatment and high customs taxes.
In 1511, the Viceroy of India, Alfonso de Albuquerque,
organized an expedition to attack Malacca.
Albuquerque captured Malacca on 24 August 1511 with
superior artillery.
Sultan Mahmud Shah retreated to Muar, Pahang, Bentan and
died in Kampar, Sumatra.
Portuguese settlers married the locals, and spread Christianity.
A fortress, A Famosa, was built in November 1511 to defend
Malacca from any attacks.
Fall of Malacca signified disunity, disloyalty, struggle for power
and influence and inefficiency of the administration system,
rendered the country weak and helpless.
Malaccas fall gave Portugal the control over the Asiatic main
trade routes.
The Portuguese introduced their own system to strengthen
political and economic position in the East.
Posts of Bendahara, Temenggung and Syahbandar were
retained but with limited jurisdictions.
Portuguese mercantile policy displayed extreme greed.
Traders had to pay high taxes, sell goods at low prices and
obtain special permit before conducting business.
In their greed to control spice trade, Muslims
traders were treated poorly. The traders later turned
to other ports like Johore, Acheh and Demak.
Tripartite struggle (Acheh, Portuguese and Johore),
trade suffered and shifted to Pasai.
Missionary work began.
Johore and Acheh were the main enemies and they
A Famosa
were threatening Malaccas security.
With assistance from Johore, Dutch defeated the
Portuguese.
After 130 years occupation, the Portuguese fell to
the Dutch in 1641.
THE CHRONOLOGY OF DUTCH COLONIZATION OF MALACCA

NETHERLANDS
PORTUGAL
CHINA
INDIA
AFRICA
PHILIPPINES
MALACCA
TRA
MA
INDIAN
OCEAN
SPICE
ISLANDS
JAVA
Cape of
Good Hope
17
Batavia
Dutch route to the East
SOUTH CHINA SEA
Acheh
Dutch East Indies

Trading Company Ship
MALACCA
TR
MA
SU
A
BORNEO
CELEBES
INDIAN
OCEAN
f
from Cape o
Macassar
Bantam
e
op
d H Batavia
Goo
JAVA
Dutch route to the Spice Islands
SPICE ISLANDS
Stadhuys was an
Christ Church was built
The ruins of Dutch Fort in administrative building during in 1837 during the Dutch
Pangkor Island.
the Dutch Colonization.
Colonization.
THE COLONIAL ERA DUTCH COLONIZATION
Goa
SU
Jan Pieterzoon Loon

Governor-General of
the Dutch East Indies
The Dutch were successful in establishing their presence in the East

Indies and Spice Islands.
Started trading in the 17th century at Betawi (Batavia) in Java.
1602 Dutch East India Company (VOC) to control spice trade and
tin mining.
They too wanted to dominate commerce in the Malay Peninsula.
Dutch defeated Portuguese with the help of Johore.
Johore at that time was under the rule of Sultan Abdul Jalil.
1639 Signed a treaty granted the nobles of
Johore free access to trade in the Malacca Straits.
1650 Dutch, attempted to monopolize tin trade in
Perak foiled by opposition from the local people.
1650 Dutch had to give up their desire for tin
monopoly following an attack by Panglima Kulup Ali.
1795 During the Napoleonic wars, Dutch
surrendered Malacca to the British.
1818 After the wars, under the Treaty of Vienna,
Malacca was restored to the Dutch.
Johore Dutch friendship was severely tested by
commercial rivalry between the two parties.
1782 Situation reached its peak Dutch laid
siege to Riau.
Meanwhile in Selangor, Sultan Ibrahim whom the Dutch accused for not
wanting to sell the tin and for favoring the British East India Company.
Sultan Ibrahim (with help from Rembau and Raja Haji) attacked the
Dutch.
1786 Attack failed conflict between Selangor and Dutch.
Dutch tried its best to stifle Johores power.
Sultan Mahmud (the third) was forced to surrender Riau.
The Sultans disenchantment was intensified when the Dutch sent
a Resident to Riau.
1787 Johore launched a military attack on Dutch in Riau
later Dutch recaptured Riau in the same year.
COLONIZATION OF PENANG
THE COLONIAL ERA - BRITISH
SINGAPORE AND MALACCA
BRITISH IN PENANG
(a)
1600
The Straits
Settlements
Flag
Established British East India Company in 1600 to facilitate trade with China.
(b) Became interested in Malay Archipelago after trade with China became not very
successful and wanted to find a pirate-free port.
(c) Britains colonization of Penang was achieved through deception and aggressiveness
by Francis Light.
Captain Francis Light
(d) Penang was considered strategically located to serve as a military as well as commercial base.
Artists
impression
of Early
Penang.
(e) Penang was part of the territory of Kedah.

(f) Back then, Kedah was facing threats from Siam and Burma.
(g) Sultan Muhammad Jiwa offered British to set up settlements for protection - in case of an attack.
(h) Offer was not taken - reoffered by Sultan Abdullah (due to threats in the palace and external
factors).
(i) Sultan Muhammad Jiwa laid out several conditions:
Artists impression of the British

raising Union Jack in Penang.
British would protect the waters of Kedah.

Enemies of Kedah considered enemies of British too.
Expenses incurred in war would be borne by East India Company.
Ships could trade freely in Kedah or Penang.
Compensation of $30 000 peso would be paid to the Sultan.
British would protect Kedah from enemy attacks.
(j) Francis Light signed the agreement without obtaining permission from his superiors in India.
(k) Later, British East India Company turned down Kedahs conditions to safeguard their
interests with Siam and Selangor.
(l) Sultan Abdullah ordered the British to leave Penang.

(m) The situation became tensed when the British refused to leave.
(n)
British attacked Seberang Perai before Kedah could take any action.
Serious defeat on Kedah.
1791
Sultan was forced to accept Britishs conditions imposed by the British.
Old Penang Port
(o) Britishs conditions:
Acknowledging Britishs right to occupy Penang with

annual payment of $6000 peso as compensation.
With this agreement, British colonial rule of Penang began.
(p) British in Penang had difficulty in obtaining food supplies as

Penang depended for the supply of food.
(q) Kedah tried to obstruct the supply of food to Penang.

(r) Being weak, it was impossible for Kedah to resist British pressure.
(s)
Fort Cornwallis, Penang.
Handling over Seberang Perai in 1802.

Under this agreement, Sultan would receive annual compensation of $10 000 peso.
No indication of protection given for Kedah.
18
BRITISH IN SINGAPORE
Artists impression of the early settlements in Singapore.
Artists impression of the Singapore port in the 19th century.
(a)
Penangs geographical
(f)
Raffles recognized Tengku Husin

(the elder son) as the Sultan of
Johore.
position was too far to

the north.
(b)
Began to look for a new base

elsewhere in the region close
(i)
(j)
to the Straits of Malacca.

(g)
19
(c)
Task was given

to Stamford
In gratitude of Raffles support,

Tengku Husin allowed the
British to set up a settlement in
Singapore through an agreement
signed in 1819.
Raffles.
Stamford Raffles
(h)
Stamford Raffles was the founder of
(d)
Singapore and he considered it

suitable.
MEMORY TEST
1. List the lessons
that we learnt from
colonization.
2. State mistakes made
by our people that
resulted in foreign
colonization.
Conditions of the agreement:

British would protect Tengku Husin
Annual compensation of $3000 paid.
Stipulated not to have relationship
with any other European powers.
The Anglo-London Treaty was signed

on 17 March 1824 with the main aim of
ending all rivalry between the British and
the Dutch.
A number of terms had been agreed:
Territories to the north and east of
Malacca were given to the British.
Those to the west and south of the
Straits came under the Dutch influence.
Dutch handed over Malacca to the British
in exchange for Bencoolen (Bangkahulu).
(k)
With this exchange, three important ports

in the Malay Peninsula-Penang, Singapore
and Malacca were now under control of
the British.
(l)
In 1826 the three territories become

known as the Straits Settlement.
BRITISH COLONIZATION OF PENANG

THE COLONIAL ERA - SINGAPORE
AND MALACCA
(e)
Raffles found out that there was

a succession dispute between
two sons of the Johore ruler
Sultan Mahmud III.
British realized that
BRITISH INTERVENTION IN
DIRECT INTERVENTION- THE MALAY STATES
BRITISH INTERVENTION IN THE MALAY STATES
From 1824 1873, the British

in Malaya had tried to refrain
from interfering in the affairs
of the Malay states.
When the Straits Settlements were

transferred from the control of the
Indian government to the Colonial Office
in 1867, the Straits community thought
that there would be intervention.
1 THE MALAY STATES WERE
2 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
RICH IN RAW MATERIALS
(a) The Malay States were rich in raw

materials like tin, steel and coal.
(b) The British wanted to dominate the
states of Perak, Pahang, Selangor
and Negeri Sembilan.
In September 1873, Lord

Kimberley, Secretary of the
colonial office, inaugurated
a policy of intervention in the
affairs of the Malay States.
(a) Britain was in need of new markets and new

sources of raw materials, such as tin.
(b) The number of factories in Britain was increasing,
and new outlets were required for British
manufactured products. At the same time, tin was
one of the raw materials which Britains factories
needed.
(c) The easiest way for Britain to obtain markets and
raw materials was to increase the territory under
her control.
(d) Thus in 1873 it was felt, there was
every reason for the British to
intervene in the Malay States and
establish her protection over them.
THE OPENING OF THE

SUEZ CANAL
(a) The opening of the Suez Canal
in 1869 created a new and easy
trade route between Europe
and Asia.
(b) At the same time, the Industrial
Revolution was spreading
throughout Europe and
Suez Canal
Fear of the intervention
European nations were all
4 of other western powers
searching for new markets
THE CAUSES
for their goods.
(a) British feared the intervention of other
OF
(c) These two factors produced
European powers such as the Spanish, the
BRITISH
great competition for the
Dutch and the French.
INTERVENTION (b) These European powers had grabbed a
markets of Asia.
(d) The best way was by
certain section of South East Asia for its
extending the control in
own.
Malaya.
(c) The Spanish were getting involved with the
Sultan of Sulu, the French were actively
involved in spreading their influence in
THE
change
of
5
Indo-China, the Dutch were already
government in britain
invading the east coast of Sumatra.
(a) Britain had a great deal to gain
from intervening to restore order

in the Malay States. But the
Liberal Government of Gladstone,
which came into power in England
in 1868, was reluctant to act.
(b) It was Gladstones government
which forced Sir Harry Ord to
keep to the old policy of nonintervention.
(c) In 1874 Gladstone resigned, and
a new Conservative government
was formed by Benjamin Disraeli.
(d) Disraeli favoured the overseas
expansion of Britain.
THE CHAOTIC conditions in

the malay states
(a) Conditions in the Malay States became more and more
chaotic between 1867 and 1873.
(b) Civil disorders were especially serious in Perak, Selangor,
Pahang and parts of Negeri Sembilan.
(c) Sir Harry Ord failed to take effective
action to restore order. As a result of
the chaotic conditions, the production
of tin was interrupted.
(d) Chinese traders of the Straits Settlements
then pressed the British to intervene so
that they could trade peacefully.
20
1 THE RESIDENTIAL SYSTEM IN THE MALAY STATES

1 During the last three decades of the
nineteenth century, Britain became
increasingly involved in the internal
affairs of the Malay States.
2 In Perak, Selangor, Negeri

Sembilan and Pahang, the
Sultans accepted British
officials to help them rule.
3 These officials were called Residents,

and the system of governing with
assistance from a Resident was known
as the Residential system.
a A succession dispute began after the

b
death of Sultan Ali in 1871. The Malay
chief of Perak appointed the Bendahara,

Actually the
Raja Ismail, to be Alis successor,
but
throne should go
the throne was also claimed by
to Abdullah but since he
h
J.W.W Birch
Raja Abdullah and the Raja

was not present at the
Raja Abdullah
di-Hilir, Raja Yusof.
funeral of his father, the
Thus because of the intervention
position was given to Raja Ismail. Raja Yusof
of Andrew Clarke, Perak came
Raja
Ismail was able to secure the throne with
under the protection of the British.
the
support
of the wealthy and powerful
J.W.W. Birch was appointed as the
Menteri of Larut, who controlled Peraks
first Resident in Perak.
c
richest tin mines
g

Raja Yusof had little support,
Three days later
but Raja Abdullah collected an army and
BRITISH
on January 20th.
prepared to challenge Ismails position.
a settlement was
INTERVENTION
As a result, Perak was plunged into civil
agreed by the
war. At the same time, warfare began in
IN
PERAK
Chinese leaders and
the tin mines at Larut between the two
d
the Malay chiefs.
f
Sir Andrew Clarke

Chinese Secret Societies, the
e
At the end of
Ghee Hin and the Hai San.
The Chinese leaders and
This letter
December,1873, Clarke

Malay chiefs were to meet him on

gave Clarke the
Pangkor Island. The meeting took place on
received a letter from
opportunity he had
January 17th 1874, on board a British
Raja Abdullah, one of the
been waiting for. He
ship off Pangkor Island. Raja Abdullah,
claimants of the throne. Raja
sent his Chinese Affairs
the Menteri of Larut and several
Abdullah requested Clarke to
Officer, W.A. Pickering, to
Chinese leaders attended, but
contact the Chinese leaders, investigate the situation in
neither Raja Ismail nor
Perak and to place the state
and Frank Swettenham to
Raja Yusof put in an
under British protection.
contact the Malay chiefs.
appearance.
PANGKOR TREATY 1874

W.A. Pickering
The main terms of this Pangkor Agreement were:
Penang
1. Raja Abdullah was recognised by the British

as the rightful Sultan of Perak. Sultan Ismail
was given a pension of $1,000 a month.
2. Abdullah agreed to accept a British Resident.
The Resident was also to control the collection
of revenue and to supervise the general
administration.
3. The Menteri of Larut was given an Assistant
Resident and he was allowed to remain in
control of Larut.
4. The Chinese leaders signed an agreement
to disarm and keep the peace. A British
Commission which was made up of Colonel
Dunlop, Swettenhem and Pickering was to
supervise the disarmment.
STRAITS OF
MALACCA
Perak (16th century)

21
S E L A N G O R C I V I L WA R
1 Abdul Samad became Sultan in
1864. The reign of Abdul Samad
saw the beginning of a long civil
war which lasted from 1866 to
1873. Abdul Samad was too weak
to keep control of rich tin districts
such as Klang and Lukut.
6 To avoid trouble, Raja Abdullah
agreed to pay Raja Mahadi a monthly
allowance. But instead of being
satisfied with this arrangement, Raja
Mahadi started looking for support
to help him to press his claim.
7 In 1866, Raja Mahadi captured Klang.
Sultan Abdul Samad gave way when
Raja Mahadi promised to pay him
RM500 a month. However, quarrel
between Raja Mahadi and the Sultan
erupted when the former stopped
paying the monthly tribute.
12 This gave Clarke
the opportunity
to intervene in
Selangor.
2 The cause of
the trouble was
the revenue
collected from
the tin trade
passing along
the Klang River.
3 Initially, Sultan Muhammad

had given charge of the Klang
River district to his eldest son,
Raja Sulaiman. However, the
Sultan revoked the grant in
1853 and gave it to one of his
sons-in-law, Raja Abdullah.
5 Raja Mahadi, son of

Raja Sulaiman was
dissatisfied and put
forward his claim
to the Klang
area.
4 Raja Abdullah brought

in Chinese miners and in
time, he collected a rich
income from the tin that
was brought down from
the Klang River.
8 In Klang, Raja Ismail,

Tengku Kudin
son of the deposed
Raja Abdullah took up
the fight against Raja
Mahadi with the help
of another Malaccan
Chinese.
10 Tengku Kudin was also

supported by a famous Chinese
leader, Yap Ah Loy. However, he
was still not powerful enough
to keep the peace and instead
disorder continued to spread.
11 Therefore, Tengku Kudin,

the Viceroy of Selangor
asked for British help to
restore order in the state.
13 In November 1873, a group of pirates

attacked a trading boat from Malacca
at Kuala Langat.
9 In 1868, Sultan
Abdul Samad called
in his son-in-law,
Tengku Kudin of
Kedah to help him
restore order.
14 In January 1874, the pirates attacked

the lighthouse at Cape Rachado.
15 In February 1874, Clarke arrived off
the Selangor coast with Sir Charles
Shadwell of the China fleet, to demand
that the pirates be tried and executed.
16 The Sultan and the Viceroy took action
against the pirates. The Sultan also
requested that a British adviser be sent
to Selangor to advise him.
17 J.G Davidson was appointed as the

Sultans adviser (British Resident)
and made Frank Swettenham as his
assistant (Assistant Resident).
Sultan Abdul Samad
Areas under the

Klang District
Tin mining areas
Selangor (19th century)

Yap Ah Loy
22
J. G Davidson
Frank Swettenham
BRITISH INTERVENTION IN SUNGAI UJONG, NEGERI SEMBILAN

1
During Ords term of office, disorders

developed in parts of Negeri Sembilan, which
was then a loose federation of nine states.
Chinese miners often complained to Ord that
they were subjected to illegal taxation by Malay
chiefs who controlled the mouth of Linggi river.
Dato Kelana and

In Sungai Ujong, one of the
districts of Negeri Sembilan, Dato Bandar Kulop
Tunggal fought
fighting was in progress
among themselves
between two rival Malay
for control of Sungai
chiefs, Dato Kelana and the
Ujong
which was a
Dato Bandar Kulop Tunggal.
Sungai Ujong
Area
rich tin district.
17
PAHANG
16
British officers were placed in one district

after another as local disputes made
British intervention necessary.
After 1875
SELANGOR
JELEBU
15
JEMPOL
ULU MUAR
NOVEMBER 1874
SUNGAI UJONG
13
12
The British helped Dato

Kelana and the British
army led by W.A Pickering
successfully defeated Dato
Bandar Kulop Tunggal. Dato
Bandar was pensioned off and
forced to settle in Singapore.
TERACHI
SRI
MENANTI
GUNUNG
PASIR
JOHOL
Dato Kelana Syed

Abdul Rahman
INAS
REMBAU
7
TAMPIN
STRAITS OF
MALACCA
Dato Bandar Kulop

Tunggal was strongly
supported by:
(i) the
majority
of local
residents.
(ii) Chinese
miners in
Sungai
Ujong.
JOHORE
Dato Kelana felt insecure.
MALACCA
Negeri Sembilan (19th century)
11
Dato Bandar
did not like
this action and
a short civil
war followed
between he and
Dato Kelana.
10
Dato Kelana then requested a

British Resident and in
November an Assistant
Resident, Captain Tatham was
sent by Clarke to Sungai Ujong.
Thus Sungai Ujong became the
first state in Negeri Sembilan to
come under British protection.
9
APRIL 1874 In Singapore, Clarke
met Dato Kelana of Sungai Ujong.

At a meeting of Malay chiefs held
at Kuala Tinggi, Clarke persuaded
the chiefs to sign a bond promising
that they would not collect illegal
taxes from the Chinese miners.
Therefore, Dato Kelana

requested British
help to strengthen his
position and influence
in Sungai Ujong.
23
14
The British placed the

Magistrate and the Revenue
Collector
Officer in
Rembau,
Jelebu and
Seri Menanti.
It was the main

means of
transportation to
the port of Malacca.
The chiefs received
good income by
collecting taxes
from merchants who
travelled along the
Linggi River.
6
The British slowly extended

their influence over the whole of Negeri
Sembilan.
The YamTuan Antah
rose against British intervention, and
another war took place between Antah
and Dato Kelana. Once again, the
British sided with Dato Kelana and
YamTuan Antah was defeated.
The Linggi River was

situated in the Sungai
Ujong district.
1896 Martin Lister was sent to Negeri

Sembilan as the Resident.
Both Dato
Kelana and
Dato Bandar
wanted to
take control of
Sungai Ujong
district.
BRITISH INTERVENTION IN PAHANG

The first British Resident sent
to Pahang was J.P. Rodger
with Hugh Clifford as the
assistant.
The British intervention in Pahang
was not favoured by the Malay chiefs
who tried to revolt against British rule,
Hugh Clifford
but the rebellions were all
In February
suppressed by the British
1888, a Chinese

by 1895.
British subject was
i
murdered near the Sultans palace.
The Governor of the Straits Settlements
took this opportunity to visit Wan Ahmad
h
in Pekan.
After consulting his chiefs, the Sultan
accepted a British Resident
g
in August 1888.
Pahang was the last

Malay State which
accepted British
Resident.
Wan Ahmad
strived to protect
Pahang from being
colonized as he did not Wan Ahmad

want Pahang to lose sovereignty as
the other Malay States such as
Perak, Selangor and
a
Negeri Sembilan.
He emulated the
b
state of Johore. He
restricted British influence into
c
Pahang by developing the
state. He brought in investors
from other European
d
countries to develop
f
e
Pahang.
British was not
In 1887, a British Agent
comfortable with his action.
was sent to Pahang to watch
In 1887, When
They felt insecure of their
over the interests of British
Sultan Ahmad Frank
Swettenham position. Therefore, they tried
subjects in that state.
their best to extend their
accepted the visited

Pahang in
The agent was
influence into Pahang.
Consular Agent
1885 he advised Wan
Hugh Clifford.
under pressure
Ahmad to have a
from the Maharaja
British Agent
of Johore
to help him.
(Sultan Abu Bakar)
BRITISH EFFORTS TO EXPAND ITS INFLUENCE INTO PAHANG

J.W.W
Birch with
the Malay
Chiefs.
(a) Controlled the
administration
(c) Interfered in the malay
traditional customs
The Residents action

to eliminate slavery was
considered beyond their
jurisdiction. According to
The Sultan and the chiefs

lost their power as the
British Resident took over
the state administration.
J.W.W Birch
the Sultan and the

chiefs, slavery is an
ancestral custom in
the traditional Malay
society.
(d) In Charge of the collection

(b) FORCED TO RECEIVE ADVICE
The Resident advises the Sultan in all
matters except for the Islam religion
and Malay customs. The advice from the
Resident should
be followed and
implemented.
Martin Lister
J.P. Rodger
24
The Resident took over the authority

to collect taxes from the Sultan and
the chiefs.
The Revenue collector officers were in
charge of collecting taxes.
THE FEDERATED MALAY STATES

THE FEDERATED MALAY STATES (FMS)
Through the Federation Agreement (1896) the
Federated Malay States were formed.
The Federated Malay States, consisted of Selangor,
Perak, Pahang and Negeri Sembilan.
Headed by a Resident-General based in Kuala Lumpur.

The role of the Resident-General was to advise on all
aspects of government except on issues
relating to Islam and Malay customs.
Pahang
Selangor
Negeri
Sembilan
TR
MA
Federal Council, 1895, acting like a Cabinet was set up in

Kuala Lumpur.
The aim was to increase the power of the rulers and the
residents in the states concerned.
The Federated
Malay States Flag
Perak
SU
The Resident-General was responsible to

the High Commissioner in Singapore.
The first Resident-General was Frank Swettenham.
SIAM
SOUTH CHINA
SEA
5 The Federal Council consisted:

Frank Swettenham, the
High Commissioner (President). 4 Residents
first Resident General.
4 unofficial members
Resident General.
(3 Europeans and 1 Chinese)
4 Sultans
6 Obvious effect of the establishment of the council was the gradual
weakening of the power of the Sultan and the State Executive Council.
7
Sultan Idris
This became very clear when the Sultan became only an ordinary member
with no decision-making power.
Laws were signed and passed by the High Commissioner and not the Sultan.
8 DURBAR
To create a better relationship between the rulers and the British officers, a
conference of the Malay Rulers known as Durbar was introduced.
Durbar Conference, 1897, meeting of the four rulers, to discuss customary
practices, Islam and Malay welfare.
9 Reasons for setting up FMS.
to address Pahangs financial problems.
to standardize the administration (lead
to efficiency)
10 Merits of FMS:
(a) Efficient administration
stable government
peace and
order
to ensure security
to check the
Residents power
heads of departments set up

System of justice, police and
army were created
(b) Economic progress

improved communications
increase in population
Raja Chulan
development of tin and

rubber industries
growth of towns
increase in revenue
25
Sultans at the First Malayan Durbar, 1897.
Durbar in Kuala Lumpur, 1903.
NON-FEDERATED MALAY STATES

NON-FEDERATED MALAY STATES
1
2
Kelantan, Terengganu, Kedah and Perlis were

under the protection of Siam.
Bangkok Treaty of 1909 was a treaty between
the United Kingdom and Thailand signed on
March 10 1909 in Bangkok. The Siamese
agreed to hand over these states to the British.
British Advisers were appointed. For example,
J.S. Mason was the Adviser for Kelantan in 1910.
The British made it difficult for other Western
powers to penetrate into the Northern States.
1919 - The four states were combined as the
Non-Federated Malay States.
Perlis
SIAM
Kedah
Penang
Kelantan
Terengganu
Perak
Pahang
Selangor
Negeri
Sembilan
SU
Malacca
TR
MA
Johore
Having successfully expanded into the

Unfederated Malay States,
the British effectively
controlled the
whole of the Peninsula.
SOUTH CHINA
SEA
Singapore
The Non-Federated Malay States
Settlement and proclamation of the

transfer of the northern KedahMalay states (northern Malaya)
from the Kingdom of Siam under the
Siam-British Treaty of 1909.
DECENTRALIZATION OF POWER
MEMORY TEST
DEFINITION
Comment on the merits

and the demerits of the
Federation.
Decentralization means that the important

powers relating to administration of finance
and services, such as the railway, customs
and postal services that were once under
central control, would be distributed to the
states concerned.
CONCLUSION
Distribution of power implemented by
British was based on economic and
political motives.
British had intention of ruling the whole of
Malaya under one administration entity,
Malayan Union.
However, this distribution of power was not
successful because the Japanese invaded
Malaya in 1941.
MEMORY TEST
What were the reasons which led to the federation
of the four states of Perak, Selangor, Negeri
Sembilan and Pahang in 1896?
FACTORS FOR DECENTRALIZATION
1
Dissatisfaction among the
Sultans concerning their
decision-making power, unlike
the rulers in Non-Federated
where they had greater power
over their own state.
4 Decline of world
economy in the
1920s.
5 Only a few Malays

were in the
administration.
2
The struggle of power between
the Resident-General and High
Commissioner.
3
Loss of power of the
Sultans and State
Councils.
26
6 British intention
to combine the
FMS and NFMS.
MEMORY TEST
1. What do you understand by the policy of
decentralization? Why was this policy necessary?
2. Trace the main steps in the policy of
decentralization till 1932.
THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION

J A PA N E S E O C C U PAT I O N
THE RISE OF JAPAN

(a) In the period up to 1941, Japan emerged as a major power
strong enough to challenge the United States.
(b) The growth of Japanese power was demonstrated in the
Russian-Japanese War between 19041905.
(c) During World War One, Japans power was further increased.
The soldiers of the Imperial
(d) Although Japan developed rapidly as an industrialized nation,
Japanese Army in World War II
its people faced many problems.
(e) Population was growing rice production could not keep up with this increase.
(f) No raw materials valuable commodities such as oil, rubber

and iron had to be imported.
(g) World went into economic recession after 1929.
(h) Japan needed more land and more raw materials. Therefore,
in 1931, Japan went to war.
The Russian-Japanese War
JAPANs plan for a new order

(a) In 1938, Japan devised a plan for establishing a New Order
in Asia (Greater East Asia Co. Prosperity Sphere).
(b) This involved setting up an organization under Japans
leadership to provide economic growth and political
independence.
(c) In reality, it meant Japan gaining control of Asia and
exploiting Asias raw material for its own use.

(a) The Japanese occupation was an important event in the
history of Malaya.
(b) Although the occupation was short, they had a great impact
on the country.
(c) The conquest of the whole of Malaya was fast and effective.
(d) The whole of Malaya and Singapore were defeated in only
70 days.
Greater East Asia Conference
REASONS FOR JAPANESE INVASION OF MALAYA
Japanese troops in Kuala Lumpur
British surrender at Singapore on

15 February 1942
(a) The Japanese propagated Greater East Asia Co.Prosperity Sphere and Asia
for the Asians to gain support from the Asian people.
(b) The Japanese promised to declare independence in
certain South East Asian countries.
(c) To get raw materials (tin).
(d) To get new places to accommodate Japans
increasing population.
(e) To drive out the Europeans.
27
Victorious Japanese troops marching through the

Fullerton Square, Singapore in February 1942.
THE JAPANESE INVASION OF MALAYA

Singgora (3 Dec)
Jitra
(12 Dec)
Alor Setar
(13 Dec)
Japanese troops advancing through

Malaya during World War II.
Penang
(17 Dec 1941)
Taiping
Japanese Battleships
Japanese Aircrafts
Patani
(8 December 1941)
Kota Bharu
(8 December 1941)
Keroh
(14 Dec)
Kuala Terengganu
(8 Dec)
The landing of Japanese troops in Kota Bharu.
Kuala Kangsar
(24 Dec)
Ipoh
(26 Dec)
Teluk Anson
(2 Jan 1942)
Kuantan
(31 Dec 1941)
Slim River
(7 Jan 1942)
Kuala Selangor (1 Jan)

Port Swettenham
(1 Jan)
Morib
Kuala Lumpur
(11 Jan)
Japanese troops riding on bicycles.
Seremban
Gemas
Mersing
Segamat
Port Dickson
(28 Jan 1942)
Malacca
Muar
Kluang
(16 Jan)
Batu Pahat
(21 Jan)
Japanese armoured units advancing into Malaya.
British Military Fort

Japanese invasion from the land
Japanese invasion from

the sea
MEMORY TEST
Johore Bahru
(31 Jan)
Singapore (15 Feb)
In a matter of only nine

weeks, Malaya fell to the
Japanese. What were the
main causes which led to
this catastrophe?
THE JAPANESE INVASION OF Sarawak and sabah

Japanese invasion from the
land
Japanese invasion from the
sea
Kudat
(1 Feb)
Japanese troops land off the West

Coast of British North Borneo.
From CamRanh
Jesselton
(Kota Kinabalu)
Labuan
(9 Jan)
(1 Jan)
BRUNEI
SABAH
Sandakan
(19 January 1942)
Lahad Datu
(27 January 1942)
Tawau
(24 January 1942)
Miri
(16 December 1941)
General Hedeki, Tajo, Prime

Minister of Japan at Kuching
airfield on July 7 1943.
Sibu
(27 December 1941)
SARAWAK
MEMORY TEST
The Japanese Imperial

Army invaded and occupied
Labuan in January 1942.
Kuching
(25 December 1941)
Describe the main

features of the Japanese
Occupation of Malaya
between 1942-1945.
The soldiers from Camranh

Bay, Vietnam landed in Miri.
28
FACTORS FOR THE JAPANESE VICTORY

a
They conquered Malaya quite easily although the British

military was equipped with better firearms and were greater
in number than the Japanese. The Japanese had a
comprehensive plan network of spies in Malaya.
Japanese invasion of Malaya and Singapore.
The British were not prepared for the war. Japanese

soldiers were in excellent form due to intensive training.
They did not anticipate that the Japanese would attack

from land/north. The Imperial Japanese Army was led by
capable and experienced leaders Yamashita and Tsuji.
They were enthusiastic and inspired to fight for the

importance and supremacy of Japan.
The Japanese Army had practical war tactics. For example,

using bicycles even in jungles and villages.
The British soldiers lacked the spirit of war especially

after the first round of attacks.
British soldiers were young and inexperienced.
Prince of Wales and Repulse under Japanese air

attack, 10 December 1941.
Japanese troops advancing on bicycles in Malaya.
The British represented by LieutenantGeneral A.E Percival signs the

surrender at Singapore.
THE JAPANESE ADMINISTRATION

a
The Japanese placed Malaya under a Military Administration headed by a President

or Gunseikan, with his headquarters in Singapore.
Malaya was changed to New Malai. The Japanese ruled

Malaya and Sumatra as a single unit.
Singapore was renamed Syonan (Light of the South), separate

administration from Malaya.
Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan and Terengganu were restored to Siam for

allowing Japanese to invade Malaya through the Thai territory.
The rest of the country (the Straits Settlements, the Federated

Malay States and the Unfederated Malay States) was divided
into eight provinces, each headed by a Japanese Governor.
The Sultans were confirmed as Heads of their respective states and the Bureaux of
Religious Affairs which were set up in each state.
Banana
During the Japanese Occupation,

Fullerton Building was the headquarters
of the Japanese Military Administration.
The Japanese set up schools to

teach the people the Japanese
language.
Implemented a policy of Japanization using the education

system, mass media and the economic system.
Money was
issued during
the Japanese
Occupation.
Promises of Asia for Asians and Greater East Asia

Co-Prosperity Sphere remained slogans.
A Japanese stamp depicting the

approximate extension of the Greater
East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.
29
T H E E F F E C T S O F T H E J A PA N E S E O C C U PAT I O N
ECONOMIC EFFECT
Malaya was in complete
confusion.
Infrastructure was destroyed
and economic activities were
disrupted.
Worsened the lives of people.
Shortage of food

Life under the Japanese
administration was terribly
difficult.

There
was
shortage of
of water, Shortage of Food
electricity, gas, food
and other basic essentials.

Rubber
trees
were cut
down to
grow
subsistence
crops for the
Japanese
(mainly tapioca,
millet and
maize.)
Inflation
escalated

The Japanese
printed as
much money
as they liked.

These dollar notes were
known as the banana and
coconut notes.

Due to over-printing, the
value of these notes were
very small in many cases,
trade was reduced to
barter.
A scene of destruction
after Japanese aircrafts
bombed Singapore.
Ration card
Houses and schools

were destroyed
POLITICAL ASPECT
The Japanese administration was a
period of misery.
This bad experience raised political
awareness.
The Malays were attracted to the slogan
Asia for Asians which stirred them to
build their own government.
The Malays were employed to run the
administration. This gave them
experience and self-confidence and
made them prepared to stand against
British rule after the war.
Malays were also employed in the
military and police force to hunt down
anti-Japanese insurgents who were
mainly Chinese. This therefore led to
a worsening of the Sino-Malay
relationship.
Futhermore the Japanese authorities
tried to get the collaboration of the
Malay nationalist leaders.
Before the war, the Malay left-wing
party, the Kesatuan Melayu Muda (KMM)
had been banned
by the British and
these leaders,
Ibrahim Yaacob
and Ishak
bin Haji Mohammad
were arrested. They
were released when
the Japanese
Ibrahim Yaacob
arrived.
The Chinese
established the MPAJA
to fight against the
Japanese.
The Chinese
strengthened the
Communist Party of
Ishak Haji Mohammad
Malaya (MCP).
The Japanese used the police force
(mainly Malays) to fight against the
MPAJA (consisting mainly Chinese)
thus caused racial friction.
Hence the Chinese suffered most under
the Japanese rule.
They were arrested and executed at the
slightest excuse.
When the Japanese surrended after
World War II, the MPAJA took advantage
to terrorize and take revenge on the
Malays.
This experience had
left lasting
negative racial
sentiment between
the two communities.
MPAJA
30
SOCIAL CONDITIONS
Food and health

The inadequate food
supply led to poor health
among
the
people.
Many
died
Inadequate food supply
from
diseases such
as beri-beri, tuberculosis
and malaria.

Medicine and medical
equipment were seized
and sent to Japan while
preventive measures
against diseases were
not carried out.
Poor health conditions
Education and Japanese

Indoctrination
All had to sing Kamigayo

every morning while
raising the Japanese flag.

Japanese instructors
were employed to teach
respect for the Japanese
Emperor and contempt
for the British.

Only Japanese and other
Asian films were allowed
in cinemas.

English films were
forbidden.

They also took over control
of the newspaper and
radio stations, and
broadcast mainly
Japanese propaganda
and cultural programmes.
Death Railway - Some of the Prisoners

of War were sent to Thailand to construct
a railroad. They were forced to work long
hours and were not given enough food.
THE ERA OF EMERGENCY
1
(a)
One of the most important period in the Malaysian history.
(b)
This period is closely related to the development and activities of the

Malayan Communist Party (MCP).
(c)
Communism crept into Malaya in the 1920s through a branch of Kuomintang party in China.
(d)
It was therefore no surprise that the majority of the MCP members were Chinese.
(e)
The primary objective of MCP was to overthrow the British government and
establish the Communist Republic of Malaya.
(f)
MCP had been an underground movement except during the years 1945 to 1948.
(g)
After the World War II, MCP guerillas prepared a strategy to take over the
controlling power before the British resumed their rule of Malaya.
The MCP formed the Malayan Races Liberation Army (MRLA), better known
as the Three Stars (Bintang Tiga - symbolizing the three main races in
Malaya) to fight for the establishment of the Communist Republic of Malaya.
(h)
(i)

Malayan Communist
Party (MCP)
Malayan Races Liberation

Army (MRLA)
The MCP also set up a supply and public spy unit known as Min Yuen.
Min Yuen had two main functions:
(a) Get food and medical supplies.
(b) Obtain information on British activities.
COMMUNISM
Chin Peng-Leader
of the MCP
(a)
Malayan Communist Party (MCP)
NO SUPPORT FOR
COMMUNISM IDEOLOGY
The majority of the population did not

support the communist ideology.
For the Malays, communism was against
(b) Islamic teachings as it denied the
Min Yuen armed units
An overturned train: One of the

sabotages done by the MCP.
COMMUNISM UPRISING
AND TERRORISM
The Asian Communist Youth Congress held in
Calcutta in Feb 1948 greatly influenced the MCP.
(a)
Following the Calcutta Resolution, the MCP
(b) launched attacks on rubber estates and tin mines

causing many deaths and loss of means of livelihood.
existence of God.
Besides, the MCP was dominated by the Chinese
(c) and created suspicions among the Malays.
(d) However, there were many among the Chinese

who were not interested in joining MCP.
(c)
In June 1948, the MCP launched

an armed uprising in Malaya.
Training camp of the

communist bandits
The MCP employed guerilla war tactics to cripple
(d) the economy by conquering big cities
(form headquarters) and eventually drive

the British out of Malaya.
(e) Republic - royal institution would be abolished.
(e)
On 6 Oct 1951, Sir Henry Gurney, the

High Commissioner was shot dead.
Sir Henry Gurney
Malayan Communist Party

Funeral, Sir Henry Gurney
(f)
31
His death spurred the British into action

to eradicate the communists and their activities.
STEPS TO ERADICATE COMMUNISTS
1
Sir Edward Gent
Declaration of
emergency
THE BRiggs plan
(a) Sir Harold Briggs introduced the
(a) On 16 June 1948, Sir Edward Gent, a
plan by relocating the squatter
British Commissioner, declared Perak and
Sir Harold Briggs
areas from the forest to a new village.
Johor emergency areas.
(b) Towards February 1952, more than 400,000
(b) On 17 June 1948, emergency was declared on
Chinese squatters were relocated to
the whole of Malaya following the killing of 3
approximately 400 new villages.
European estate managers in Perak.
(c) Launched starvation movement.
(c) On 23 July 1948, the MCP was officially outlawed.
(d) Aimed at restricting the Chinese from
(d) The Emergency Law of 1948 gave powers to the
supplying food, medicine and information
police and soldiers to arrest and detain
to the communists.
communist suspects without trial.
(e) This plan was effective
(e) Imposed road blocks and curfew where
because it weakened
communists activities were rife.
Min Yuen activities and
(f) The registration system was also introduced
forced the communists Rural Chinese being moved

into new village settlements
out of the jungles.
where citizens aged 12 years

and above must register and
by the British
own an identification card

known as identity card (IC).

Police road blocks to prevent the
movements of the communist.
British soldiers on jungle

patrol in Malaya.
MILITARY MEASURES
(a) Sir Gerald Templer, a military

general, replaced Sir Henry Gurney
in 1952.
(b) He used firm military force to fight
the communists.
Sir Gerald Templer
(c) Among others, he used 13 battalions of

British soldiers, Gurkhas and Malays.
(d) Formed home guard system
with 210,000 soldiers.
(e) The strength of the military
team enabled to launch more
The new village 1948-1960
psychological warfare
(the tempLer plan)
(a) Among them were making conditions easier

for non-Malays to obtain citizenship.
(b) Pardoning MCP members who surrendered.
(c) Rewarding people who provided information
on communists terrorists.
(d) Giving out pamphlets calling the communists
to give up their fight.
(e) Introduced the White and Black Areas.

Introduced curfews where soldiers were
hunting for the communists.

Imposed road blocks to prevent communist
activities.
A C R O S T I C
Steps to eradicate communists
Declaration of Emergency
Briggs Plan
Military Measures
Psychological Warfare
Acrostic: David Beckham Makes
aggressive attacks on the

communists and ensured
food was not smuggled
out for the guerilla
communists.
Residents of new village

queuing up for their daily ration
of food given out by the British.
32
- D
- B
- M
- P
Pizza.
1
(a)
T H E B A L I N G N E G O T I AT I O N ( D E C E M B E R 1 9 5 5 )
After experiencing a decline, the MCP decided to negotiate with
the government of Malaya.
(b) Held in Baling, Kedah on 28-29 December 1955.
The Malayan Communist Party

representatives, from left: Rashid
Maidin, Chin Peng and Chen Tien.
(c)
Tunku Abdul Rahman, David Marshall and Tun Tan Cheng Lock
represented the government while Chin Peng, Chen Tien and
Rashid Maidin represented the MCP.
(d)
The MCP asked to be legally recognized but was turned down.
The Baling Negotiation,

December 1955.
From left: Sir Tan Cheng Lock,
YTM Tunku Abdul Rahman
and David Marshall representing
the Malayan government.
The Baling Negotiation was held in

Sekolah Kebangsaan Tunku Putra.
(e)
The MCP rejected the governments counter offer and refused to lay down their arms.
The MCP representatives were escorted

to attend the Baling Negotiation.
Scenes at the Baling Negotiation 1955.
(a) Gradually the influence and activities

of the MCP declined.
T (b) On 31 July 1960, Tunku proclaimed the

H
end of emergency.
E
(c) MCP failed due to:

I

Their offensive acts against the
M
Malayan Union government.

Lack of support from Malayan
P
citizens, especially from the Malays.
A

Lack of protection from China and C
Russia.
T

(e) The number of people killed
O
included 9,581 MCP members,
F
2,461 ordinary citizens and 1,851
members of the security force.
(d) However, the emergency period that lasted

12 years left many negative results.
(f) Loss of lives, the destruction of property
and the crippling of the economy.
(h) Communist movement were mainly Chinese
while the police and army forces being
Malays only made the racial issue worse.
(j) The unity among the citizens of Malaya

that convinced the British to grant
E
independence (Social
M
Contract
(g) New villages with public facilities were E
Pakatan
developed unlike in traditional Malay
R
Murni)
villages. widened social gap.
(i) Challenge for the people to work
together to defeat the communist
terrorists.
G
E
N
C
Y
The failure of the

Baling Negotiation.
33
Baling Negotiation on 28 and

29 December 1955.
THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE MALAYAN UNION
MALAYAN UNION
(a)
The Malayan Union plan was based on the Atlantic Charter signed by the
British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill and Roosevelt, in August 1941.
(b)
The Atlantic Charter announced the principles of independent government for

colonised territories.
Winston Churchill
(c) Based on the principles of the Atlantic Charter, the Colonial Territories Office along with War
Office initiated plans for a political revision in the Malay Peninsula after the Second World War
in February 1943.
(d)
In Julai 1943, the Colonial Territories Office in London formed a Malayan Planning Unit to
structure a new administration for the Malay Peninsula.
(e)
George Hall, Secretary of Colonial Territories, announced the Malayan Union plan on 10th
October 1945.
(f)
Subsequently, Sir Harold MacMicheal was appointed Special Representative of the

British government to the Malay Peninsula to obtain the Sultans consent.
(g)
Soon after the Japanese occupation, the British came back to Malaya and introduced
temporary military government or BMA (British Military Administration).
(h) On 1 April 1946, the British replaced BMA with the Malayan Union.
Sir Harold
MacMichael
WHY BRITISH INTRODUCED MALAYAN UNION?

(a)
Edward Gent became

the Governor of the
To combine all scattered
(h)
Malayan Union.
administration into one ruling
(b)
system (Malayan Union).
Assuring economic

To prepare for the

The unification
development and
locals
for
own
was to assist
political stability would be
government.
administration
important because these

British
were indebted to
and save
would promote foreign
the
Chinese
and the Indians
expenditure.
investment.
who helped them in
(g)
fighting against
Sir Edward
(c)
Gent
the
Japanese.
In view of these

To enforce defence and
positions, the British
boost
economic
recovery and
wanted to ensure that their
progress.
economic investment and interests
The British realised the need to

in this country remained under
(d)

increase
efforts
to
(f)
control.
(e)
develop the Malay

To accomplish
In addition, the Malay

Peninsula.
social development plans,
Peninsula produced

the Malay Peninsula needed to
196,000 tonnes of rubber in 1920,

have a firm economy.
the largest annual output in
the world.
In 1904, the Malay
Peninsula produced
51, 733 tonnes of tin ore
which was half of the
The British Military Administration was
worlds production.
formed after the Japanese Army surrendered
Malayan Union
was proclaimed
on 1 April 1946.
34

MEMORY TEST
Describe the main features

of the Malayan Union.
F E AT U R E S O F T H E M A L AYA N U N I O N
MEMORY TEST
Why was there so much Malay

opposition to the Malayan
Union proposals?
(a)
Except for Singapore, all the Malay States were united under one central government
i.e. Malayan Union.
(b)
A British Governor would be appointed in due course with the help of the Government
Council and the Judiciary Council.
(c)
Rulers sovereignty would be abolished - they would only have the authority in
Islamic affairs and customs.
(d)
The state council would be under the central government.
(e)
All races would be given equal rights - Jus Soli Principle.
(f)
Malayan citizenship was obtained if

The foreigner was 18 and above and had resided in
The Malay Rulers
Malaya for 10 out of 15 years before 15 February 1946.
A person who was born in Malaya after the forming of the Malayan Union.
(g)
Equal rights for all citizens regardless of race or origin.
(h)
This includes the entry into government services and the right to vote in the general
election.
(i)
The Malayan Union did not involve Singapore.
(j)
Singapore would remain as British colonial territory under the rule of the British Governor
General.
(k)
Harold MacMicheal was vested with the responsibility of getting the agreement of all the
Malay rulers.
(l)
In January 1946, the Constitution of the Malayan Union was passed and on 1 April 1946
the Malayan Union was officially proclaimed, with Edward Gent as the first Governor.
O P P O S I T I O N A G A I N S T T H E M A L AYA N U N I O N
1 Harold MacMicheal succeeded in
1.
getting the rulers signatures through
intimidation.

The Sultan of Kedah, for example was
threatened with loss of power and
throne, if he refused to sign.
2.
2 Erosion of Malay rulers power and
sovereignty.

Among the Malays, the Malay rulers
were the supreme head and has the
power to protect them.

The rulers loss of power meant the
loss of Malay power.
3.
3 The easy granting of citizenship to
the non-Malays.

Could-adversely affect the economic
and political situation of the Malays
since at that time, the total number
of non-Malay inhabitants exceed the
Malays.
4 Opposition against the

4.
Malayan Union also came
from the former British
officers in Malaya such as
Frank Swettenham,
R.O Winstedt, George
Maxwell and Cecil
Clementi Smith.
George Maxwell
Sir Cecil
R.O Winstedt Clementi Smith
35

MEMORY TEST
Describe the events which led to

the formation of UMNO by Dato
Onn bin Jaafar.
OPPOSITION AGAINST THE MALAYAN UNION
(i) Frank Swettenhem

He voiced his objection through the press in London urging the
British to protect the interests and special rights of the Malays.
(ii) Dato Onn

Frank Swettenham

Dato Onn Jaafar
Dato Onn led the Malays against the Malayan Union and instilled
national spirit among them.
Establishment of the
Malayan Union
He established Pergerakan Melayu Semenanjung (Peninsular
Malay Movement) in January 1946 to defend the rights of the Malays.
He chaired the Pan-Malayan Malay Congress meeting on 29 and 30 March 1946
in Kuala Lumpur.
Through this congress the Malays were advised to boycott the Malayan Union
and unite to stage demonstrations on 1 April 1946.
In fact the Malays, went into mourning for 7 days
(from 1 April 1946) by tying a white band to their
headgear (songkok).
Dato Onn Jaafar forms the UMNO.

(iii) Malayan Union Demonstration

The Malay rulers were advised not to attend the appointment ceremony of
Edward Gent as the first Governor of the Malayan Union.

In March 1946, the Malayan Malay Congress chaired by Dato Onn met in Kuala
Demonstration against

Lumpur, attended by 41 organisations, opposed the formation of the Malayan
the Malayan Union in
Johore.
Union, held demonstrations at major towns, established the United Malays
National Organisation (UMNO) to protect the interests of the Malays.

Umno slogan at that time was Hidup Melayu and Hidup Bangsa Melayu (Long
Live Malays and Long Live the Malay Race) which then changed to Merdeka
(Independent).
Demonstration against

The strong fight against the Malayan Union by the Malays caused the Malayan
Malacca.
Union to be abolished.

The non-Malays were not so interested in the Malayan Union, accusing it of being
colonial and undemocratic.

They lost interest because of the British decision to postpone the enforcement
Demonstration against of the citizenship rights.
Futhermore, they had no capable leaders and were not aware of the politics of
Tapah, Perak.
Malaya.

Their spirit of nationalism was still in the direction of their country of origin.

They voiced their dissatisfaction over the Malayan Union in the press because it
did not include Singapore.
Politically aware Malays

protesting against the
Malayan Union, 1946
(iv) Malayan Democratic Union

Non-Malays (mainly Chinese) formed the Malayan
Democratic Union (MDU).

The British government ignored all protests and
Malayan Union was proclaimed on 1 April 1946.

Edward Gent became the Governor of the Malayan Union.
UMNO protest against the

Malay rulers boycotted the installation ceremony.
Malayan Union
36
Sir Edward Gent

MEMORY TEST
Who formed UMNO?
T H E FA I L U R E O F M A L AYA N U N I O N
The Malayan Union constitution forced

the Malays to think in a new direction.

Stirred up a strong sense of
nationalism among the Malays.
The Malayan Union would eradicate the
power and sovereignty of the Malay

Rulers.
Sir Harold MacMicheal threatened and

forced the Malay Rulers to accept the
Malayan Union.
MEMORY TEST
State the reasons for the
formation of UMNO.
The Malays felt their position was

threatened because of the Jus Soli
Principle of granting the rights of
citizenship to foreigners.
Opposition was collectively organized
by Malay Unions at the state and
national levels.
Demonstration by 10 000 people on
15 December 1945, when MacMicheal
arrived in Kelantan to obtain the
Sultans signature.
Wrong timing.
The introduction of Malayan Union
was too early, immediately after the
Japanese occupation.

Communal feelings and hostility still
existed between the Malays and the
Chinese during the Japanese occupation.

The Malayan Union was accused of
putting the Malays at a disadvantage and
favouring the non-Malays.

The locals were still occupied with the
Japanese slogan Asia for Asians.

The Malays were not ready to accept
The British government refused to accept

the Malays proposal on Malayan Union.
The Union was drawn up in London

without taking into account the situation
and wishes of the people in Malaya.
Sir Harold MacMicheals threats on Malay

Rulers challenged the Malay sovereign.
There was also strong objection to the
use of political blackmail to get the 8

agreement signed.
radical changes that would affect their

position.
The previous British administration in
Malaya supported the Malay uprise.

They urged the British to protect the

interest and special rights of the
As a result the Malayan Union was

dissolved in July 1946.
10
Malays.
In this context, a consultation took place

between Edward Gent and the Malay
rulers and Dato Onn Jaafar to draw up
a new constitution to replace the
Malayan Union Constitution.
37
FEDERATION
THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE OF MALAYA

F E D E R AT I O N O F M A L AYA 1 9 4 8
The British decide to form the Federation of Malaya
to replace the Malayan Union on 1 February 1948.
(a) About 3 months after the proclamation
of the Malayan Union (MU), the
British decided to set up a Working
Committee to draw up a new
constitution which would replace
Dato Onn suggested a Federation
as an alternative to the union in
the Malayan Union constitution.
which the position of the Sultans
Nik Ahmad Kamil (second from left) in

the group representing the Malay rulers
and UMNO attending a meeting in Kuala
Lumpur on Nov 20, 1946, of the Working
Committee formed to draft the Constitution
Proposals for the Federation of Malaya.
would be safeguarded while the

political position of the Malays
would be maintained.
(f)
The protest against the Malayan

Union brought to the formation
of Federation of Malaya.
The British reinstated

the rights of the
(b)
Malays because of
pressure from the Malays
The British finally
and former British
agreed to replace
The British government and the Malayan
administrators.
the Malayan Union
leaders signing the agreement of
However, the constitution establishing
Federation of Malaya at
with a new form of
Kings House, Kuala Lumpur.
too was opposed by other
government, known
groups, especially
as the Federation of
the non-Malays and the
THE NEW

Malaya.
Malay community itself. CONSTITUTION
(e) The report of the Committee

was published in
December 1946
that proposed:
Protection for
the sovereignty
and powers of
the Malay rulers.
PROPOSAL
(c) The new system of

administration was
officially launched on
1 February 1948 despite
being opposed by
certain groups.
More stringent condition

(d)
for citizenship for
A working committee
non-Malays;
was
formed on
Special rights for
25 July 1946 to draw up
the Malays.
a new constitution.
The committee members
The Malay rulers and the high ranking British
officials after the signing of the Federal and
consisted of 6 British officers,
States Agreement in Kings house Kuala
Lumpur on 21 January 1948.
4 representatives of the Malay
rulers and 2 UMNO representatives.
38
FEDERATION
OPPOSITION FROM AMCJA
(a) Non-Malays objected as the working committee did not include any
non-Malay.
(b) AMCJA (All Malayan Council of Joint Action) established on
22 Dec 1946 led by Tun Tan Cheng Lock, consisted of MIC, Malayan
Peoples Anti-Japanese Ex-Services Comrades Association and the
Pan-Malayan Federation of Trade Union.
(c) AMCJA fought on six principles:

Unification of whole Malaya, including Singapore.

Self-rule through a central legislation body which comprised of
members chosen by the people.

Same citizenship rights for all who consider Malaya their homeland
deserving of their allegiance.

The sovereignty of the Malay rulers can be continued but should
be based on the principle of constitutional monarchy.

The Malays should be given special attention to advance.
Tun Tan Cheng Lock
Dr Burhanuddin
Al-Helmi
Ahmad Boestamam
OPPOSITION FROM PUTERA
(a) Not all the Malays were members of UMNO. Some belonged to
other parties.
(b) Angkatan Pemuda Insaf (API), under the leadership of
Ahmad Boestamam.
(c) Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya (PKMM), under the
leadership of Dr Burhanuddin Al-Helmi.
(d) Angkatan Wanita Sedar (AWAS) under the leadership of
Shamsiah Fakeh also protested, the working Committee
Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya
compromised too much with the British and the Malays will lose out.
(e) Later, all these three parties joint together to form Pusat Tenaga Rakyat
(PUTERA) under the chairmanship of Dr. Burhanuddin Helmi.
(f) Four suggestions proposed by PUTERA:

The Malay language would be the official language of the country.

External Affairs and Defence be made the joint responsibility of the Malayan
Government and the British.

The term Malay be used as the name for Malayan citizenship.
Shamsiah Fakeh

The national flag would contain the national colours of the Malay people.
AMCJA PUTERA FRONT
(a) AMCJA and PUTERA team up to oppose the establishment of the

Federation of Malaya.
(b) A number of attempts were made and one of them was forming the
Peoples Constitution in April 1947.
(c) However, the British rejected it as being radical.
(d) On 20 October 1947, PMCJA (AMCJA)-PUTERA launched hartal.
(closing of shops and offices as a sign of protest)
(e) The AMCJA-PUTERA coalition showed that communities of different
backgrounds could join together for the same cause.
39
AMCJA and PUTERA oppose the

establishment of the Federation of Malaya
FEDERATION
The launch of the federation of malaya 1948

MEMORY TEST
On 21 January 1948, signatures of 9 Malay rulers were obtained, and in February

1948 Federation of Malaya government replaced that of the Malayan Union.
1. Why was the federation

of Malaya formed in
1948? What were its
main features?
2. Write short notes on
Dato Onn bin Jaafar.
FEATURES OF THE FEDERATION OF MALAYA
1 The Federation of Malaya would comprise
2 Headed by a High Commissioner (HC)
of nine Malay States and the Straits

Settlements of Penang and Malacca.
appointed by the British.
4 The Malay rulers were given back their
3 A Federal Legislative Council and an

rights over their own states.
Executive Council to be under the

chairmanship of the High Commissioner.
6 The Executive Council was to advise the

High Commissioner.
5 The administration of Malacca and

Penang came under the Resident
Commissioner.
8 Each state would have a State Council.

7 A Council of Rulers was to be formed to
advise the High Commissioner especially

on matters related to immigration.
9 Conditions for citizenship became more
strict and the special rights of the Malays

were recognized.
The State Councils had authority over

their own local government, religion,
agriculture and lands while important
matters like defence, foreign affairs,
public order and judicial matters
came under the direct control of the
Federal Government.
THE STRUCTURE OF tHE

ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM
High Commissioner
Federal Legislative
Assembly
CONDITIONS
OF
CITIZENSHIP
(LAW AND
ENFORCEMENT)
Executive
Council
Sultan
Federal Government
State
Council
State Legislative
Assembly
MEMORY TEST
How did the Federation as proposed by Dato Onn put an
end to Malay grievances?
CONDITIONS OF CITIZENSHIP (BY APPLICATION)
Born and lived for at least 8 out of 12 years in the Federation of Malaya before the application was made.
Lived in the Federation of Malaya for at least 15 out of 20 years before the application was made.
Those who were born in the federation or whose father was a Federation citizen would automatically
become Federation citizens. Those born in Singapore would not become Federation citizen.
40
THE STRUGGLE FOR EFFECTS OF THE FORMATION

OF THE FEDERATION OF MALAYA
INDEPENDENCE
The Malayan Communist Party

was against the formation of the
Federation of Malaya.
Power of the rulers were

strengthened while British
Resident designations were
abolished and replaced
The Malay Rulers attending the first Conference of
by the Menteri Besar.
Demonstration against the formation

of the Federation of Malaya.
Rulers (Majlis Mesyuarat Raja-Raja Melayu) after
Special privileges of the the formation of the Federation of Malaya at the

The greatest opposition
Dewan Undangan Persekutuan in Kuala Lumpur
Malays were enhanced
on 18 February 1948.
came from Malayan
Communist Party (MCP) and and the Malays welcomed this.
other left-wing associates.
Conditions for citizenship
1
MCP attempted to overthrow
became stricter
the government using force

Special rights of the Malays
in 1948. This became known as
were recognised and they had
2
EFFECTS OF
National Emergency Era
5
the most representation in the
THE FORMATION
(Zaman Darurat).
Federal and state government.
OF

Non-Malays were permitted
THE FEDERATION
to participate in the
OF MALAYA
countrys administration
1948
4
and government.

The non-Malays, especially the

Chinese, opposed the formation

of the Federation of Malaya.

Their opposition was also

because Singapore was

excluded from the Federation

of Malaya.

Besides, they were not

satisfied with the privileges

of the Malays.

3
Many of the non-Malays became
citizens of the Federation of
Malaya.
The Federation of Malaya
The Malays hoped that the British
Agreement, 1948.
government would support and
assist them so that they could become more
advanced and be on par with other ethnic
groups with respect to economic and social
aspects. Unfortunately, the
British never took steps in
this direction.

41
Demonstration by the members

of the Parti Kebangsaan Melayu
Malaya (PKMM), Angkatan
Wanita Sedar (AWAS) and
Angkatan Pemuda Insaf (API)
against the Federation Plan.
TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE
THE MOVE TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE
Unity of various communities, a precondition
for the British to grant independence.
For this reason, Dato Onn Jaafar, changed the
principle of his struggle from Malaya for
Malays to Malaya for Malayans.
Communal tension had developed between
the Malays and the Chinese following the
hartal incident, and for security reason the
British had to set up an Inter-Communal
Relations Committee in Penang in 1949.
Proposal: Malays to be assisted in business,

non-Malays to be given political rights and
relaxation of conditions for citizenship.
However, his proposal was strongly rejected

by members. Dato Onn resigned from UMNO,
set up Independent Malayan Party (IMP) and
Tunku Abdul Rahman became the second
president of UMNO.
Dato Onns change of attitude received the

support of the British.
The British had hoped that, inter-communal
harmony and unity would check communist
influence.
Established Inter-communal Relations
Committee in 1949, after the hartal
incident, to find ways to unite the various
races, represented by Dato Onn Jaafar,
Tan Cheng Lock and Thuraisingham.
Dato Onn Jaafar, president of UMNO, proposed

to United Malaya National Organization,
6
opening up UMNO to non-Malay membership.
The name of the party UMNO be changed to
United Malayan National Organization.
IMP attracted many important leaders from

various communities, including Tan Cheng
Lock, Datuk E.E.C Thuraisingham, Dato
Panglima Bukit Gantang and K.L. Devaser.
However, it faced a great challenge when

UMNO and MCA decided to form alliance in
Selangor to contest the Kuala Lumpur
Municipal Council elections in 1952.
To gain the cooperation of the local people in

their efforts to destroy communist threat, the
British had to accede to holding elections.
11
In 1955, UMNO-MCA-MIC Alliance Party won

51 out of 52 seats contested in the General
Elections.
The 1955 elections were a preparation
towards self-government.
13
The first elections were held in Penang, 1951

to elect members for the Georgetown
Municipal Council.
In 1952, Dato Onns IMP lost badly to the
UMNO-MCA Alliance during the Kuala Lumpur
Municipal Council elections.
In 1956, talk on the independence of Malaya

were held in London.
15
The success of the Alliance, which represented

the three major communities of the country,
14
clearly showed the people supported
multi-racialism.
Towards the end of the 1940s and the early

1950s, the British in Malaya had to contend
not only with communist insurgency but also
10 with pressure and challenges from various
political parties within the country.
12
The British government promised to appoint a

commission to draw up a constitution for Malaya.
A Federation of Malaya Constitution Commission
formed soon after the London talks.
17
The talks were participated by

4 leaders of Alliance
4 representatives of the Malay Rulers
4 representatives of the British government
Headed by Lord Reid from Britain, the

Commission comprised
18 2 Britons
1 Pakistani
1 Indian
1 Australian
Based on the memorandums and feedback

from parties in the country, the Reid Commission
drew up a constitution.
19
The draft constitution was amended
accordingly, and passed on 27 August 1957.

16

20
42
The British assured of multi-racialism, granted

independence of Malaya in 31 August 1957.
merdeka challenges
The Federation of Malaya was established to prepare the people for self-governance.
(MERDEKA)
Unity was one of the main problems in the struggle for independence due to diversity of
origin, culture and religion.
2
3
Every community wanted its mother tongue to be made the national language and became
worried when the Malays wanted Islam to be made the official religion.
The non-Malays who were born here demanded they be granted citizenship.
The Malays, challenged the claim.
The cause of the problems was not just the behaviour of the communities.
It was also the result of the British Divide and Rule policy that isolated them according to place
of residence and occupation. There was no opportunity for interaction and a gap was created.
The British government tried to overcome the problems through the educational system.
The Barnes Report suggested that the same medium of instruction be used in the schools,
English at the secondary level and Malay at the primary level.
The Chinese objected through the Fenn-Wu Report and wanted the Chinese schools to be
continued.
The Malays wanted Malay to be the medium of instruction at all levels.
In 1949, the British government set up an Inter-Ethnic Relations Committee (IRC) for open
discussions of racial problems.
10
11
The Committee put forward various suggestions like:

Providing facilities to the Malays to involve themselves in business and industry.
Political rights to the non-Malays.
Greater flexibility in giving citizenship to the non-Malays.
Introducing the system of general elections.
MEMORY TEST
State the objectives of the member system.
MEMBER SYSTEM
Dato Onn
Jaafar
E.E.C
Thuraisingham
1 In April 1951, the British introduced the Member System in the Federal Legislative
2

3
4
5
6
Council to provide local people the opportunity to be involved in the administration

system.
DEPARTMENT
MEMBER
Objectives of the Member System:
Internal Affairs
Dato Onn Jaafar
To unite the races
Tengku Yaakob
To train Malayans in administering Agriculture and Forestry

Education
E.E.C. Thuraisingham
the country.
Dr Lee Tiang Keng
To appoint local representatives Health
to the post of head of department Land, Mines and Communication Datuk Mahmud bin Mat
in the central government.
The 1951 Member System
Local leaders received training in administration matters. Through the training,
they acquired the skills to rule after independence.
Created the spirit of cooperation among races through joint administration which
made them realize that unity could be achieved through cooperation and compromise.
Members were appointed by the British to run the various departments at the
federal level in the form of a cabinet.
For example: Internal Affairs by Dato Onn Jaafar, Health by Dr Lee Tiang Keng and
Education by E.E.C Thuraisingham.
Important departments like Finance and Defence were under the British officials.
8 Some members were appointed ministers responsible to the High Commissioner.

9 The Member System brought many benefits.
43
1 Malayan Communist Party
Infiltration of Communism through

KMT(Kuomintang) in the 1920s

Founded by Tan Cheng Lock in 1949

1925 : KMT in Malaya was
The objectives for the formation of MCA
banned

To unite the Malayan Chinese
Islamic Party of Malaya (PAS)

1930 : MCP founded

To protect the legitimate rights of the Chinese

19411945 : MPAJA

To coorporate with the government in
Founded in 1951

opposing the communists

activities
Founded by Ahmad Fuad Hassan
To corporate with other races to achieve

1948 : Open insurrection
Objectives of the party:
independence of Malaya
against British and
Islam as an official religion
Assisted the British in the Resettlement

MCP
banned.
Malay as an official language
Scheme of the Briggs Plan
Establishment of an Islamic

Succeeded in influencing the government to relax
country
on the awarding of citizenship to non-Malays
Won one seat in the Federal

Formed an alliance with UMNO in 1952 to contest in
Election in 1955
the first local government elections in Kuala Lumpur
3 Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya (PKMM)
7 Independent Malayan Party (IMP)

Founded by Dato Onn in 1951

Aimed at uniting all races
Failed to get popular support
Dissolved in 1953
4 United Malays National
6 Malayan Indian Congress (MIC)

Founded by John Thivy in August 1946 to
protect the rights of the Indians
At the start, MIC did not get the support of
the poor Indian labourers as the leaders
were professionals and businessmen. But
5
after joining the Alliance in 1955, the
Indians gave their support to MIC.
Joined PMCJA to challenge the constitution

of the Federation of Malaya

In 1951-1953, MIC cooperated with

IMP led by Dato Onn

Formed an alliance of

UMNO-MCA-MIC in 1955 to

contest in the Federal

elections.

A C R O S T I C
Established in 1945
Socialist-inclined
Advocated linking Malaya with Indonesia
Anti-British
Banned by the British
Organization(UMNO)
Malayan Democratic
Union (MDU)

Formed in Singapore

in 1945
Leaders : Western
education
e.g. Tan Cheng Lock
Socialist-inclined
Opposed exclusion of
Singapore from the

Malayan Union
Not successful
Formation of Political Parties in Malaya.

Malayan Communist Party - C United Malays National Organization - U
-C
Malayan Democratic Union - D Malayan Chinese Association
Malayan Indian Congress
-I
Parti Kebangsaan Melayu - P
Acrostic: Celine Dion Puts Unripe Corn Into Madonnas Pocket.
British Military Administration

(BMA) after 1945
Establishment of Malayan
2 Union, 1946
Formation of Federation of
3 Malaya, 1948
4 Member System 1951

5 Municipal Council Elections,
1951 and 1952
6 General elections at federal

levels, 1955
Independence Negotiation in
7 London, 1956
8 Reid Commission, 1956.

Agreement of Malayan
9 Constitution in London
Formed on 11 May 1946 by

May 1957
Dato Onn bin Jaafar
Proclamation of Malayan
The objectives for the formation of UMNO
To unite the Malays against the
10 Independence 31 August
Malayan Union
1957
To protect the special rights of the Malays
To achieve independence of Malaya
11 Emergency 1948 - 1960
Succeeded in rejecting the Malayan Union
Invited by the British to draft the
1952
constitution for the Federation of Malaya
UMNO-MCA
Alliance
In 1951, Dato Onn proposed to
won in local Council
allow non-Malays to join UMNO,
Election.
rejected by members, Dato Onn
left the party
1953
Tunku Abdul Rahman became
MIC joined UMNO-MCA Alliance.
the second President of
UMNO
1955

Independent Malayan
Party
-M
Pan-Malayan Islamic
Party
-P
UMNO-MCA-MIC Alliance won in the

federal election.
1957
The Alliance obtained independence for Malaya.
The Formation of the Alliance Party of UMNO-MCA-MIC
FORMATION OF POLITICAL
PARTIES IN MALAYA (1945-1957)
44

F O R M AT I O N O F

P O L I T I C A L PA RT I E S

I N M A L AYA

EVENTS TOWARDS
INDEPENDENCE
Malayan Chinese
Association (MCA)
NEGOTIATIONS FOR INDEPENDENCE

The British elections as a test of unity with the
promise that independence would only be
granted if the citizens were united.
The elections led to the fostering of unity and
prepared the people for self-rule.
The first election held in the country was the
Georgetown City Council in December 1951.
In terms of communal relationship, the most
important was the Kuala lumpur City Council
election held in February 1952.
UMNO, teamed up with MCA and won 9 out of 12
seats contested.
MCA was first formed as a welfare organization
fought for the rights and interest of the Chinese
but later changed as a political party.
City council elections were also held in Johore
Bahru, Seremban, Ipoh and Melaka.
The result was wide support for the Alliance.
(UMNO, MCA and MIC)
This signified the open-hearted of the people to
sacrifice and willing to share their power
and compromise for unity.
t HE
UMNO
Tunku Abdul
Rahman
Tun
Sambathan
The first General Elections

was held on 27 july 1955
throughout Malaya.
Parties contested were:
E
E G C
Alliance (UMNO, MCA and MIC)
TH ELE

PAS

Parti Negara

Parti Buruh

Parti Progresif Rakyat
Of all the registered voters, 84.2% were Malays,
11.2% Chinese and 4.6% Indians.
A total of 52 seats were contested.
The Alliance won 51 and attracted
almost 80% of the total votes.
Following the General Elections, the
System of Members was changed to
the System of Ministers and Tunku
Tunku Abdul Rahman
was appointed the first Chief
was appointed as the
first Chief Minister.
Minister of Malaya.

or
The component parties of the

Alliance and their leaders.
TO
INDEPENDENCE

eff
Tun Tan
Cheng Lock
MIC
ts
by
UMNO was the only

important party for the Malays as
um
no
radical parties were banned.

UMNO tried to unite the Malays and
opened the door to radical Malays.
Their entry into UMNO caused the slogan of
UMNO to change from Long Live the Malays to
Merdeka in 1951.
Dato Onn Jaafar attending

the UMNO assembly.
Dato Onn Jaafar giving a speech

in Balai Besar, Alor Setar 1942.
UMNO demonstrations in various states in Malaya against the Malayan Union.

45
N
TI ER
ON AL
S
MCA
THE
TO
S ISH
EL
E
THE Alliance party
By 1953, two main groups, the first led by Dato

Onn and the Alliance made various demands on
the British, including the demand for
elections and subsequently, Malaya was granted
independence.
A national conference attended by various
political parties, organised by Dato Onn requested for a general election in 1956 and people
representatives as new members of Federal
Legislative Council.
The Alliance (UMNO & MCA) requested for a
general election in 1954.
People representatives elected through
general election (GE) to have three-fifth of the
voice in the Federal Legislative Council.(FLC)
The British government was more favorable to the
demand of the Alliance which had the support of
the people.
The Council of Malay Rulers (CMR) proposed
that the General Elections held in 1955 and the
peoples representatives form half the members
D
of the FLC.
EM
A

The Alliance opposed the CMRs
S
B R ND
ION
IT

propositions but the British
CT

turned it down.

This led the British to agree
EVENTS
to have election in 1955.
General Elections 1955
Tunku Abdul Rahman with his first

cabinet after independence.

Tunku Abdul Rahman as
a Chief Minister led a
team to London in
1 February 1956.
The team consisted
4 representatives of Malay
Rulers, representatives
from the Alliance and
British representatives
from Malaya.
3 The British promised to grant
8 February 1956, the London Treaty was signed.
2 It was chaired by Lord Lennox Boyd, the
independence on one condition

that a commission be formed to
outline and draw up Malayas
new constitution.
secretary of British Colonial Territories.

The negotiations lasted three weeks, from 18
January to 8 February 1956.
Tunku Abdul Rahman declared

independence on 31 August
1957
NEGOTIATIoNS
FOR
INdependence
Tunku Abdul Rahman declared the

date of independence in Padang
Bandar Hilir, Melaka soon after he
returned from London.
Representatives
Malay Rulers
i. Datuk Panglima Gantang
ii. Datuk Ahmad Kamil
iii. Abdul Aziz Majid
iv. Dato Mohd Seth
Constitutional discussion between

Britain and Federation of Malaya
in London
Alliance
i. Tunku Abdul Rahman
ii. Dr. Ismail Abdul Rahman
iii. Dato Abdul Razak Hussein
iv. Colonel H.S Lee
British
i. Lord Lennox Boyd, the Secretary of British
Territories chaired the negotiations
Constitution of the federation of malaya (REID commission 1956)
Members of the Reid Commission
1 In 1956, Lord Reid set up the Reid Commission
to draw up a constitution for independent Malaya
3 Received suggestions and views from various

organizations and individuals from June to
October 1956
4 Out of 131 written ones of memorandum, that
were taken into account during drawing up of the

constitution framework came from the Malay
rulers and the Alliance
Lord Reid
Sir Ivor
Jennings
B. Malik
5 In the process to make it, the communities

compromise in matters relating to
their interests
Sir William
McKell
6 The constitution accepted and approved by the
Federal Legislative Council on 15 August 1957,

came into effect on 27 August 1957
Justice
Abdul Hamid
Members of the Reid Commission
Islam is made the official religion

of the Federation Malaya, and
freedom of worship is guaranteed
for non-Muslims.
THE
FUNDAMENTAL
PRINCIPLES
46

PROCLAMATION OF INDEPENDENCE
Events Leading to Proclamation of Independence
(a) On the night of August 30 1957, crowds gathered at the Royal Selangor Club in Kuala Lumpur
to witness the handover of power from the British.
(b) At 12.00 midnight, the Union Jack was taken down at the Royal Selangor Club.
(c) The Union Jack descend was received with thunderous applause from the crowd at the field.
(d) The Federation of Malaya flag was lifted and was accompanied by the
national anthem Negaraku.
(e) This was followed by seven chants of Merdeka by the crowd. Tunku Abdul
Rahman gave a salute of respect as the flag rose.
(f) On the morning of August 31 1957, the ceremony for the declaration
of independence took place in the newly - built Merdeka Stadium.
The
Declaration of
Independence
(g) The ceremony was witnessed by more than 20,000 people. Those in attendance included
rulers of the Malay States, foreign dignitaries, members of the federal cabinet and citizens.
(h) The Queens representative, the Duke of Gloucester presented the Independence Charter
to Tunku Abdul Rahman.
(i) Tunku Abdul Rahman then proceeded to read the Proclamation of Independence which
ended in the chanting of Merdeka seven times with the crowd joining in.
(j) Tunku Abdul Rahman was appointed as the first Prime Minister, together with the
announcement of Federations first cabinet of Ministers on the same day. Meanwhile,
the Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan, Tuanku Abdul Rahman was chosen
as the first Yang di-Pertuan Agong of the Federation of Malaya.
Events Leading to the Declaration of the Date of Independence
(a)
On 18 January 6 February 1956,

Tunku Abdul Rahman headed
a group of people to negotiate
independence for the Federation
of Malaya.
(d)
(b)
(c)
On 8 February 20 1956, the Treaty of

London was signed at Lancaster House,
London. The promise of Independence
was realised with the setting of the date
31 August 1957 as the Independence
Day for the Federation of Malaya.
On February 20 1956, Tunku

Abdul Rahman and his independence
delegation returned from London.
They were received joyously by
the people. They proceeded to
Padang Bandar Hilir, Melaka to
declare the date of independence.
(f)
(e)
Dato Panglima Gantang (representative

of the Malay Rulers) gave a speech on Tunku Abdul Rahman declared the
his return from London at Padang
date of independence at Padang
Bandar Hilir, Melaka.
Bandar Hilir, Melaka.
Yang di-Pertuan Besar

of Negeri Sembilan
Tuanku Abdul Rahman
47
Tunku Abdul Rahman made the

Declaration of Independence at the
Merdeka Stadium, Kuala Lumpur on
August 31 1957.
THE FORMATION OF MALAYSIA

(a) The idea of unifying the countries in the region with Malaya had been brought up in time and
again in history.
(b) The idea did not just occur to the South East Asian leaders but the British as well.
David Marshall
(c) The formation of Malaysia was an effort to form a large Federation covering the Borneo States
and Singapore.
(d) Sir Malcom MacDonald had made a proposal to form this Federation in 1947 while he was the
British General Commissioner in South East Asia.
Tan Sri
Ghazali Shafie
(e) In 1955, David Marshall and Tan Sri Ghazali Shafie and Tan Cheng Lock suggested a similar concept,
while YTM Tunku Abdul Rahman made several suggestion during the UMNO General Assembly 1955.
(f) 6 months later in June 1956, Tunku Abdul Rahman once again proposed the formation of Malaysia with
Sarawak, Brunei and British North Borneo after they had obtained their independence. But the British
would not agree because Singapore was excluded from his proposal.
(g) Later in 1959, the leader of Peoples Action party (PAP) in Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew,
suggested the incorporation of Singapore into the Federation of Malaya.
(h) The two important reasons for his proposal were to achieve independence
and to eradicate communist influence in Singapore.
Tunku Abdul Rahman and Lee Kuan Yew on their

return from the London talks on the formation of
the Federation of Malaysia in November 1962.
(i) Tunku Abdul Rahman and the Federation of Malaya government rejected Lee Kuan Yews proposal
because of fear of social and economic problems arising from racial imbalance.
(j) However, Tunku Abdul Rahman felt that the incorporation would have to be made in due time.
(k) He proposed that the Borneo States (Sabah, Brunei and Sarawak) be included.
(l) In a foreign news conference in Singapore on 27 May 1961, YTM Tunku Abdul Rahman presented the idea
of the formation of Malaysia comprising the Malay Peninsula, Singapore, Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei.
(m) The proposal for the Formation of Malaysia drew various reactions from the British government, foreign
leaders, and even local leaders and citizens in the Malay Peninsula.
(n) The idea to unite Malaysia with neighbouring countries was raised several times.
(o) Merger of Singapore suggested in 1955 by David Marshall but was rejected by Tunku Abdul Rahman.
(p) Lee Kuan Yew proposed the idea again in 1959 but received unfavorable response.
(q) On 27 May 1961, Tunku Abdul Rahman suggested the merger of Malaya with Singapore, North Borneo
(Sabah), Sarawak and Brunei.
(e) Sabah
(a) Federation of Malaya
COUNTRIES INVOLVED
IN THE FORMATION
OF MALAYSIA
(d) Sarawak
(b)
Brunei
(c) Singapore
48
FACTORS FOR THE FORMATION

MALAYSIA
PemOF
bent
ukan M alay-
Collective
Fight
Against
Communism
Dato Donald Stephens, the first

Chief Minister of Sabah, reading
the proclamation of Independence
of Sabah through formation
of Malaysia. With him are Tun
Mustapha, Yang di-Pertua Negeri
(Head of State) of Sabah and Tun
Abdul Razak,Deputy Prime Minister
of Malaysia, representing the
Federal government of Malaysia.
2
3
Independence
Through
Unification
Ethnic
Balance and
Unity
Economic
Cooperation

Tunku Abdul Rahmans visit to
Singapore to discuss the merger.
United in
International
Relations
Understanding
6
for
Development
Malaya was constantly exposed to the communist threat

even though the Emergency was over.
Brunei was also facing the spread of communism while Singapore was
worried that they might face the same problem.
In Singapore, the communist had successfully infiltrated political
parties and trade unions. If the communist gain control of the island,
the peace and security of Malaya would be jeopardized. Lee Kuan Yew
and his PAP party felt through the merger with Malaya would enable
Singapore to gain independence from British immediately.
The British were concerned about the problem for the sake of British
investment in South East Asia.
The task of fighting communism would definitely be greater for a
country to do it alone.
Malaya was free from any outside power after its independence on 31
August 1957.
The other four countries, Brunei, Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore were
still under the British rule.
The entry into Malaysia would enable Brunei, Sabah, Sarawak and
Singapore become independent of the British government.
The case of freedom through unification was a primary factor for the
future member countries.
Tunku wanted a Malaysian federation, a large union emcompassing
Brunei, Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore, to ensure the preservation of
ethnic balance.
Maintaining a balance between non-Bumiputras and Bumiputras would
ensure peace and stability in the region.
Most of the leaders in the prospective member states accepted the
challenge of unifying the diversified cultural heritage with one entity
under a strong central government.
In this context, each country had certain resources that could be
developed to the benefit of both the country and the central
government.
The economic potential in the state could be further developed
Examples:
Singapore ainternational trade, industry and tourism.
Brunei aoil products
Sabah and Sarawak aforestry products
Malaya amineral and agricultural products
Kuala Lumpur wanted to reinforce the pact among the regional
countries and in the international arena.
Ties between a country and foreign nations were not well-regulated.
Under one strong central administration, development of existing
potential in any country would be easy.
After 5 years of independence, Kuala Lumpur could use its experience
as a multi-racial country to help develop the countries within Malaysia.
49
REACTION TOWARDS THE IDEA OF THE FORMATION OF MALAYSIA

Singapore
People of Brunei did not

agree to the formation of
Malaysia.
Many of them preferred
Brunei to achieve own
independence before
joining Malaysia.
Initially, Sultan Omar Ali
Sarifuddin was interested
about the formation of
Malaysia and thought the
idea was excellent.
Strong opposition from
Ahmad M. Azahari, leader
of Parti Rakyat Brunei.
Azahari wanted to unite
Brunei with Sabah and
Sarawak.
Opposition from Azahari
culminated into a form of
armed rebellion that was
ultimately controlled by the
Sultan with the help of the
British.
Members of the Cobbold Commission
Sabah and Sarawak
The people were most encouraging

because:
(i) aware that the countrys
participation in Malaysia would
mean that they would be free
from British imperialism.
(ii) believed the communist threat
can be overcome under one new
government.
(iii) aware that the population
structure would be different in
the new country.
The people were also worried
about:
(i) losing their position because of
Malayan dominan.
(ii) non-Malay being discriminated.
(iii) uneasiness among the nonMalays over Malayan political
domination.
(iv) status of their religion and
language would be threatened.
(v) Chinese were afraid that they
would be flooded with economic
competition from their
Singaporean counterparts.

Lord Cobbold and the observers from

the Federation of Malaya and the
UK arriving in Kuching.
Malaya
Support for merging was

generally accepted.
Some were sceptical,
worried about the
imbalance of
Malay-Chinese ratio.
Inclusion of Sabah and
Sarawak relieved them.
PAS leaders claimed the
Malays would lose out if
Malaysia was established.
Britain
Despite losing their colony,

overall they agreed.
Issue of awarding independence
repeatedly raised by British
officers.
Received support from British
officers and the people.
Several obstacles emerged in
the discussion.
Tunku and his peers had to
convince the British in settling
their concerns.
Cobbold Commission was
formed to assess the opinion
of people.
50
Initially the people of Singapore

gave their full support including
Lee Kuan Yew.
The leader of Parti PETIR in
Singapore favoured the idea while
the socialist and labour parties
opposed it.
The Peoples Action Party (PAP)
under the leadership of Lee Kuan
Yew received opposition from the
United Peoples Party (UPP)
which is a socialist party.
Their aim was to bring
independence to Singapore
through some other way and
using different ideology.
Ong Eng Guan, the leader of
UPP contested againt the PAP
candidate during the Hong Lim
constituency by-election (April
1961) and won the election.
The Anson by-election (July 1961)
has threatened the
formation of Malaysia.
Hong Lim suffered defeat in Anson
because a left-wing PAP group
switched sides and gave its
support to a Labour Party
candidate.
Brunei
O
T OWA R D S T H E F R M AT I O N O F M A L AYS I A
Harmony Entourage to Sabah

and Sarawak (June 1961)
Tunkus good will to visit to Sabah
and Sarawak.
Sarawak United Peoples Party
(SUPP), Sarawak Peoples Party
(SNAP) and Barisan Rakyat Jati
Sarawak (BERJASA) expressed
opposition.
Leader of the United National
Kadazan Organization (UNKO),
Donald Stephens publicly rejected
the idea.
Tunku promised to give considerable
autonomy to lead.
Objective :
(a) To reduce the peoples doubts.
(b) Make the people understand

about the merging concept
Effect :
Successfully reduced the fear of
Malayan dominance.
2
A Visit To Brunei (July 1961)
Tunkus visit to Brunei.
Objective :
For further clarification
Effect :
(a) A.M. Azahari and his party were

not interested in the idea of the

merger.
(b) The Sultan of Brunei formed a

special committee to assess

the publics opinion.
Cobbold Commission
August 1962 (Date of report)
formed in April 1962
Inter-Government Committee, was

headed by Lord Landsdowne
Objective :
Was formed to plan the legislative of
the new country.
Effect :
The basic framework was prepared.
Landsdowne Committee report was
accepted and became the basis of
Malaysian Agreement.
Cobbold Commission (following

Tunkus Consultation with Britain
October 1961.
Objective :
To survey the opinions of Sabahans
and Sarawakians
Effect :
Survey confirmed more than 70% of
the people in both the countries
accepted the idea.
July 1962
Malaysia Pre-agreement
Consultation (London).
Objective :
Resolve the differences in the
Malayan and British reports to
the Cobbold Commission
Effect :
Proposal was adjusted. Malayas
proposal was generally accepted.
Inter Government Committee

(August 1962)
Singapore Referendum (September 1962)
Singapore referendum (preceded by

referendum campaign)
Objective :
Admist opposition, PAP restore peoples
confidence in merging by mentioning
these matters.
(a) Promised the people of not losing status

of citizenship.
(b) Better international economic prospects
(c) Easier to curb communist threat.
Effect :
70% of the people agreed to join Malaysia.
Borneo States Meeting

(November 1961)
United Nations Mission

Consultation with Britain over the interest
10
(Jun 1963)
of the Borneo States.
Objective :
UN mission
(a) To assure the position of Sabah and Tunku met President Sukarno and
3

Sarawak within Malaysia.
President Macapagal to explicate
Singapore Conference (August 1961) (b) A meeting to discuss Borneos status
the idea.

as British colony.
Objective :
Singapore Consultations.
(c) It also widened England-Malaya
To get a definite answer from the
Objective :

defence treaty to protect South East
people from Sabah/Sarawak.
(a) Explanation to the people.

Asia from communism threats.
Effect :
(b) Discussion on Singapores
(d) Proposal to assist to review Sultan

position/autonomy.

Bruneis opinion and to maintain (a) More than 2/3 of the people

supported.

British military base in Singapore.
Effect :
(b) Philippines and Indonesia

Effect
:
(a) Singapore held autonomy powers

continued to oppose.
(a) Singapore Malaya Consultations

in education and labour.

agreed
upon
(b) Central government responsible

for defence and internal security. (b) Referendum to be carried out.
(c) England Malaya defence agreement to
(c) A referendum showed more
Julai 1963
11

than 70% of the people agreed

be extended
The Malaysian Agreement

to the merger.
was signed by all the four
countries including Britain.
4
Objective :
Objective :
Malaysia Solidarity
(a) Meeting held to relay true intention and
Agreement was sealed (New
Consultative Committee

reasons of the merger.
nation with freedom for three
(Mid 1961)
Effect :
countries).
(a) Received strong support.
Effect :
Integration Consultative.
Malaysia, a new nation was
Was formed when most Borneos (b) Reduced uncertainty among the people

and leaders of Sabah and Sarawak.
born, Proclamation on 16
leaders expressed scepticism.
(c) ICC continued to hold meeting from time to time.
September 1963.
51
FORMATION OF MALAYSIA and its obstacles
BRUNEI
Bruneis initial strong wish to join

Malaysia did not become a reality.
Bruneis conditions for joining Malaysia
included the following issues:
(i) The number of seats in the

Legislature and in Parliament.
(ii) The control on oil and other minerals.
(iii) Monetary autonomy
(iv) Bruneis earlier investments
(v) Method of taxation
(vi) Authority in the area of

education and welfare
(vii) Matters of religion
(viii) Citizenship
Sultan Omar
Ali Saifuddin
(ix) The security of Brunei

(which needs to be guaranteed)
(x) The position of the sultan and the

status of Brunei within Malaysia.
His request to be appointed as the first
Yang di-Pertuan Agong was turned down
and he was accorded the last placing, after
nine other Rulers.
Although several conditions were fulfilled,
the Sultan decided not to sign the
agreement.
It was a loss for Peninsular Malaysia and
London.
President Sukarno
The Philippines opposed to the

formation of Malaysia.
President Macapagal
of the Philippines
claimed Sabah as
a part of Philippines
President Macapagal
territory.
Although the people of Sabah agreed
to the merger, the Philippines continued
to protest.
President Macapagal broke off diplomatic
relations with Malaysia.
President Macapagal claimed

Sabah as part of Philippines territory.
Lee Kuan Yew announcing

Singapores separation.
SINGAPORE
Polarization between Malays and

Chinese became obvious.
Election 1964: Claim of Lee Kuan Yew
belittling MCA leaders.
Created conflict between MCA and PAP
and UMNO leaders.
Racist campaigning created tension and
consequently led to riots.
27th April 1965 : Lee Kuan Yew launched
Malaysia for Malaysians.
The Malays became upset and proposed
Melayu Bersatu.
Tan Siew Sin and T.H.Tan proposed
Singapore to withdraw.
7 August 1965: Agreement of
withdrawal was signed.
9 August 1965: Singapore officially
withdrew and formed a Republic.
General Suharto
INDONESIA
President Sukarno declared confrontation

on Malaysia (Ganyang Malaysia).
Reason : Malaysia was not consulting her
(as a neighbouring country)
The formation of Malaysia might weaken
the spirit of Malays.
Launched military confrontation.
1965: Sukarno was overthrown, replaced

by General Suharto.
August 1966: Peace agreement was

signed between Malaysia

and Indonesia.
THE PHILIPPINES
52
FORMATION OF GOVERNMENT IN MALAYSIA

STRUCTURE OF NATIONAL ADMINISTRATION
The legislature
This division is the Parliament which makes
the law.
The constitution states that
Parliament consist of
3 components:
(i) Yang di-Pertuan Agong
(ii) Dewan Negara

(House of Senate)
(iii) Dewan Rakyat

(House of
Yang di-Pertuan Agong

Representatives)
Dewan Negara
To legislate, amend
and annul bill of law.
To approve
the national
budget for a
certain year.
The
ROLE
OF
PARLIAMENT
To introduce new
taxes.
Is the head of:

(i) Legislative
(ii) Executive
(iii) Judiciary
Dewan Rakyat
Yang di-Pertuan Agong
Headed by the Yang Dipertua (the President).

Must be a member of the Senate.
Assisted by a Deputy Yang Dipertua and a
Dewan Secretary.
Members are known as Senators.
Senators are appointed, not elected.
Consists of 70 members.
Membership is made up of two categories:
(a) 26 members appointed by the State
Legislative Assembly to represent 13
states (each state represented by
2 members)
(b) 44 members appointed by His Majesty
the Yang di-Pertuan Agong on the advice
of the Prime Minister.
To be eligible as a member, you must:
(a) be a Malaysian citizen
(b) be not less than 30 years old
(c) is not declared as a bankrupt
(d) no criminal record
The tenure of office is a three year term for
a maximum of 2 terms.
The life of the Senate is not affected by the
dissolution of Parliament.
Senators are drawn from the ranks of
distinguished individuals.
The role of Dewan Negara
(a) to discuss and pass bills that have been
passed by the Dewan Rakyat.
(b) does not possess the power to reject the
bills presented to it.
(c) only empowers to delay passing a bill
for a period of one month if it does not
agree with them.
To enact laws
concerning
defence, safety,
finance,
education,
welfare, etc.
Empowered
to put into
law, bills
that have
been passed
by Dewan
Rakyat and
Dewan
Negara.
Headed by the Speaker.

Speaker can be member or non member of the
parliament but who is qualified for election into the House.
The Speaker is assisted by 2 Deputy Speakers
(parliamentary members).
The Secretary will be appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan
Agong.
Members are politicians who have
won the parliamentary seats.
Parties with the most votes can
form a government to rule the
country.
219 members representing 219
constituencies.
The Executive
Serve for five years (subject to
Parliament dissolution).
Constitutes the Cabinet,
To be eligible as a member, you must:
led by Prime Minister.
(a) be a Malaysian citizen.
(b) be not less than 21 years old.
The Cabinet comprises
(c) be of sound mind.
the ministers elected.
(d) is not declared as a bankrupt and
do not have a criminal record.
Each minister leads a
Dewan Rakyat Speakers duties.
ministry unit.
(a) to chair the Dewan Rakyat
(b) to ensure the rules and regulations are adhered by the
members.
(c) to punish the non-compliance members.
(d) to inform Election Commission should there be a
vacancy in Dewan Rakyat.
Discretionary power of the Speaker:
(a) to allow or reject questions from members.
(b) to determine whether the questions should be
answered by Minister.
(c) to postpone an assembly.
(d) to ask member to leave or stop member from
attending the assembly.
The role of Dewan Rakyat is to enact and discuss matters related with the
interest of the people and the country.
53

STRUCTURE OF NATIONAL ADMINISTRATION
The JUDiCIARY
The highest court is the Federal

Court.
Responsible for the process

of justice.
Has wider power:
- can interpret the Constitution
and the law, in the event of
vagueness or dispute.
Judges are appointed
by the Yang
di-Pertuan Agong
on the advice
of the Prime
Minister.
Federal
Court
Has the power to decide on appeals

and about decision of the Court of
Appeal, High Court or a Judge.
High
Courts
Divided into High Court of Malaya

and the High Court of Sabah and
Sarawak.
Court of
Appeal
High Court
of Malaya
Empowered to hear cases which

carry death penalty and civil cases.
High Court
of Sabah &
Sarawak
Consist of Sessions
Courts and Magistrate
Courts
Sessions Courts
A C R O S T I C
Structure of Malaysian Courts.
Federal Court
- F
Court of Appeal
- A
High Court
- H
Session Court
- S
Magistrate Court
- M
Acrostic: Federal Agencies
Hire Senior Managers.
Magistrate Courts
Organazational Structure of Malaysian Courts
1
DISTRICT COURT
Headed by the District Officer.

It exists in Sabah and Sarawak.
The court has the power to
decide a retrial.
PENGHULU COURT
(Sub-District Level)
Under the jurisdiction

of a Sessions Court
Judge
MILITARY COURT
Hears cases
involving
members of
the armed
forces.
OTHER
TYPES
Headed by the Penghulu or Head

of the Mukim.
OF
Hears light criminal cases where
the fine does not exceed RM25.
COURTS
Hears civil cases where the fine
does not exceed RM50.
Decisions on criminal and civil
cases can be made in the
4
Class One Magistrate
5 JUVENILE COURT
Court.
Headed by a Sessions Court Judge.
Hears all cases involving juveniles
(young people below the age of 18)
except murder.
Offenders cannot be sentenced but
are usually sent to rehabilitation
MEMORY TEST
centres.
Name the court that hears
Decisions can be appealed in the
cases involving members of
High Court.
the armed forces.
Sessions courts are

the highest courts of
the lower courts
Lower
Courts
54
MEMORY TEST
INDUSTRIAL COURT
Name two courts that

are classified as lower
courts.
Has power to hear cases

involving disputes between
employer and employee.
Appeal can be made to
the High Court.
SYARIAH COURT
Hears cases concerning the

administration of Islamic
Law.
3 types of syariah court:
(i) Syariah Lower Court
(ii) Syariah High Court
(iii) Syariah Court of Appeal
SMALL CLAIM COURT
Introduced in 1989.
Hears civil cases
where
the claims do not
exceed
RM3000.
Defence attorney is
not needed.
A C R O N Y M
Other types of court.
Military
- M
Industrial Court - I
Syariah Court
- S
Small Claim Court - S
Juvenile Court
- J
Penghulu Court - P
District Court
- D
Acrostic: MISS JPD

THE DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM IN MALAYSIA
DEMOCRACY
CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY
The government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised
by them through a system of representation periodically held free elections.
A government by the people, for the people to the people.
DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM
A political system can properly be
called democratic only if the
government in power can be
peacefully removed by a majority
decision of people, through
fair and open elections.
THE DEMOCRATIC
SYSTEM IN
MALAYSIA
PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY
APPOINTMENT OF
THE AGONG
a Only Sultans are eligible

b Is heading a state in Malaysia
c Is elected from the nine
THE ROLE OF
THE AGONG
a Holds executive authority
in the Malaysian
governments three main
organizations.
b Head of religion
c Power of pardon
d Proclamation of
emergency
Sultans forming the Council

of Rulers
d Is a matured male, Malay and
Muslim
e Is mentally sound
THE Yang
A political system in which the legislature (parliament) selects the government - a prime minister along
di-pertuan Agongs
with the cabinet ministers - according to the partys strength as expressed in the general election.
People are involved in the formation of government through election process by electing their
Discretionary Power
representatives to Parliament/State assembly.

To
request
holding the Malay Rulers
By the system, the government acquires a dual responsibility: to the people as well as to the parliament.
Malaysia
is a
The consort of the Yang
di-Pertuan Agong is called monarchy
the Raja Permaisuri
Agong. They are referred to
in English as His Majesty
and Her Majesty
meeting to discuss matters related

to the status of the Malay Rulers.
Concerned solely with the privileges, position, honours and dignities
of Their Royal Highnesses.
The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is expected to appoint a Prime
Minister who will command the confidence of a majority of
the elected lower house of Parliament, the Dewan Rakyat.
2
A monarchy
administration
system that based
on the provision by
the Constitution
Restriction
Cannot rule his own state Cannot hold any

unless for
positions that pays
- Head of Islamic matter
salary or allowance.
- Amendment of state list Cannot be involved in
- Conferring of roll of honour business.
Cannot leave the country Can be tried in Royal
for more than 15 days
court for
unless for official trip.
personal misconduct.
The Agong is a constitutional

Since 1993, the full title
monarch - he does not have
in Malay has been Seri
CONSTITUTIONAL absolute power except
Paduka Baginda Yang
MONARCHY
certain powers conferred
di-Pertuan Agong. Prior
by the constitution
to that the honorific Ke
Bawah Duli Yang Maha
4
5
Cannot give royal
Mulia has also been
The
Agong
is elected
pardon to himself,
This system was the
used.
his Queen and sons
innovation of the countrys every five years
but can be pardoned
first Prime Minister, Tunku
by the Conference of
Abdul Rahman
THE ROLE OF THE AGONG APPOINTING OFFICIALS
The Council of Minister (Cabinet)

Commissions and Committees
Appoints Ministers and Deputy Minister
The appointment of the Election
(the second in command of a Ministry)
Commission on the advice of the
of the cabinet on the advice of the Prime
Conference of Rulers.
Minister.
Appoints Directors (in charge of the
State Governors
different sections) in the various Ministries
on the advice of the Prime Minister.
The Yang di-Pertuan Agong appoints the
Yang di-Pertua Negeri, or Governors of
Senators
the states of Penang, Malacca, Sabah
and Sarawak after having considering
The KIng appoints 44 members of the
the advice of the states Chief Minister.
Malaysian Senate.
Serves for five years
Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces
1 The Constitution is the highest law in Malaysia.

In Malaysia, the Parliament holds limited
Mayor (Datuk Bandar)

The Yang di-Pertuan Agong also appoints
the Mayor for Kuala Lumpur, which is a
Federal Territory.
Elaborate the roles of the royal institution that will make its presence
significant in the present Malaysian politics and livelihood. Compare the royal
institution of at least TWO other countries in order to make Malaysians aware
of and appreciate the oldest ruling institution.
5 In 1992 - due to an incident where a ruler punished a
commoner - evoked a cause to revise the immunity power.
6 Under Article 181 (2) rulers immunity was too general -
2 power.
may be misused and abused that may weaken the status

of the Malay Rulers.
7 The revised constitution stated the immunity of the YDPA
is limited to official matters only.
8 Any personal action taken for personal interests is under
the ruling of the law.
RULERS
IMMUNITY 3 The YDPAs authority is also limited - as stated
in the constitution.
constitution provides privileges to YDPA 4 Our
immunity power.
Judges
The appointment of the Chief Justice of
Malaysia on the advice of the Prime Minister
and the conference of Rulers.
The appointment of the Chief Justice of
Sabah and Sarawak on the advice of the
Prime Minister and the Conference of Rulers.
MEMORY TEST
Others
Appointments of persons of
important offices
Rulers.
One of the most frequent

duties of the King is his
role in the appointing of
high ranking office holders
of the Federation under the
terms of the Constitution
and Various Acts passed
by Parliament.
55
FUNCTIONS OF THE PARLIAMENT
Yang di-Pertuan
Agong has the
authority to call,
delay and dissolve
the Parliament.
Malaysia practices a
parliamentary system
of government.
10
Legislative power to legislate, amends or abolishes law.

tax matters to impose new tax, add current taxes or abolish current taxes.
To approve annual budget.
56
3
8
4 the largest
LI
AME
7
Before a bill that
is drawn up is accepted
and applied, it must be
6
approved by His Majesty,
if the Yang di-Pertuan
does not do so within 30
days, the bill automatically
becomes law.
The King is
not involved
in the process
of making the
MEMORY TEST
Malaysia pratices parliamentary Democracy.
laws.
Compare and contrast the characteristics
of a Parliamentary system and Presidential
system. For each system, you may choose
any country which is relevant.
Head of
government and
Cabinets chosen
from majority
grouping or
party in an
elected assembly
or parliament.
Party that wins
PA
Article 55 of
The Federal
Constitution
stipulates that
only Yang
di-Pertuan
Agong can call
for Parliament
to be in
session.
Although Parliament has legislative power, it does not have the rights to
legislate power as it wishes.
Malaysia constitution has determined legislative power
between the Parliament and Dewan Undangan Negeri (DUN).
number of
seats forms the
government.
NT
5
Componets of Parliament:
(1) the Yang di-Pertuan
Agong
(2) the Senate (Dewan
Negara
(3) the House of
Representatives
(Dewan Rakyat)
Legislative power given or authority held by the Parliament

FEDERAL LIST (Senarai Perseketuan) on matters.
i.e. Justice, Finance, defence, foreign affairs, education etc.
Legislative Power given to DUN is STATE LIST (Senarai Negeri) that
covers land, mining, agriculture, Islamic religious affairs and customs.
Matters that are not included in the lists are included in STATE
LEGISLATIVE BODY. The authority is called Residual Power.
Parliament can legislate law in the State List only if:
(a) to enforce any treaty, agreement or convention between Federal
and any state government.
(b) to standardize law amongst
states.
(c) to comply request by any
state legislative body.
Legislative power that shared together

is JOINT LIST (Senarai Bersama).
e.g. Social welfare, scholarship, wild life
protection etc.
However, Parliament can legislate (intervene) law that in State List only if:
(a) to enforce any treaty, agreement or convention between Federal and
any state government.
MEMORY TEST
(b) In order to standardise law amongst states. What to you is a democratic country?
(c) Upon request by any state legislative body.
Is democracy good for every country?
Discuss.
Parliament cannot amend law on Islamic religions, Malay customs, Sabah and Sarawak origins
customs unless permission from the state had already been obtained.
At the end of the five-year period, the Parliament is automatically dissolved and within 60 days from the date, a General Election to elect representatives for
the Dewan Rakyat has to be held, and the Parliament calls for a meeting at a date not more than 120 days from the date of dissolvement.
FORMATION OF GOVERNMENT IN MALAYSIA - PARLIAMENT
His highness
also has the
special power to
end or dissolve the
Parliament.
Parliament has the authority to legislate law through reading of bills (Rang
Undang-Undang) in both Dewan Rakyat and Dewan Negara.
Dewan Rakyat has more power than Dewan Negara.
Parliament is
symbolic to the
existence of
Parliamentary
Democarcy.
THE SENATE
(DEWAN NEGARA)
Legislative procedure
MEMORY TEST
THE FORMATION OF GOVERNMENT IN MALAYSIA

THE LEGISLATIVE BODY
57
Federation of Malaysia
(a) A Minister or Ministry draws up a draft
practises parliamentary
of
the
proposed
law
(bill).
(a) Has 2 kinds of members: those elected by
Democracy based on the
(b) Draft will become LAW if approved by both Dewans Federal Constitution.
each state legislature and appointed by
Elaborate how the country
and validated by the Agong.
Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
is being governed with
(c) The bill is then discussed at a meeting of Ministers.
great emphasis on the
(b) Each senator will hold his seats for 3 years.
(d) The bill is then printed and distributed to the Members of concepts of sharing and
(c) The Senator still can be elected and will continue to
separation of power that
Parliament (MP).
are ideal in sustaining
hold the position for not more then 3 years.
(e) In each Dewan, the bill must go through 4 phases:
political and social
(d) The life of the senate is not affected by the
stability.
First Reading
Committee Level
dissolution of Parliament.

Second Reading
Third Reading
(e) Its members are termed Senators and are chaired
(f) First reading
: the minister or his/her deputy presents it to the Dewan Rakyat and
by the Yang di-Pertua.
the
House
Secretary
reads the brief subject matter.
(f) Its members are appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan
(g) Second reading : debated in detail necessary amendments are made if necessary.
or the State governments from prominent citizens.
(g) The term of a senator is 3 years and his length
(h) Committee level : Dewan Select Committee studies it against the MPsviews and
of service cannot exceed two terms (6 years)
make necessary amendments.
whether continuously or alternately.
(i)
Third reading : bill is presented by the Minister or Deputy for approval.
(h) The role of the Senate is to discuss and pass bills
(j) Vote is taken: 2/3 of MPs Support is needed.
passed by the Dewan Rakyat before they are
presented to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
(k) Presented to the Dewan Negara same procedures repeated.
(l) Since Dewan Rakyat has more power, it can even reject
(i) The Senate is only
objection from Dewan Negara.
empowered to delay
THE
(m) Dewan Negara has only the power to delay the
the passing of bill but
but not to veto it.
does not possess the
legislative (n) approval
Presented
to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to be passed.
power to reject them.
(o) A period of 30 days is given to consider the bill.
body
(p) Disagree bill return with reasons within 30 days.
a
(q) Upon agreement : bill pass into law
Law passed
(r) Law takes effect when announcement
THE house of representatives
by DUN
is made to the public by the
(dewan rakyat)
ENACTMENT
Parliament.
d
(a) Its members are called Members of ParliaParl i a m ent p r i v i lege
ment are chaired by the Speaker.
b
Law passed

Nobody
can be sued for whatever he raises in the
(b) They are the elected members who have won
a
by the
Law passed
Parliament.
Parliament
seats
in
the
general
election.
Parliament SPECIAL by Sarawak
(c) The term of a Member of parliament is five

This provision is to enable the members to raise
ACT
TERMS DUN
b concerns, discuss in open and transparent manner.
years or until the Parliament is dissolved for
ORDINANCE
the coming general election.

However, in 1971, due to several incidents ie.
(d) There is no limit to the number of times, a
Law passed
c Ethnic Disturbances (May 13, 1969) the privilege
candidate can be elected as a MP.
during
had been revoked.
(e) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong will appoint a
emegency

Under Constitution Act (Amendment) 1971, i.e. ACT
Member of Parliament as the Prime Minister,
ORDINANCE
who, in his judgement, is likely to command
d A30, effective 10 March 1970, no sensitive issues
c
can be raised and those who does so will be
the confidence of majority in
subjected under AKTA HASUTAN 1948.
the House.
FORMATION OF GOVERNMENT IN MALAYSIA - ELECTIONS

Means that the action of a citizen who fulfills
the condition or voting or choosing a
candidate or representative, who in
his opinion is able and capable of
f
b
representing the community
in
an
electoral
constituency.
The
process
A casual vacancy
of choosing a
must be filled by
a
representative
holding a by-election
is termed to
(Dewan Rakyat) or by
vote.
appointment (Dewan
Negara) within 60 days.
ELECTIONS
T
Y
P
E
S
O
F
c
A general election must
be held within 60 days of
The whole process
the dissolution of
finally determines
Parliament and the new
which candidate or
d
Parliament must be
party wins or forms
Elections serve as a
summoned within 120
the government.
mechanism whereby
days of dissolution.
citizens choose their leaders.
This makes a difference between a
constitutional democracy and an
authoritarian form of government.
1
FUNCTIONS
(a) Elections are under the control of an independent

Election Commission.
(b) Its functions are:
(i) To conduct federal and state elections

including by-elections.
(ii) To register voters, prepare and revise the

electoral rolls.
(iii) To review, once every eight years, federal and

state constituency boundaries.
(iv) To decide on date for nomination day and

election day.
(v) To register candidates on nomination

day.
(vi) To count votes and declare results.
3 CONDITIONS TO BECOME a voter
E
L
E
C
T
I
O
N
S
By-election-also
considered a general
election because the
concept of the election
itself constitutes
the choosing of a
representative by the
public citizens for
both the Councils,
Parliament and the
State Legislative
assembly.
CONDITIONS TO BECOME AN
ELECTION CANDIDATE
(i) Can be an independent candidate (not from a

political party)
(ii) Malaysian citizen of 21 years old or above
(iii) Registered as a voter.
(iv) Registered as a candidate on the nomination day
(v) Not declared bankrupt by the courts.
(vi) Not receiving a fine of RM 2000 or more or jail
sentence of 1 year or more.
MEMORY TEST
ELECTION
COMMISSION
(a) Conditions to become a voter:

(i) Malaysian citizen
(ii) 21 years old or above
(iii) Registered as a voter
(iv) Mentally healthy
(v) Not in jail
(vi) Residing in the constituency (for state only)

that he/she registered
(b) According to the Constitution, Article 119(1),
every Malaysian can vote for the House of
Representatives or State Legislative Council
election.
(c) Voting is done by secret ballot.
(d) The counting of votes to be done at the polling
center, itself.
(e) Parliament and State elections are to be held
every five years.
(f) Elections results are determined by the
Westminster single-member/ first-past-the-post
system.
(g) Members of Parliament are barred from resigning
from their seats to effect by-elections.
For the whole country

held once in five years.
Only held after
Parliament or the
State Legislative
Assembly is dissolved.
Elections are the crucial beginning process of the formation of a

democratic government. Election Commission is a body that has
played its main role i.e. administrating and organising elections.
Elaborate the significance of elections in Malaysia and suggest how
to make this commission a more professional body of integrity.
HOW A GENERAL ELECTION

IS CALLED?
(a) Upon the advice of the prime minister,

the King announces the dissolution of
parliament. State assemblies are also
dissolved by their respective heads of state.
The Prime Minister and Menteri Besar or Chief
Minister continue as caretaker heads of
government.
(b) The Election Commission (EC) announces the
nomination and polling dates. This is done by the
issue of a writ to the Returning Officer by the EC.
A notice is published by the commission in the
Gazette.
(c) General election must be held within 60 days to
fill the vacancies but nominations must be held
not earlier than four days after the date of
publication of the notices.
58

- ADMINISTRATIVE MACHINERY
This concept actually existed in the period of the
Malacca Malay Sultanate.
Names like Bendahara, Laksamana, Temenggung,
Syahbandar and Orang Besar were cabinet
line-ups of the time.
First Parliamentary Meeting at Tunku Abdul
In the pre-independence era, this body was known Rahman Hall on September 11, 1959.
Opening of the First Parliament by His
as the Federal Government Executive Council that
Majesty the Yang di-Pertuan Agong I,
was advisor to the British High Commissioner.
Tunku Abdul Rahman ibni Al-Marhum at
Tunku Abdul Rahman Hall, Jalan Ampang. The Constitution empowers the Cabinet through
Article 43.
The cabinet is headed by the Prime Minister with
ministers appointed by the Agong on the advice
of the Prime Minister.
The cabinet is made up of those who represent
the party with a majority in Parliament.
The appointment is made by the
The State Council resembles the
Agong and is chosen from among
The cabinet is the administrative
Cabinet of Ministers at the federal
the members of the Dewan Rakyat.
arm of the government.
level.
Prime Minister must have a seat
In Peninsular, it is known as the State
in Dewan Rakyat.
Executive Council (State EXCO).
A Prime Minister can lead the
THE
concept
In Sabah, it is known as the Cabinet.
cabinet only if he has the
of the
In Sarawak, it is called the Supreme
confidence of a substantial
cabinet
Council.
THE
number of the members of
In the Malay states, it is headed by
THE STATE
Prime
Dewan Rakyat.
the Menteri Besar, whereas for
CABINET minister If he fails to have the support of the
states without sultan is headed
THE state
(chief of the members of the Cabinet, the Prime
by Chief Minister.
Minister has to resign. (Article 43{4})
executive body
cabinet)
A policy to be implemented
COLLECTIVE
must first be presented in the
MINISTERs
PRINCIPLE
Cabinet Meeting through a
AND SPIRIT
Cabinet Paper by the ministry
concerned.
THE Role
All matters discussed are
of the
confidential and recorded.
cabinet
The Cabinet Secretary or Chief
Secretary of the government is the advisor
to the Cabinet on matters strictly related
to the affairs of service only.
The primary role of the Cabinet is
The actions and decisions taken by
to determine the governments
the Cabinet are collective or joint.
policies and to issue directives for
their implementation by the
government administrative
machinery at the federal and state
levels. (the Policy Making Body)
To carry out executive power.
Acts as an advisory body to the Agong.
Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra with his first Cabinet To carry out this important role, the
after Independence. Seated from left to right: Abdul members of the Cabinet have
Aziz Ishak, V.T. Sambathan, Dato Abdul Razak meetings from time to time.
Hussein, Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj, H.S. Cabinet meetings are important
Lee, Sulaiman Dato Abdul Rahman and Sardon
discussions and they are closed.
Hj Zubir. Standing from left to right: Ong Yoke Lin,
Abdul Rahman Talib, Mohamed Khir Johari, Tan Normally they are held every
Wednesday and this is the
Siew Sin and Bahaman Shamsuddin
practice todate.
MEMORY TEST
Even though the meetings are
1. As a democratic country, Malaysia practices the concept
conducted informally there are
of separation of power. Analyze Malaysias concept of
rules to be observed.
separation of power in detail, providing relevant examples.
2. The sharing of power is vital in a democratic country like
Malaysia. Discuss.
Normally all ministers are

members of the Cabinet.
It is the members of the Cabinet
that form the ruling government
body.
The cabinet is the body that is
responsible for carrying out the
highest executive powers held
by and on behalf of the Agong.
Those appointed as Deputy
Minister from the Dewan Rakyat or
Dewan Negara are not the members
of the Cabinet.
A minister is responsible for
carrying out duties according to the
Ministers Responsibilities Act.
There are also ministers who
are appointed without portfolio.
They are known as Ministers
Without Portfolio and their
responsibility is to help the Prime
Minister to carry out specific duties.
The new Malaysian Cabinet held its first meeting in

Parliament House, Kuala Lumpur, on May 13, 1964.
59

- LOCAL GOVERNMENT
INTRODUCTION
LOCAL
GOVERNMENT
Local Government is the lowest administrative unit

after Federal Government and State Government.
Began its existence with the gazetted Local Government
Act of 1976 that was approved by Parliament.
Its administration covers certain area that has been
provided by Federal and State Government.
Local Government outside Federal Territories is put under
the power of State Government.
The administration of Local Government existed all over
the country.
Initially, its establishment was made through election,
but since 1967 the establishment was not made
through election anymore.
The administration of Local Government is under the
control of Ministry of Housing and Local Government.
THE FUNCTIONS
To impose and collect taxes in areas that are under

Local Authorities power.
To make by-laws parking regulations, regulations for
business licenses, stalls hawkers etc.
To provide places for certain businesses market, food
court, etc.
To provide places for recreational facilities.
To have Local Authorities Fund which is under Local
Authorities control in financing their projects.
To provide public housing.
To take care and control public health.
To build public clinics and dispensaries.
To control the development of land and building in
respective administrative areas.
State administrative centre.

The total of population is more than
100,000 people.
Has autonomy in terms of finance with
annual income more than RM20 billion.
Has strong financial institutions.
Business and industrial centres.
Has higher education centres universities and colleges.
Examples:
(i) Kuala Lumpur City Hall.
(ii) Shah Alam City Council.
The Shah Alam City
(iii) Johor Bahru City Council.
Council, Wisma MBSA
(iv) Ipoh City Council.
7 CRITERIA FOR DISTRICT COUNCIL

Rural based and situated outside main town centres.
The total of population is less than 100,000 people.
Annual income less than RM 5 billion.
Needs more infrastructural projects
compare to town services.
Examples:
(i) Besut District Council.
(ii) Tapah District Council.
(iii) Sabak Bernam District Council. Besut District Council
60
THE OBJECTIVES
To assist State Government in administrative field

and legislate by-laws.
Through Local Government also the government
is able to implement some political processes in
administrative and by-laws aspect.
To give chance to the local people to be involved in
their own administrative areas.
To give some basic facilities and services to local
people.
THE CATEGORIES OF LOCAL

GOVERNMENT
Through Local Government Act 1976, there are only

2 kinds of Local Government:
MEMORY TEST
(i) Town/ Municipal Council The Local Government Act 1976
(ii) District Council
empowers the local government
in carrying out their responsibility
Now, there are 3 kinds of
of taking care of the welfare of
Local Government:
the people. However, there are
lots of problems of inefficiencies
(i) City Hall/ City Council
(ii) Town/ Municipal Council of the local government in
delivering services to the people.
(iii) District Council
Discuss.
CRITERIA FOR CITY HALL/

CITY COUNCIL
CRITERIA FOR TOWN/

MUNICIPAL COUNCIL
Town centre.
The total of population is
more than 100,000 people.
Annual income not less than Subang Jaya Municipal
RM5 billion.
Council building
Organized and systematic administrative centre.
Peoples wishes are more focused on town services
compare to infrastructural projects.
Examples:
(i) Subang Jaya Municipal Council.
(ii) Petaling Jaya Municipal Council.
(iii) Ampang Jaya Municipal Council.
ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE
Mayor is the Chief Executive of City Hall.

President (Yang Dipertua) is the Chief Executive of
Town Council.
There are several committees under both of them
which are normally headed by a Council member.
The number of City Hall and Town Council members
are not less than 8 and not more than 24 people.
President (Yang Dipertua) is the chief Executive of
District Council.
Members of District Council are
not less than 8 and not more
than 12 people.
Kuala Lumpur City

Hall (DBKL) building
Kuala Lumpur City Hall (DBKL) logo
THE SUPREMACY OF THE CONSTITUTION

MALAYSIAN CONSTITUTION
MALAYSIAN
CONSTITUTION
AIM
Ensuring administrative
continuity and political
stability
Avoiding irregularities and

misuse of power.
Special rights for

bumiputras
Fundamental rights
and freedoms
Loyalty
THE CONCEPT
INTRODUCTION
A constitution is a collection of measures

and guidelines for regulating the
administration of a country.
The constitution is a document containing the highest laws

of the country.

It is the source of all legislation in the country.

The basis for making the laws so that the

ruling government can put the country in
order fairly and efficiently.
Important matters are citizenship,

judiciary, finance, general elections,
distribution of power, basic freedom,
rights and responsibilities of the
government and the people.
Malaysia has a written constitution. Britain has an unwritten

constitution.

The Malaysian Constitution allocates power to the federal

and state levels.

The authority and responsibility at each level is clear.

At the Federal level, Parliament is a legislative body

and has the power to make laws.

A written constitution is supported by various

additional documents and other sources that
strengthens the action of the constitution.
It is adjusted and updated according to the

current circumstances and demands.
Changes and
amendments
are to make
the Constitution
to be practical,
suitable and
relevant.
At the state level, the State Legislative Assembly (DUN)

is empowered to make laws.

The authority given to the Federal is called Federal List

while the authority given to the state is called State List.
The Malaysian Constitution states clearly areas of common

legislation, i.e. embodied in Schedule 9 of the Joint List.

The Malaysian Constitution is generally supreme in terms of
giving power (legislation) to Parliament, the DUN or the court.

In short, the superiority of the Malaysian Constitution
means all are guided (limited or spelt out) by the principles
of the Malaysian Constitution.

The supremacy of the Malaysian Constitution comes

third in the Rukun Negara.
61

Malaysia is a
federation.
The Malaysian
Malaysia is a
Constitution contains
constitutional
15 Sections, 183 Clauses
monarchy.
1
or Articles and 15 Schedules.
2
9
National language, citizenship
THE MAIN FEATURES
and the special rights of the
8
3 Malaysia is pratising
OF THE MALAYSIAN
Malays and the native tribes of
parliamentary democracy.
CONSTITUTION
Sabah and Sarawak.
7
4 Religious freedom
with Islam as the official religion.
6
Validity and transparency of
5
the Judiciary with
Doctrine of the
Supremacy
exclusive powers.
separation of power in
of the
which the judiciary, the legislative
Constitution
and the executive has each its
and the Rule
freedom to carry out its different
of Law.
functions with no conflict of
interest.
CONSTITUTION AMENDMENTS
The Malaysian Constitution is not set and rigid.
It can be amended through the process of
Parliament. (Article 159 and 161E)
Amendments are needed because no country is static

without change, no country is spared the influence of
outside changes and globalization
MALAYSIAN CONSTITUTION
CONTENTS of the federal

constitution
Malaysian Constitution
SECTION
Federal and State Constitutions

Federal
List
State
List
Federal Constitution provides

for a separation of powers:
Federal and State Governments
to ensure smooth operation and
avoid disputes.
Important matters in the Federal

List:
Foreign affairs
Communication
Defence
and transport
Internal
Education
security
Medicine and
3
health
Federal
citizenship
Labour and
Finance
social safety
Trade,
Censorship,
commerce
etc.
and industry
The Federal Constitution

contains 183 Articles and
is divided into 15 sections.
Combined
List
The Federal
F
governments
E 2 power is
mentioned in
D
the Federal
E
List. The
R
Federal
A
Constitution
contains 183
L
Articles and is
divided into 15
sections.
C
O
N
S 4 The Federal
governments
T
power is
I
mentioned in
T
the Federal
List.
U
T
I
O
N
62
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
TITLE OF SECTION
States, Religion and
Federal
Fundamental Rights
Citizenship
Federation
States
Relations between the
Federation and the
States
Financial Allocations
Elections
Judiciary
Public Services
Special Powers to
Oppose Subversive
Powers and Emergency
Powers
General And Additional
Protections for the
States of Sabah and
Sarawak
Temporary and
Transitional Allocations
Exemptions for the
Rulers Sovereignty,etc.
Procedures concerning
the Yang di-Pertuan
Agong and the Rulers
ARTICLE
1-4
5 - 13
14 - 31
32 - 69
70 -72
73 - 95
96 - 112
113 - 120
121 - 131
132 - 148
149 - 151
152 - 161
162 - 180
181
182 - 183

Each state in Malaysia
has its own rights, power
and responsibilities.
Important matters in the State List:

Islamic law
Land
5
Agricultural land and forestry
Local government and services
State public works and water, etc.
The State governments
power is mentioned in
the State List.
1
STATE
CONSTITUTION
2 All these rights are guaranteed

by the Federal Constitution.
The State Constitution

cannot contradict the
Federal Constitution.
The Federal Government and the State Government are required to

cooperate in areas of
common interests.
1
State List for Sabah

and Sarawak:
COMMON LIST/
These
Laws and Customs of
matters are
STATE
LIST
FOR
Indigenous communities
4
2
mentioned in
SABAH AND
Ports and harbours
the Common
SARAWAK
Land survey
List.
In Sabah, Sabah railway
3
Boards/institutions of
Common List:
the authorities
Social welfare
Laws for the individual
scholarship
Election for the state
national parks drainage and irrigation
legislative assembly
town and village planning
Shipping
culture and sports
Charities and trusts
main prOVISIONS IN THE CONSTITUTION

Fundamental
Rights
Special Position
of the Malays
Main provisions in
the Constitution
Citizenship
Religion
Rejection/ termination of
the Federation
Malays and Native

communities of
Sabah and Sarawak
The Rational of the Choice

Malay language was the lingua franca
in the region for centuries
It is very easy to learn
It uses the Romanized letters
1
(a) The National Language decided
3
upon is the Malay language.
(b) Nobody will be prohibited or hindered from
using, teaching or learning another language
(c) The government has the right to maintain
the use and learning of the language of any
other community in the Federation.
LANGUAGE
2
In the Malaysian Constitution the provision for the
Malay language as the national language is
recorded under Article 152, Section xii
63

4
The power of the State

1
Legislative Assembly to enact
The right to vote
articles concerning Islamic law Islam is the
in a election.
official
religion
of
and include the authority to
The right to take
the Federation.
establish the Syariah Court
The right not
an active part in
However, other
with powers over the Muslims.
1
to be exiled.
politics including
religions are allowed to
contesting for an
2
7
be practiced peacefully
election seat.
in
any
part
of
the
3
CITIZENSHIP
Federation.
RELIGION
For Muslims, the
The right to fill
Some of the special
Freedom of
The
Constitution
government can
3 a post that is
rights
of
a
citizen.
6
movement
clarifies that:
enact laws to
exclusively for
throughout
control or curtail
citizens only.
the
country.
whatever beliefs
2
4
deemed to be
5
deviational.
Free to
Each individual has a right
The right to receive
own landed
to profess, practice and
welfare benefits,
property.
propagate his or her
education, etc.
religion.
Give national service including

joining the army if required to.
Abide by the laws and help run

the systems in the country.
He has become citizen

of another country
(Renuciation)
Participate and support

national programmes.
SOME responsibilities
of a citizen
He is enjoying all the

rights and facilities in
another country.
Acts negatively showing
he is no longer loyal to
Malaysia.
Jus Soli : Based on the

laws of the birth place.
Contribute to the productivity

of the country.
TERMINATION
OF
citizenship
CITIZENSHIP
Jus Sanguinis : Referred

to the laws according to
blood descent.
Marriage (Registration) :
Wife and child of a citizen.
Ways of
acquiring
citizenship
Naturalization
(Application) :
Residents not
born in
Malaysia.
FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS
It protects the special rights of the Malays and the

Bumiputras of Sabah and Sarawak.
Among the privileges are scholarship, the Amanah
Saham Bumiputra, posts in the public service, business
and industrial licenses as well as reserve land.
Part 2 of the Constitution provides

fundamental rights and freedom to
the individual.
Fundamental freedoms can be grouped into

two categories-absolute freedom and limited
or conditional freedom.
Freedom of worship
Freedom to own
property
Freedom from slavery

and forced labour
Freedom from abuse

of the law
Freedom from exile and

restriction of movement
64
Personal freedom
Freedom to speak, to assemble

and to form unions
Population size and AGE structure, 2006 - 2015
POPULATION COMPOSITION
AND DISTRIBUTION
SOCIETY
A particular
community of
people living in a
country or region,
and having shared
customs, laws and
organizations.
Society can also be

explained as an
organized group of
people associated
together for religious,
benevolent, cultural,
scientific, political,
patriotic or other
purposes.
PLURAL SOCIETY
A condition in which
members of diverse
ethnic, racial, religious or
social groups maintain
their traditional cultures
or special interests
within a common
(shared) culture.
In the social sciences, pluralism

is a framework of interaction
in which groups show sufficient
respect and tolerance of each
other, that they fruitfully co-exist
and interact without conflict or
assimilation.
According to Furnival
the plural society
is characterized by
ethnic groups who
live under one
political unit (a
country) but are not
integrated.
Every group has its
own language,
culture, religion,
values, thinking
and way of life.
For example, the

diversity of culture,
the physical
separation,
identification,
identification of
ethnic groups by
employment, lack
of social contact
and the existence
of a dominant group
politically. (Nazaruddin,
et.al.2003)
Item
9th MP
2006
2007
2008
Total Population
26.8
27.2
27.5
Citizens
24.3 100.0
24.7 100.0
Bumiputra
16.0
2009
2006-2010 2011-2015
1.1
25.0 100.0 25.4 100.0 25.8 100.0 26.5 100.0
27.6 100.0
1.4
1.3
16.5
28.9
2015
1.3
65.6
28.3
2012
29.8
65.6 16.2
27.9
2010
10th MP
66.0 16.8
66.1
17.0
66.1
17.5
66.1
18.5
67.0
1.6
1.6
Chinese
6.2
25.5
6.3
25.5
6.3
25.2
6.4
25.2
6.5
25.0
6.6
24.9
6.7
24.3
1.0
0.8
Indian
1.8
7.6
1.9
7.6
1.9
7.6
1.9
7.5
1.9
7.5
2.0
7.5
2.0
7.2
1.1
0.9
Others
0.3
1.3
0.3
1.3
0.3
1.2
0.3
1.2
0.4
1.4
0.4
1.5
0.4
1.5
2.8
2.6
Non-Citizens
2.5
0.1
-2.2
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.2
Age Structure
0 - 14
15 - 64
65 and above
7.8
17.8
1.2
29.2
7.8
28.7
7.8
66.5 18.2
66.9
18.5
4.4
1.2
4.3
1.2
28.2
7.7
67.3 18.9
4.5
1.3
27.7
7.7
67.7 19.3
4.6
1.8
27.2
7.6
26.3
7.5
25.2
-0.4
-0.5
68.2 19.9
68.9
20.7
69.4
1.9
1.4
4.8
1.6
5.4
3.6
4.1
4.6
1.4
Dependency Ratio (%)
50.3
49.4
48.5
47.7
46.9
45.7
44.1
Median Age (years)
26.1
26.5
26.8
27.1
27.4
28.0
28.7
Total Fertility
Rate (%)
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.1
Malay
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.6
Other Bumiputera
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
Chinese
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.6
Indian
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.7
Rural (%)
37.1
37.0
36.8
36.7
36.6
36.4
36.2
Urban (%)
62.9
63.0
63.2
63.3
63.4
63.6
63.8
SOURCE : Economic Planning Unit and Department of Statistics Malaysia.
SOCIETY AND UNITY
65
A situation in which
two or more culture
groups occupy the
same territory but
maintain their
separate cultural
identities.
Average Annual
Growth Rate (%)
Population (million persons)
THE MULTI-RACIAL SOCIETY OF MALAYSIA
BUGIS
Minangkabau
JAWA
Malay
PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA
Fujian
Hokkien
Chuan-Chew
Xiamen
Chin-Chew
Eng-Hua
Eng-Choon
Hok-Chew
Guandong
Cantonese
Teochew
Hakka
Hainan
Hainanese
Indian
Indigenous
Malayali
Negrito
Punjabi
Senoi
Ceylonese Melayu Asli
Tamil
Telegu
Early Settlers
Chinese Peranakan/
Baba-Nyonya
Indian Peranakan (Chitty)
Eurasian
Sarawak
Kenyah
Bidayuh
Melanau
Bisaya
Malays
Iban
Murut
Kayan
Kedayan Penan
Kelabit
SARAWAK
NEGRITO
SENOI
MELAYU ASLI
KELABIT
BAJAU
KENYAH
SABAH
Bajau
Dusun
Murut
Bisaya
Sabah
Kadazan
Orang Sungai
Orang Laut
Brunei
MURUT
PENAN
MELANAU
BIDAYUH
SOCIETY AND UNITY
66
PUNJABI
Chinese
Banjar
Boyan
Bugis
Jawa
Kampar
Kerinci
Mendaling
Minangkabau
Rawa
Johor-Riau
DUSUN
SOCIETY AND UNITY

history of the malays in malaya
Origins of Malays
Most of them in Peninsular Malaysia today were the descendants

of people who originated from the Indonesian Archipelago.
Among them are the Javanese, Minangkabau, Banjar, Bugis and
Boyan.
The Minangkabau people from Sumatra came to Malaya in the
fourteenth century.
The Java people had lived as merchants in Malacca since the time
of the Malay Sultanate of Malacca.
During the British colonial period, a lot of Indonesians migrated
into Malaya to work in coffee and rubber plantations.
MALAYS
The largest ethnic group in Malaysia, accounting for more

than half of the total population today is the Malay race.
With the oldest indigenous peoples they form a group
called bumiputera, which translates as sons or princes
of the soil.
Perhaps the most significant influence that has served
as a unifying and binding factor among the Malays is the
religion of Islam.
Today, almost all Malays in Malaysia are Muslims.
In the Constitution, a Malay is defined as someone who
speaks the Malay language, practices Malay customs
and professes the Islamic religion.
PENINSULAR
MALAYA
MEMORY TEST
State the sub-ethnic group that originated
from Sumatra, settled in Negeri Sembilan
and practices Adat Perpatih.
TR
MA
SU
A
KALIMANTAN
Banjar
SULAWESI
Bugis
JAVA
MEMORY TEST
BOYAN
ISLAND
What are the factors that

led to the migration of
Indonesians to Malaya?
Boyanese
Javanese
Minangkabau
The migration of people from the Indonesian Archipelago into Peninsular Malaya between the 14th and the 19th centuries.
Background of Malayan Population of Indonesian Origin
JAVANESE
Moving of people from the Island of Java

from the Dutch transmigration policy
Occupation

coffee and rubber plantation workers

labourers in the new land area
BANJAR
Originated from the district of Banjarmasin,

Kalimantan
Involved in paddy planting
Lived along the coast and in river valleys
Originated from the
Sulawesi Islands
BUGIS
BOYANESE
MINANGKABAU
Concentrated in :
(i) Muar, Batu Pahat and Pontian (Johor)
(ii) Kelang, Kuala Selangor,

Kuala Langat (Selangor)
(iii) Hilir Perak, Krian and Parit

Buntar (Perak)
Business groups
Example:
(i) Kerian, Parit Buntar (Perak)
(ii) Sabak Bernam (Selangor)
(iii) Batu Pahat (Johor)
Many live in :
(i) Perak, mainly merchants
(ii) Langat Valley, Selangor
Originated from the Boyan Island

Majority of them migrated to
(i) Singapore
(iii) Johor Bahru
(ii) Ipoh
(iv) Penang Island
Originated from Sumatra
Found mainly in :
(i) Negeri Sembilan
(ii) Malacca
67
(iii) Pahang
(iv) Johore, Benut, Kulup, Rengit
Concentrated in cities
expert in horse - rearing
Followers of Adat Perpatih

Involved in business and agriculture
SOCIETY AND UNITY

1
The Chinese came to this country in large numbers towards the

end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century.
The waves of Chinese arrivals became intense at

the end of the 19th century and the early 20th
century in line with development of tin-mining.
METHODS OF ENTRY INTO MALAYA

1
During the end of the 19th century and the early 20th century,
most Chinese did not intend to settle permanently in Malaya.
Consequently, their presence was not seen as having

any influence on the composition of the population.
CREDIT TICKET
SYSTEM
Village chief
(Kheh-thau) in China
was employed to
recruit workers who
wished to come to
Malaya.
5 However, in the 1930s the situation changed.

3 KONGSI HOUSE
RECRUITING SYSTEM
The Chinese consider staying permanetly in this country partly
6
because of the unstable political and economic conditions in China. An agent in China
supplied workers
The position of the Chinese in Malaya was first recognized by the
to a Kongsi house
British
when
the
Malayan
Union
was
established
in
1946
and
7
in Malaya for a
later accepted by the indigenous Malay community. Through the
certain fee.
1948 Federation of Malaya agreement.
PERSONAL
RECRUITING SYSTEM
Replace Credit
Ticket System.
The employer would
send an agent,
usually a labour
supervisor (mandor)
or a broker, to China
to recruit workers.
INDIVIDUAL
AGREEMENT
Some Chinese
workers came to
this country at their
own expense.
IN GROUPS
5
From then on, the Chinese began to be citizens of Malaya, causing the
population composition of the country to take on a new dimension. Some came to the country
in groups and opened up
9 Today, the Chinese in Malaysia make the second largest community.
settlements. For instance
Foochow people came to
HISTORY OF THE CHINESE IN MALAYA
Sarawak and Sitiawan Perak.
Fujian
Guandong
Hainan
Rangoon
Manila
CHINA
Fujian
Medan
Guandong
Kuala Lumpur
Singapore
SOUTH CHINA
SEA
Jesselton
(Kota Kinabalu)
Sibu
Hainan
Most of the Chinese in Malaya originated

from Fujian, Guangdong and Hainan.
Kuching
Pontianak
Palembang
Migration of the Chinese to South East Asia in the 19th and 20th centuries
BACKGROUND OF THE mALAYAN cHINESE POPULATION

HAKKA
Consist
of
miners.
Hokkien
Cantonese
Teochew
Hailam
Consist of :
Consist of :
Consist of :
Consist of :
(i) shopkeepers
(i) restaurant
(i) miners
(i) businessmen
(ii) farmers involved in sugar cane plantations
owners
(ii) craftmen
(ii) shopkeepers
(carpenters, (Province Wellesley and Penang Island) and (ii) suppliers of
household
cobblers and gambier plantation and black pepper.
(Johore)
needs
iron smith)
68
SOCIETY AND UNITY

The Indian community in
Malaysia is the smallest of
the three main ethnic groups,
accounting for about 10% of
the countrys population.
Indians first came

to Malaya for barter
trade, especially in
4 INDIANS 2 the former Straits
Settlements of
Singapore, Malacca
and Penang.
3
The Indians who came to
Malaysia brought with them
the Hindu culture its unique
temples, delicious cuisine and
colourful garments.
Hindu tradition
remains strong
until today in the
Indian community
of Malaysia.
MEMORY TEST
Make a comparison of the

Chinese and the Indians.
Discuss in detail the
factors that led to their
presence in this country.
One of the main reasons

the Indians willingly left
their homeland for Malaya
was because of the caste
system being practiced in
their country.
Rapid population
Rise in land
increase in India,
tax imposed by
employment
REASONS
British further
opportunities
FOR
burdened
the farming
MIGRATION became even
harder.
community
METHODS OF ENTRY INTO MALAYA

Kangani
system
Contract labour system
Under this system they were contracted to

serve their employer for periods ranging
from one to three years in order to repay the
expenses of their passage to this country.
The employer would send

a supervisor or mandor
(Kangani) to India to look
for plantation workers.
Composition
TAMIL
CHINA
Punjabi
TELEGU
Telugu
MALAYALI
Tamil
KARNATAKA
Bangalore
Chennai
SIKH
KERALA
Cochin
Malayali
CEYLON
Ceylonese
Map showing the origins of the Indian Immigrants in Malaya.

Shortage of
food caused by
prolonged draught.
Starvation
often occured
69
INDIVIDUAL
ARRANGEMENTS
The Indians came here by their

own arrangements. Free to
choose the nature and place of
work.
BACKGROUND
Originated from Tamil Nadu

The largest ethnic group in Malaya
80.0% of the total Indian population
in Malaya
Mostly worked in the rubber and oil
palm plantations
Others worked in government officers
Originated from Andhra Pradesh
Mostly worked as labourers in
plantations
Originated from the Malabar coast
Consist of:
(i) working class
(ii) middle class
Working class in the plantation
Middle class in clerical and
professional employment, famous
for their restaurants
Originated from Punjab
Mostly worked as police, railway
station officers and security guards
Served as sepoys in the British army
Involved in transportation, especially
running bullock-cart services
In 1920s, involved in business and
the professional fields
THE ABORIGINES
the aborigInes in malaysia

SENOI
Lanoh
KEDAH
Jahai
Kensui
Semai
Temiar
Jahut
Che Wong
Mah Meri
Semoq Beri
MELAYU ASLI
NEGRITO
Kensui
Kintak
Jahai
Lanoh
Mendriq
Bateq
Temuan
Semelai
Jakun
Kanaq People
Kuala People
Seletar People
KELANTAN
Kintak
Mendriq
Temiar
Che Wong
70
PAHANG
SELANGOR
Semai
Mah Meri
Jakun
Semoq Beri
NEGERI
SEMBILAN
MALACCA
JOHORE
Temuan
MEMORY TEST
Describe the settlement
areas of the indigenous
people in Peninsular Malaysia.
Kanaq People
Semelai
Kuala People
Seletar People
SOCIETY AND UNITY
Bateq
PERAK
INDIGENOUS POPULATION of sabah and sarawak

Background of the Population of Sabah
community
AREA
Ranau
Tambunan Valley
Kadazan
Murut
Suluk
Brunei
The largest community in Sabah

Also known as the Dusun people
Originally from Kalimantan
Known as the sea people and Samal
people
Originally from Mindanao and Sulu Islands
Nomads
Some lived in longhouses
Bajau
Kadazan
Brunei
Originally from the Sulu Archipelago

Originally from Brunei
Background of the Population of Sarawak

community
AREA
71
Coastal area
Along the
Sarawak River
Malay
DESCRIPTION
Muslims
Practice the Malay
culture
Also known as the Sea
Dayaks
Originally from
Kalimantan
Interior of Sarawak Nomads
Baram River
Some lived in
Rajang River
longhouses
The most famous
Baram River
villages in Bario
Rajang River
Coastal area
Along the Oya, Iga
and Mukah Rivers
Inland area
Along the Skrang,
Batang Lupar and
Rajang Rivers
Melanau
Iban
Penan
Kelabit
Malay
Suluk
Originally from Sumatra

Muslims
KALIMANTAN
Penan
SABAH
BRUNEI
Melanau
Kelabit
SARAWAK
Bidayuh
Iban
Kayan
Murut
MEMORY TEST
We are a land of colourful
cultures and lifestyles with
different ethnics dominating
different areas of Malaysia.
For this task, select at least
three communities for each
Sabah and Sarawak and
describe on where they live,
activities and culture. Discuss
the manner on how their
unique culture and tradition
can be preserved.
SOCIETY AND UNITY
Semporna
Kota Belud
Timbang Island in
Sandakan Bay
Interior of Sabah
Tenom
Rundum
Pensiangan
Sugut River
Beaufort
Kimanis
Papar
Bajau
DESCRIPTION
SOCIETY AND UNITY

FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE MIGRATION
OF FOREIGNERS INTO MALAYA
CHINESE
INDONESIANS (JAVANESE, BANJAR,

BUGIS, MINANGKABAU, BOYANESE
Poverty
Political stability and growing economy
in Malaya
Indonesian traits
Political instability in Indonesia
INDIANS
Difficulties of living in China

Political instability in the districts of
South China
Growth of the tin and mining industry
Political stability of Malaya
Migration facilities
Chinese population characteristics
Difficulties of living in India

Rapid economic development in
Malaya
Encouragement from the British
government
Growth in
MEMORY TEST
rubber
industry.
1. Define the word Society.
impacts of the migration of foreigners

into malaya
ECONOMY
MALAYS
Mainly involved in the agricultural

and traditional industrial sectors
Low productivity and low income
Rural community
CHINESE
Mainly involved in business as

merchants, businessmen and
craftsmen
Majority could not acquire land
for agriculture
Business based on sub-ethnic
groups
Urban community
INDIANS
Involved in food (restaurant),

hairdressing and textile businesses.
Involved in low-skilled or unskilled
occupations
Many remained in the plantation as
labourers
Some involved in trading, grocery,
medical and legal professions.
politics
MALAYS
sociocultura l
MALAYS
Politically Strong
Strong representation in Parliament
The dominant prime movers in
politics since 1946.
UMNO (United Malay National
Organization)
Led by English-educated leaders
PAS, Pan Malayan/Malaysian
Islamic Party, headed by
Arabic-educated leaders
CHINESE
Not allowed to be involved in

politics during the Japanese
occupation.
Formed the MCA, Malayan/
Malaysian Chinese Association to
protect their interests and for
self-government after World War II.
Leaders mostly English-educated.
Politically divided : MCA, Gerakan,
Democratic Action Party, DAP, etc.
MCA remains the main Chinese
party.
Majority live in villages

Characterised by strong social ties and
strict social control
Adaptation to the values and norms of
the community.
High regard for consensus
Family is considered an important
institution for social security
All Malays are Muslims but not all
Muslims are Malays
Humble and friendly
Festivals: Hari Raya Aidilfitri, Hari Raya
Aidiladha, Awal Muharam, etc.
CHINESE
Comprised of various dialectal

communities
Culture greatly influenced by Taoism,
Confucianism and Buddhism
Acceptence of Mandarin as the
official language of the community
Most Chinese in Malaysia are Buddhists
Festivals celebrated taken roots in
the history and culture of the society
Festivals : The Chinese New Year, the
Moon Cake Festival, etc.
INDIANS
INDIANS
(MIC) Malayan/Malaysian Indian

Congress, is the main Indian
political party.
Named after the Congress Party of
India
Indians remain loyal to MIC in each
and every general elections since
independence.
2. List the main ethnic

groups and sub-ethnic
communities in Malaysia.
3. Have we created so
called a mixed Malaysian
Society?
72
Not a homogeneous group-differentiated

in terms of origin, language/dialects,
caste and religions
Religions ranging from Hinduism,
Sikhism, Christianity and Islam
90% of Indians are Hindus and speak
Tamil
Festivals: Thaipusam, Deepavali, the
Ponggal and New Year Festival, etc.
SOCIETY AND CULTURE

CULTURE
DEFINITION
The system of shared

beliefs, values, customs,
behaviour and artefacts
that are transmitted from
generation to generation
through learning
CHARACTERISTICS
Entire life style of certain

Each culture has its own history,
community or their entire
ideology, traditions, values, lifestyles
thinking aspects and behaviour
and language
which were inherited from one
Provides individual with both implicit and
generation to another through
explicit guidelines on how to view the
learning process.
world and behave in relation to others
Complex entity which included
and the environment
knowledge, beliefs, arts,
Different culture has different truths
decency, laws, customs and
Cultures differ on beliefs regarding family
other abilities or habits which
dynamics, gender rules, sexual behaviour,
were acquired by humans as a
diet, personal hygiene, dress, drug use,
part of community.
leisure, medicine etc.
Thoughts/ideas
Examples:
Knowledge, languages, philosophy,
literature, mitos, legend, beliefs and
folks stories.
CONCEPT
ARTS
M at eria lism
Examples:
Buildings, machineries, object of
arts, costumes, foods, medicine
and furniture
CULTURE
FIELD
Divided into two fields:

(i) acting art (theater, dance, music,
songs)
(ii) visible art (carvings, engraving,
drawings, painting, weaving)
Va lues and Norm
Examples:
Rules, law custom, folk-ways,
style and behaviour, prohibitions,
religious values and politeness
Multi-racial population which
practises various religions such
as Islam, Buddhism, Taoism,
Hinduism and Christianity.
The Malay language is
the national language
of the country.
Malaysia is a multi-racial country

with a rich cultural heritage.
Under the Federal Constitution,
Islam is the official religion of
Malaysia and there is freedom
of worship.
SOCIETY AND
CULTURE
Islamic values are embedded

in Malay culture.
The base of the national
culture is Malay culture
which is native to this
region.
Free to use their mother

tongue and other languages.
73
SOCIETY AND CULTURE

CULTURES OF MAIN ETHNICS IN MALAYSIA
Is equivalent to a handshake
A young person usually offers
the salam by clasping the
hands of the elders
As a mark to the completion of reading

of the entire Quran, the holy book of
Islam
Depend on whether the people has
completed their course in the reading
of the holy book
Bersunat/Berkhatan
THE
M A LAYS
The most important

ceremony in the
Malay society
CULTURE
Khatam Al-Quran
CULTURE
Salam
Follow the doctrines of

the Quran which forbids
alcohol and pork
TRADITION
Garments
(i) Baju Melayu (iv) Baju Kebaya
(ii) Songkok
(v)) Tudung
(iii) Batik
(i) Gasing
(ii) Wau
MEMORY TEST
Our country is a multi-racial society
and blessed with fascinating cultures
and traditions. Select any five festivals
including at least one from Sabah or
Sarawak and discuss the significance of
these celebrations in unifying the people.
Urban lifestyle, ambitious and dynamic
Adopted a
prosper thy
neighbour
approach
Festivals:
(i) Chinese New Year
(ii) Chap Goh Mei
(iii) Moocake Festival
(Mid-Autumn Festival)
Games
Based on family ties, the community

and entrepreneurship
Including the Baba and Nyonya

community
THE
CHINESE
Festivals : Deepavali,
Thaipusam
Strong family ties and

community awareness
Strong cultural acceptance
and adaptability
TABOOS AND SUPERSTITIONS
Many sub-ethnic groups among indigenous
tribes in Sabah and Sarawak live in rumah
panjang (longhouses) and maintain their
traditional spiritual/animistic beliefs.
For example, it is believed that bad luck
would result if a visitor enters a new
longhouse while it is being constructed.
Walking under a longhouse is also
considered taboo.
THE
INDIANS
Social norms
(i) Respect the elders
(ii) Family members are highly
respected.
(iii) Offering family members,
friends and relatives with gifts
when visiting them.
(iv) A handshake is the most common
greeting when meeting for the first
time.
Prohibited food
- Beef
Once inside the longhouse, he should

immediately make his way to the
elders room to announce his presence
and state his business. Never enter the
sleeping quarters of a family without
prior consent.
LONGHOUSE
TABOOS
One should also never enter a longhouse

without an invitation. The visitor should
make his presence known by calling out
from the bottom of the steps and after he
is invited in, he has to leave his sandals or
shoes outside before entering.
Prohibited food
When leaving, visitors are required

to partake in a local wine (usually
made out of fermented rice)
drinking session or stop for a chat
as it is believed that visitors who
do not pause will take away the
wealth of the house with them.
Walking within the longhouse also has its
restrictions and rules. Visitors must tread
lightly, ensuring that they never walk over
a person.
74
SOCIETY AND CULTURE
THE
MALAYS
MALAY
CUISINE
According
to the
Malaysian
Constitution,
Malays are
Muslims.
Social norms:
good manners,
strong family ties,
tolerence and
goodwill
They have
strong belief in
Islam:
Rukun Islam.
2
3
They are
easy-going,
warm,
accomodating
and
well-mannered.
FESTIVALS
3 Every Malay meal is
CULTURE
3
MUSIC AND
ARTS
CUSTOMS
AND
TRADITIONS
Each state has its unique dishes.
of the traditional Malay

Cuisine:
(a) Use of spices
(b) Use of coconut milk
(c) Use of belacan (shrimp
paste) to make base
for sambal (a rich
sauce or condiment
made from belacan,
chillies, onions and
garlic)
(d) Use of lemon grass,
galangal and curry
leaves
served with rice

There are various types
of dishes in a Malay
meal and all are
served at once and not
in courses.
The most popular dish
is Nasi Lemak.
tHE
DOS AND
DONTS
2 The main characteristics
the doctrines of the

Quran which forbids
alcohol, pork and any
non-halal meat.
1
6
MALAY
They often
converse in the
Malay
Language
(Bahasa
Melayu).
MALAY CUISINE
1 The Muslims follow
CLOTHING/
TRADITIONAL
GARMENTS
4 Ketupat also known as
nasi himpit is served

during Hari Raya
The Malays also
prepare Gulai, a type of
curry dish with various
meat, vegetables and
mixture of spices.
STATES
Kelantan
Terengganu
Negeri Sembilan
MALAY CUISINE
Nasi dagang, nasi kerabu,
budu
Nasi dagang, nasi kerabu,
keropok lekor
Rendang Minangkabau,
Masak Lemak Cili Padi
Lemang, tempoyak
Perak
Pahang
Kedah
POPULAR MALAY DISHES
Gulai tempoyak
Asam laksa
Asam pedas, cencaluk

Malacca
Johor
Nasi Lemak
Ketupat
Satay
Laksa
Penang
Laksa
Rendang
Otak-otak, botok-botok
Lemang
75
SOCIETY AND CULTURE

MALAY TRADITIONAL GARMENTS
Songkok
Baju Melayu
Headscarf
Baju Kurung
Samping
A Malay family wearing traditional garments
MALAY PERFORMING ARTS
Joget Dance
Mak Yong
Zapin Dance
Dikir Barat
Wayang Kulit
Boria
Dondang Sayang
Candle Dance
TRADITIONAL MALAY MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
Serunai
Rebab
Rebana
Kompang
Gendang
Seruling
76
Gong
Cymbals
It is highly discouraged to touch a Malays head

1 without permission even if there is an insect on
his/her head.
During traditional functions e.g. wedding or birth,
ladies are forbidden to sit with legs crossed, with
legs placed straight in front of the body or squat.
2 The proper way of sitting for ladies would
be tucking two legs neatly against seated body
(left or right is fine), putting the feet away from
the people as far as possible.
The Malays are forbidden to kiss another person
3 of the opposite sex. This act is not accepted
because of either religious or cultural reasons.
Never use your left hand if possible. This
is because the Malays use their left hand
4
for washing after defaecation. Thus, the
left hand is symbolically unclean.
If there is a need to point to something, use

your thumb instead of your forefinger. This is
because of the cultural belief that pointing
using the forefinger is impolite.
DOS AND DONTS IN THE MALAY CULTURE
SOCIETY AND CULTURE

Do not sit cross-legged in front of the elders as it
6 is considered very rude.
Malays do not open gifts in the
presence of the giver because they
7
do not want to embarass the giver
for what is inside the package.
8 Shoes must always be removed
when entering a Malay home.
The right hand is always used
9 when eating or when giving and
receiving objects.
10
Male visitors are not allowed to shake hands

with females in the house.
11
As a sign of respect, the younger ones usually

kiss the hands of their elders.
12
Do not ask or offer pork to the

Malays.
Joining a group of others that are invited, even

if you have not received an invitation personally
addressed to you, is all right (as long
as it is not a sit-down dinner in which case
the limit is clearly stated on the
Your attendance
invitation). In Malaysia, the
In Sabah and Sarawak,
at the wedding shows
families are truly honoured by
cash kept in an envelope
that you care, respect and
your
attendance at the wedding.
can be given to the leader
reflects your relationship with
1
of the Adat Berziarah.
them. It also shows that you
honour the families and want
to show your support for the
newlyweds.
2
A relatively new practice
Dos and Donts
arose in the mid-90s where the
Do not question the intent of
at a Malay
7
wedding couple asks the guests
colleagues, upon short
not to bring gifts or floral displays.
3
Wedding
acquaintance, if they invite you to
The best way is to contribute cash
their daughters or sons wedding.
6
instead of gifts.
4
They really want you to come.
Malay men traditionally
5
wear Songkok, Baju Melayu and
Not responding to the
For women,
Sinjang at these ceremonies. But this
nice and formal invitation, or not attending
is not compulsory as some men prefer
to wear simple attire. It would
dresses, as what can cause a significant insult and
be appropriate to wear a
is worn to a wedding slight to the giver, which can
long-sleeved shirt to a
cause problems in your
would be
Muslim wedding
relationship in the future.
appropriate.
reception.
77
SOCIETY AND CULTURE

THINGS to Avoid During Pregnancy
Dietary Restrictions During Pregnancy
During pregnancy, a woman is not allowed to speak

ill of anyone. She must not talk about any kinds
of disabilities and shes discouraged from looking at
a disabled person. If she does not do these things, the
baby will develop disabilities too.
Pregnant women should not quarrel with
their mothers-in-law or their pregnancy will face
complications.
Pregnant women should not sleep in the afternoon or
the babys head will grow bigger.
The father of the child is not allowed to blow any wind
instruments. This is because the child will grow up to
be a crybaby.
In olden times, pregnant women were not allowed

to eat squid for fear of complications when giving birth
later such as the baby getting strangled by its
umbilical cord.
They should also not eat animals that have scales or
rough skins as it is believed that the baby will develop
skin problems when he or she is born.
After Birth
The babys head and bellybutton cannot be kissed
while he is sleeping or he will have a short life.
The palm should also not be kissed as the baby will
grow up as a person who likes to ask for favours.
The parents cannot eat the babys leftover food or
carry them on the shoulder as the baby will grow up to
be rude to them.
Death and the

Supernatural
Superstitions
- Malay

Do not shake your legs when

you are sitting down or you will
always be in debt. This is probably
to discourage a sitting position that
is not polite.
If a plate or cup falls while you are holding it,
your family will face a disaster.
Do not open an umbrella in the house or a snake will
enter the house.
If a person keeps his hand in his pocket while walking,
he is an arrogant person.
Eating rice straightaway from the pot will cause you to
have diarrhoea.
Do not wake up in the afternoon or you will find it hard
to make a living.
Eating while walking will result in a stomachache.
Young ladies are not supposed to

climb trees. This is because when
they die, their corpse cannot be
buried easily. However the superstition probably
originated to ensure that the ladies behave in a
well-mannered way.
Kids should not raise up their legs when lying on their
front, as it is believed that it might cause their mother
to die.
Nails should not be cut at night as the persons life will
be shortened.
Hitting a child with a pillow will result in him having a
shorter life.
If it drizzles while the sun is shining, someone will die
in bloodshed.
If a person has rice stuck to his leg, he will dream of
meeting a ghost during his sleep.
Others
78
SOCIETY AND CULTURE

FESTIVALS
1
Hari raya PUASA
Hari raya HAJI
M aulud Nabi
5
MEMORY TEST
Name the festivals
celebrated by the
Muslims in Malaysia .
awa l muharra m
NUzul a l-quran
Malay customS and traditionS

1
CIRCUMCISION
SALAM
The salam is the Muslim equivalent of a

handshake. A younger person usually
offers the salam by clasping the hands
of the elders.
Circumcision, known as either

bersunat or berkhatan, is one of
the most important ceremonies in
Malay society, apart from those
related to marriage and death.
ADAT POTONG JAMBUL
This custom normally conducted on

the seventh day after the baby is
born.
It is also known as (adat potong
jambul).
A feast (Kenduri Nasi Kunyit) is held
together wih a special prayer (Doa
selamat) on the day.
6
ADAT BERPANTANG
The Malays observe the tempoh berpantang or

taboo period for 44 days.
Traditionally, a women spends her confinement
in her family home where she is attended by her
A Malay wedding begins with the akad
mother and bidan.
nikah (marriage contract) ceremony.
The bidan will normally come to the house for
The groom signs the marriage contract
three days to perform urut to release stress
and agrees to provide the bride with a
and help the body to recover quickly.
mas kahwin (literally marriage gold) in During confinement, the new mother is
the form of money or goods or anything
prohibited from doing heavy tasks.
as requested by the bride.
The new mother will be encouraged to eat
fresh fish, avoiding dried and salted fish.
The mas khawin is a symbol to show
It is believed fresh fish, such as snakehead fish
that the man is willing and is prepared
(ikan haruan) will promote healing internally.
to build a family with the lady that he has
Certain fishes, such as mackerel (ikan kembong)
chosen to get married to. The contract
and shellfish, prawns and cockles must be
signing is done before a religious official
avoided as they are believed to cause allergies
and is accompanied by prayers.
and itchiness.
AKAD NIKAH
79
KHATAM AL-QURAN
Khatam al-Quran marks

the completion of
reading of the entire
Quran, the holy book
of Islam. This ceremony
often precedes
circumcision, depending
on whether the boy has
completed his course in
the reading of the holy
book (mengaji).
SOCIETY AND CULTURE

CHENG BENG
THE CHINESE PERFORMING ARTS
CHINESE NEW YEAR
FESTIVALS
CHAP GOH MEI
MOONCAKE
MEMORY TEST
State the festivals
celebrated by the Chinese
community in Malaysia.
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
Chinese cultural dance
Lion dance
Dragon dance
CLOTHING
Drum
Gong
Erhu
Pipa
Guzheng
Changshan
Cheongsam
FOOD
Flute
Wanton noodles
Mooncakes
Dim sum
Dumpling
Hainan chicken rice
Popiah
80
Shark fin soup
Birds nest soup
SOCIETY AND CULTURE

THINGS to Avoid During Pregnancy
AFTER GIVING BIRTH
Not allowed to drive nails or do carpentary work for

fear the baby to be born will experience a
disability.
Not allowed to utter harsh words and harm
animals.
Pregnant women are not allowed to move to
another house.
Must not attend funerals.
Should not cut anything on the bed as it signifies
cutting the unborn babys umbilical cord.
Not allowed to visit houses which had been left
vacant for a long time as it may contain evil spirits
that will affect the woman and her unborn child.
Prohibited from eating food that are not properly
cut or mashed for fear the child will have a
careless
disposition.
Not allowed
to eat foods
such as
pineapples
and
mangoes.
DURING FESTIVALS
The Chinese have a confinement

period of 1 month.
During this period, a confinement
lady is normally employed for a
month to take care of the new mother and baby.
The new mother is not allowed to wash her hair
during the entire period.
Not allowed to consume cold water or drinks 21
days after delivery.
Not allowed to eat foods such as cucumber,
cabbage, pineapple, onions and
jackfruit.
Allowed to bathe only with
specially prepared warm water
infused with herbs.
Prohibited from carrying heavy
loads.
A Chinese family
TABOOS AND
SUPERstitions
Sweeping the floor is also

prohibited on the first day because
this will wipe out good luck for the
new year.
Parents will not hit or scold their children.
Must wear red or bright-coloured clothing and
cannot wear black.
Give ang pow to the person who is not married.
Did you know?

According to Chinese custom, when a baby
turns one month old, a ceremony is held to
celebrate the childs first month of life. (Full
moon celebration)
During the celebration, sacrifices are offered to
gods so that the gods will protect the baby in his
subsequent life. During the full moon celebration,
relatives and friends will give money in ang pows
(red packets) and jewellery to the newborn.
Others
A round table is
used during the

meal.
Both hands are
used when
receiving gifts
from others.
Believe there are numbers that bring good luck and
numbers that do not bring good luck. For example,
the number 8 means wealth, while the number 4
symbolizes death.
Not allowed to cut fingernails and
toenails in the evenings as it is
believed it will welcome ghost and

evil spirits to the house.
Lion dance is believed to bring good fortune and luck.
Not allowed to present wall clocks as a gift to

someone. The best gift is statue of deities.
If a business signboard drops down and breaks it
signals the end of the business or bankruptcy.
Do not knock the bowl with chopstick.
Believed that Jade can protect and
ward off evil. Some children and
even infant wear a piece of jade
because of this belief.
Believe the animal ruling ones birth
year by zodiac signs has a profound
influence on personality and destiny.
81
SOCIETY AND CULTURE

Deepavali
INDIAN FOOD
Thaipusam
FESTIVALS
Chapati
Idiyappam
Thosai
Vadai
Murukku
Idli
Ugadi
Tamil New Year
MEMORY TEST
Onam
CLOTHING
State three festivals

celebrated by the Indian
community in Malaysia.
Bhangra
Dhoti and
Kurta
Lengha
Salwar
Kameez
Sari
Peacock dance
Indian Customs and Traditions
INDIAN
PERFORMING
ARTS
Bharatanatyam
Indian folk dance
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
Birth ceremony
According to Indian custom, when a baby turns one
month old, a ceremony is held to celebrate the childs
first month of life.
A priest will be called to conduct prayers to bless the
child during the ceremony.
Lighting lamp
Lamp is lighted before the altar of God in the mornings
and evenings.
Prostrating before parents and elders
Indians prostrate before their parents and teachers by
touching their feet during important ceremonies. The
elders in return bless them by placing their hands on
their heads.
Sitar
Tabla
Wedding Ceremony
Widows are not allowed to bless the newly-wed couple
or take part in the wedding ceremony.
Death ceremony
After a person passes away, the cremation is done
according to certain rituals and the rituals continue a
few days after the death.
Veenai
82
Nadaswaram
SOCIETY AND CULTURE
AFTER GIVING BIRTH
TABOOS dURING PREGNANCY
When the baby is born, the family will sound the pontong
to call out the other villagers.
The women have to stay in pantang for 30 days and will
eat certain kinds of food only.
Mothers will undergo a ritual called berdiang and
bersalai. They will have to sit in front of a campfire. The
wood used must be of good quality and must not be wet
because it is believed that the smoke may harm the mother
as well as the baby.
The baby will be given a bath in the river when he is about
1 month old. This is to familiarize the baby with the
river.
Prohibited from building a dam as found in wet paddy

fields and fish traps, otherwise she will have complications
during labour.
Must not cut creepers that grow in waters and along
roadsides, otherwise she will haemorrhage while giving
birth.
Not allowed to crack an egg using a knife or wood,
otherwise, the child will go blind.
Must not plant banana trees, otherwise the child will have
a big head.
Prohibited from carrying stones, as it can result in her child
being born paralyzed.
Forbidden to pour oil on her palms for oiling her hair,
otherwise the child will have ear infections.
Must not slaughter animals, it can result in her child being
deformed and suffering from a bleeding nose.
Must not pile up coconut shells, as it means the child will
be bald headed.
Must not bring turtles (either as pet of food) into the room,
otherwise the child will not be born.
IBAN
TABOOS
AND
CULTURE
MARRIAGE AND DEATH
OTHERS
They celebrate Gawai Day (Harvest Festival) for a week
marking the end of the paddy harvesting season and
the beginning of the new planting season.
If someone smoke during a meeting or assembly at the
longhouse, they will be asked not to smoke because
it is prohibited during meetings and assemblies.
When someone wants to go and chop down a tree, he will
have to return home if he sees a rat on the way because
they believe that rats are incarnation (jelmaan) of devils.
They play Tibow and sing certain poems in the hope that
trees and plants will bear more fruits and that the fishes
will breed more.
Those under 18 are not encouraged to drink alcohol
and alcohol will not be served during festivals and
celebrations.
When visiting a longhouse, guests must drink the tuak
(rice wine) which will be served to them. Refusing to drink
the tuak is considered an insult.
Ibans are not encouraged to smoke during festivals and
celebrations.
Marriage
When the parents have found a
suitable girl for their son, they
will go to the girls longhouse to
ask for her hand in marriage.
Normally, several people including
women will make this mission.
Both parents will discuss the form
of marriage customs to be
conducted.
After the discussion, the boys parents will leave behind a
silver girdle or sword to affirm their agreement and they
will fix the wedding date.
Death
The body is placed in the centre of the longhouse and will
be surrounded by sapat .
After the body is placed in the coffin, food will be served
to the body and after that the family will break the plates
that were used during the serving of the food. The broken
pieces will be thrown to the ground through the cracks
within the floor.
The family will spread rice on the body to avoid torture
in the after life.
Once at the grave, the sacrifice of a chicken will take
place so that the sempulang gana will accept the body.
A small shed will be built on top of the grave to put the
belongings of the body.
MEMORY TEST
Describe the culture and taboos of
the Iban community in Sarawak.
83
SOCIETY AND CULTURE

dEFINITION OF ORANG ASLI
The house of Orang Asli
A typical Orang Asli house is divided into two sections-

one for sleeping and the other for cooking.
Traditionally the characteristics of the house of Orang
Asli are made from:
Wood/ bamboo - used for making ladders, frames, and
weight-carrying beams and bamboo strips are used as
walls and windows. Thatched roofs are weaved from
palm leaves bertam and rattan ropes are

used to hold everything together.
Basically means original people, natural

people or aboriginal people in Malay.
What is their religion?
Animism

Islam
Christianity Hinduism
What languageS Do they speak?
Most of them are fluent in the Malay language, the

official language of Malaysia.
Lifestyle
The Orang Asli are suppliers of forest products such as:

Rattan
Bamboo
Resins
Ivory
Animal parts
They are farmers as well.
MEMORY TEST
State the problems faced by
the Orang Asli community in
Peninsular Malaysia.
Traditional Games
Kercang
Made from rattan
This game is very popular among the natives and the
Malays living around the forests of Endau Rompin in
the past.

Arranged by the level of difficulty

Whoever pulls out the rope first will win
ORANG
Traditional Economy
ASLI
The traditional economy of the Orang Asli is farming

for a living. Among others, they produce corn, bananas,
sweet potatoes and various kinds of vegetables such as
long beans, cucumber and ladys fingers.
The Orang Asli exchange food, services and other

products among themselves and this is done based on
sharing and the barter system. This economical system
helped to foster a good relationship among the Orang
Asli.
Weapons
The blowpipe
Made up of bamboo and wood
Body of the blowpipe is made up of seworand is
easily found in Peninsular Malaysia.
It actually has 2 layers of bamboo. The inside layer
has a diameter between 1 to 2cm. The blowing point
can be made of wood or the beak of a hornbill. Both
the blowing point and the body of the blowpipe are
usually decorated with attractive designs. The
traditional bullets used together with the blowpipe are
soaked in poison extracted from either the Ipoh Tree
or a kind of plant called Streyehros Ganus.
84
Hunting tools
The Orang Asli use many different types of hunting

weapons that are basically made of materials available
around them. The weapons include blowpipes,

spears and traps. Fishing equipment include bubu,
lukah, tuai and others. At present, these tools are
still being used especially by the Orang Asli living in
the remote areas.
Hunting and fishing are also part of their economic

activities. Hunting is normally carried out only by

men. The tools that they need for hunting can be

found in the forest. They hunt monkeys, wild boars,
birds, squirrels and other small animals as their source
of food. Apart from blowpipes, they also use traps.
Water Transportation
Water transportation used by communities living in the

river edges, and lakes such as bamboo rafts, small

boats. These means of transportation are also used
for fishing, hunting and other necessary transportation
usage.
Problems faced by the Orang Asli COMMUNITY
Logging cleared for plantations and tin mining

Construction of roads and dams destroyed
the forest and the livelihood of the orang asli
Health problems smoking, malnutrition
Education lack of transportation, lack
of facilities, lack of manpower, some
parents do not emphasize on education
Lack of social communication from the
outside world
SOCIETY AND CULTURE

Buddhism is based on the teachings of Siddhartha
Gautama (553 - 483 BC).
The basics of Buddhist teachings are the Four Noble
Truths and the Eightfold Path (The Middle Way)
The four noble Truths are:
(a) Sufferings and unpleasantness in life like old
age, disease and death are nature of life
(b) Suffering is caused by greed or desire for wealth
and pleasure which do not last.
(c) Suffering can end when greed or desire is
overcome or controlled
(d) To overcome or control desire and end suffering,
one should follow the Noble Eightfold Path or
the Middle Way
The Eightfold Path or the Middle Way
(i) Right Understanding (v) Right Livelihood
(ii) Right Thought
(vi) Right Effort
(iii) Right Speech
(vii) Right Mindfulness
(iv) Right Action
(viii) Right Concentration
Festival : Wesak
Day
BU
AM
DD
SM
HI
ISL
Islam is the official religion of the country

Islam was brought to the world by Prophet
Muhammad, who was born in Mecca on 20 April
570 AD
The five pillars of Islam (Rukun Islam)
(a) There is no God other than Allah and
Muhammad is the messenger of Allah
(b) Performance of ritual
prayers fives times a

day
(c) Fasting in the month
of Ramadan
(d) Paying Zakat or alms
(e) Pilgrimage to Mecca
The Islamic Books
(a) The Koran
(b) Hadis
Festivals :
Hari Raya Puasa,
Hari Raya Haji, etc.
RELIGIONS
The word Hindu is originated
from Sindhu, the ancient
name of Indus
Hinduism emerged around
UI
2000 BC
Hinduism teaches about reincarnation SM
of the soul when a person dies. It is
believed that a person is born again several
times.
If a person did not lead a good life, he would assume
a lower form, perhaps an animal in his rebirth
Conversely, he would rebirth in a higher form and
eventually leave this world to be united with God
Brahma, the Creator
The Hindus believe Trimurthi. This concept
explains that god appears in the form of three
different deities: Brahma (The creator), Vishnu)
The Saviour) and Siva (the Destroyer)
Beliefs of Hinduism
Achieve liberation
Practice of religion based on
Vedas - the fundamental scripture
Belief in rebirth of a soul
(reincarnation)
Belief in Brahma creator of
universe
Festivals : Thaipusam, Deepavali,
Ponggal, Hindu New Year.
TI
ND
AN
HI
IT Y
The Christian way of life was

taught by Jesus Christ, who was
born about 2000 years ago in
Bethlehem, southern Palestine
The basics of Christian teaching are
S
I
R
the oneness of God, obedience to
CH
God, brotherhood and love
Christians believe in the concept of the Trinity:
(i) God the Father (iii) God the Holy Spirit
(ii) God the Son
The conducts of the Christians in their daily are
controlled by commands and prohibitions in The Ten
Commandments such as:
(i) You shall have no other gods before me
(ii) You shall not make for yourself an idol
(iii) You shall not misuse the name of the LORD

your God
(iv) Remember the Sabbath day by keeping it holy
(v) Honour your father and your mother
(vi) You shall not murder
(vii) You shall not commit adultery
(viii) You shall not steal
(x) You shall not give false

testimony
(xi) You shall not covet
The holy book is the Bible
Festivals : Good Friday, Easter
Sunday, Christmas Day
85
UNITY AND NATIONAL INTEGRATION

UNITY AND NATIONAl INTEGRATION
CO N C E PT
UNITY
Uniting of various groups
that have different social and
cultural backgrounds into one
physical entity.
The unity that exists in the
country is founded upon
power sharing, a democratic
government, sound economy
distribution and cultural
tolerance.
Uniting Sabah, Sarawak and
the Peninsula into one
country or federation, for
example, is the effort at
achieving national unity
NATIONAL INTEGRATION
National Integration as a form of
social nurturing is a process of uniting
various groups in the society through
a common identity by putting aside
major differences but at the same
time not ignoring the original identity
of each group.
The concept of integration is wider
than that.
It is a process of uniting groups with
different backgrounds into one entity
bound by common norms, values
and interests.
Each group or community has its
own norms and values.
It is not easy to set common norms
and values for the country.
What more among communities that are
already different in terms of language,
religion, economic function and descent.
Therefore, national integration is more
of an abstract process, a coming or
binding together that is genuine and
time-consuming.
According J.S Furnival, the

plural society is characterized
by ethnic groups who live under
one political unit (a country)
but are not integrated
Every group has its own
language, culture, religion,
values, thinking and way of
life.
Social Characteristics of Plural
Society.
Diversity of Culture
The physical separation
Identification of ethnic by
employment
Lack of social contact
The existence of a dominant
group politically
SABAH
PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA
SARAWAK
PLURAL SOCIETY
86

a STAGE OF CO-EXISTENCE
A C R O S T I C
Stage
of
In the era of the British
e
Co-existence

b
colonists.
STAGE OF
Stage
of
Frequent
The races of different
STAGE OF FREQUENT
INTEGRATION
External Contact
backgrounds have contact
EXTERNAL CONTACT
Stage of Compromise
but rarely communicate.
An ongoing process
During the British rule up
Stage of Unity
to the time of independence
Cooperation among
Stage of Integration
Gradually frequent contact
races can gradually create
Acrostic: Chief Executive
among the communities
a sense of belonging and
Congratulated University
occurred, but it was still unable
strong ties among them
Islam
HISTORY
to establish an understanding
based on a sense of
OF
among them.
responsibility.
ETHNIC
RELATIONS
c
STAGE OF COMPROMISE
STAGE OF UNITY
At the time of the early

independence era until now.
At the present stage

After
the communities concerned
When the communities in the
became conscious of their
society compromise and
common interest, they felt the
cooperate as much as possible,
need to compromise for the
there is the tendency for them to
sake of looking after their
live united but it still external.
1
common
One of the beliefs that to
interest.
1
create a united society, the
groups concerned, need to
After independence the
be assimilated so that
5
country was in the stage
eventually a new Malaysian
of compromise.
2
Where unity
identity is formed-with
founded upon
2
similarities among them.
This is reflected
national identity in
They
in the component
the country is
probably
parties of the
4
concerned, conflict
have the
Alliance and

What
CHOICES
still seems to exist. ANALYSIS
same
later the Barisan

should be OF NATIONAL
language,
Nasional.
nurtured is
IDENTITY
values
national
4
and way
3
consciousness
of life.
Even the stage of unity Nevertheless, with
because if ethnic
is about to be achieved
3
consciousness is still
time, compromise
and then gradually
strong then national This can be achieved through a
existed among a
integration will exist in
consciousness will
large section of
process of socialization such as
the country
remain weak.
the people.
the same system of education,
using the same language,
inter-marriage and praticing the
national ideology.
87
-C
-E
-C
-U
-I
1 SEGREGATION
This is a relation that has the
characteristics of a split among the
ethnic groups in a country.
Splits occurs in residence, school
Segregated public facilities in South Africa
system, transportation
For example, the
2 ACcomodation
Apartheid Policy
This is a process where the
Racial segregation in schools in South Africa.
that was practised
ethnic groups are aware of each
before in South
others norms and values but they
5 AMALGAMATION Africa
continue to safeguard their own
living culture.
This is a process that
However, they live in harmony and
happens when culture or
respect one another.
races mix to form a type of
THE THEORY At the level of the central government
new culture and races. For
each ethnic group sends a
OF
example: Inter-marriages
representative who represents his
RACIAL
own group.
between different ethnic
RELATIONS
groups or races.
3 acculturation
4 assimilation
This is a process when people from a minority

This concept of assimilation is about the
group accept the norms, values and patterns
entry into a dominant society through
of behavior (culture) of the majority group
friendship and close connection.
without
The degree of assimilation of the minority
changing
groups varies, that is, based on physical
their original
differences (like the colour of the skin
cultural
and the degree to which the cultural
elements.
features differ from the
dominant group).
A class of school children from
numerous European countries
Assimilation
A C R O N Y M
The process of Integration.
Segregation
-S
Accomodation
-A
Acculturation
-A
Assimilation
-A
Amalgamation
-A
Acronym: 4AS
A Chinese student surrounded by American students in one

of the schools in America.
Low integration
The process of
int egration
Segregation
1. At which stage of the process is the Malaysian

society?
2. Is the Malaysian society still at the accomodation
stage or at a higher state than that.
High integration
ACculturation
assimilation
Accommodation
MEMORY TEST
The assimilated Native American family.
88
amalgamation

NATIONAL INTEGRATION PROBLEMS
DEFINITION
HOW IT
HAPPENS
EFFECTS
STEPS TO
OVERCOME
Students of various races

joining together to celebrate
Malaysia Day.
DEFINITION
PURPOSE
EFFECTS
PREJUDICE
This is the attitude towards other groups based on common generalizations

(stereotype) on evidences that are not concrete.
Children taking part in One
Prejudice is a pre-judgment action.
Malaysia Concept Programme
To cause (someone) to judge prematurely and irrationally.
The problem with this country is, it usually takes the form of bad expectations of other races.
Interpersonal
Many of us are prejudiced towards each other excluding the race, religion, sex factor
Community
Diverse communities in a society are prejudiced towards each other in the form
of groups and cultural differences.
Professional Body
Favourism is present in various agencies, organisations and even work places.
These are some of the effects of prejudice:
No integration (racial separation)
Economical downfall
Political instablility
Racial segregation in South
Violence in the streets
Africa (Apartheid Policy)
Extreme Racism
Interaction between people of different races would be denied by their community (race)
Suspicion towards one another increases
Misunderstandings
The way forward for racial integration and zero-prejudice is the path of most resistance
Everyone should be compelled to learn all the languages of other races in schools to facilitate greater
understanding amongst races.
Countries such as Switzerland, citizens are fluent in three official languages
Also, education curricula should be revised to provide an impartial perspective of subjects such as
history. In other words, it should not favour a certain group or religion but equally distribute the
weight age.
Many of us do not have the opportunities to develop friendship with people of other races at the
personal level. Many are brought up from a mono-racial background and attend vernacular schools.
We should call ourselves, Malaysians. A new modern culture in the need for racial integration.
COMMUNALISM
A force separating different communities based on some form of social or sectarian discrimination.
This is the attitude of favouring ones ethnic community
In Malaysia, this phenomena is quite obvious in the economic, political, social and cultural whereby
an ethnic group shows favoritism towards those from within the group.
For the benefit of political purposes.
Divide and Rule, protecting interest of own race
Some politicians use religion to manipulate the different races in a way to prevent unity against the
government.
Such communal behaviour can easily lead to tension in relationship and social gaps between
individuals or groups of different ethnic origin.
ETHNOCENTRISM
DEFINITION
It is the tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of ones own culture
Entails the belief that ones own race or ethnic groups is the most important
The individuals with this ideology, will judge other ethnic groups based on:
(i) Concern to Language
(iii) Customs
(ii) Behaviour
(iv) Religion
Ethnocentrism is the tendency This refers to the belief that ones culture is superior to that of others
of one social group to mistrust
Because of this belief, any cultural element or manifestation of another culture that is different,
individuals of another social
group. It involves the belief considered wrong, bad or even dangerous.
that ones own social group is
culturally superior.
The ethnocentric person will automatically assign their own culture the highest status or value
It is not unusual for a person to consider that whatever they believe is the most
FACTORS OF
ETHNOCENTRISM appropriate system of belief or that however they behave is the most appropriate and natural
behaviour.
Leads us to make false assumptions about cultural differences.
Distorts communication between humans.
IMPACT
It is easy to assume that others should have certain perspectives or values.
Extreme forms of ethnocentrism such as racism, colonialism and ethnic cleansing.
89

MEMORY TEST
Explain in detail the obstacles that made
it diffi to have unity in the country.
Causes and reinforcing obstacles to integration
Ignorance of Other Ethnic Groups
This means limited or lack of understanding of the

way of life, the living conditions and the problems of
the other races.
As a result, there is lack of appreciation and respect
for other races.
Ignorance about
other races is
usually because of
the physical
separation such as
territories and
urban-rural
separation that limit
social contacts.
Various ethnic groups in Malaysia
Process of Socialization Limited

to Within Ethnic Groups
The process of socialization among members of one

ethnic group is not conducive to a wide exposure to
other cultural elements.
Different races have different ways of bringing up
children especially at home.
Socio-Economic Differences
Socio-Economic differences among many ethnic

groups in the country linked for a long time to the
history of colonialism.
And today due to structural factors, it constitutes
an important cause of dissatisfaction among some
people.
Opposition parties, for example,
They feel deprived of the
continue to voice, loud and clear, the
chance to share in and
feelings and demands of only a
enjoy the nations
certain community.
wealth.
This easily reinforces racial feelings.
Programmes implemented
to reduce the socio-economic Majority of the Malays live in
In this context, formation of Barisan
gap also fail to make certain villages and are involved in
Nasional is most meaningful and
1 Malaysia concept is
agriculture acivities.
groups happy.
practical because it joins together introduced to promote unity
They become jealous, suspicious, frightened and feel
various political parties.
neglected.
Communal Politics
Even though the ruling party in the country displays

integration of various political parties within it,
generally racial politics remains an important
feature of politics in the country.
Cultural Differences
Cultural differences of course easily spark off feelings

of prejudice, racism and ethnocentrism, all of which
pose a threat to national integration.
Different cultures mean
different styles, patterns of
life and problems ultimately
giving rise to conflict.
These differences are
frequently revealed in all
kinds of social and cultural
activities.
CAuses and reinforcing

obstacles to integration
IGNORANCE OF
OTHER ETHNIC
GROUPS
PROCESS OF
SOCIALIZATION
LIMITED TO WITHIN
ETHNIC GROUPS
SOCIOECONOMIC
DIFFERENCES
COMMUNAL
POLITICS
Segregation or Physical Separation
Physical segregation indeed gives rise to difficulty in

physical contact and results in an ethnic group not
knowing another ethnic group, especially about the
ethnic group that lives in a different area.
For instance, the tribal
communities in Sabah and
Sarawak; the opportunity for
them to interact with one another
is limited, what more to come
into contact with people who live
in Peninsular Malaysia.
Physical separation like this
makes it easier for prejudice,
self interest and ethnocentricity to thrive.
PHYSICAL
SEPARATION
CULTURAL
DIFFERENCES
90
A C R O N Y M
Causes and Reinforcing Obstacles to Integration
Ignorance of Other Ethnic Groups
-I
Process of Socialization Limited to
Within Ethnic Groups
-S
Communal Politics
-C
Socio-Economic Differences
-S
Cultural Differences
-C
Segregation or Physical Separation
-S
Acronym: I 2C 3S

the strive towards unity and national integration
POLITICAL EFFORT
ECONOMIC EFFORT
Among political measures taken are

Economic problems constitute a serious
actions through the legislative system,
obstacle to create unity.
where laws and acts are made by
Visible economic differences among races
Parliament to settle problems related
can give rise towards feelings of discontent
to unity.
or envy that can spark off conflict
First, the Constitution contains a
Government efforts in improving the
number of clauses oriented towards
economy of the people in the country
racial equality such as allocations
regardless of community.
that provide protection to certain
The
measures taken are recorded in the
communities.
five-year plans and government
For instance articles related to the
development policies.
special rights of the Malays and
The
aim is to have economic equity among
citizenship for others.
the races and to reduce the identification of
One of its objectives is that Malays,
race by economic activity.
who are not so advanced in the
Experience
has shown that unity will be
economic field be given assistance
difficult
to
achieve
if the countrys wealth
so that they can develop together with
is not distributed fairly.
the other races to create a balance in
The measures include creating Malay
the economic and social position of
entrepeneurs by giving loans, licences and
the communities.
work contracts.
Secondly, the acts passed by
At the same time, government agencies like
Parliament, safeguard understanding
PERNAS, MARA and UDA in particular, help
among the races.
Malays who are active in the business world.
Among them is the Seditions
The aim of this is to achieve the
Act/Incitement Act 1948 aimed at
governments objective to ensure the
preventing an individual from
bumiputra community gets to control 30%
raising sensitive issues in public.
of the capital in the country.
Matters that are not allowed to be
A
balanced socio-economic development
questioned:
among various ethnic groups, territories and
(1) The position of the Malay Language
rural and urban areas must be created.
as the national language
(2) The position of Malay rulers
The New Economic Policy that started
(3) The special rights of the Bumiputra
in 1970 was a national development
(4) The citizenship rights of non
programme with vast objectives covering
bumiputras
aspects of security, unity and the creation of
a just community.
Thirdly, the Internal Security Act (ISA)
aimed at protecting the countrys
The policy was introduced to resolve
interest and internal security.
economic and social problems so that all
ethnic groups could enjoy the countrys
The Act empowers the government to
prosperity and social justice together.
arrest and detain whomsoever that
is thought to create internal security
Development plans were implemented.
problems.
The First Strategy
Such an individual can be jailed or
was to eradicate poverty. It was aimed
detained without a trial for at least two
at improving the economic situation and
years.
standard of living of all groups living in rural
It is the same with the trade union and
and urban areas. An effort was also made to
university act that restrict the activities
create and improve basic amenities.
of certain groups from voicing or acting
The
Second Strategy
in a manner that can create problems
in the country.
was to reorganise the community in order
to reduce and subsequently to eliminate,
Fourthly, each component party in
ethnic identification according to economic
Barisan Nasional (BN) still voices the
wishes of its own race although all the
functions. It strove to involve all groups
parties are united in one multi-racial
within a modern economy and placed major
organization.
emphasis on industrial and trade sectors.
91
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL

EFFORT
The government implemented
the social and cultural
approach by encouraging the
sharing of values among the
races.
Besides having formal
programmes, the education
curriculum is adjusted for
the introduction of cultural
elements and interaction
among various races.
The introduction of national
Cultural policy 1971.
It was hoped that a national
culture would create a
national identity for the plural
society of Malaysia
In Malaysia, the national
culture is founded upon the
Malay culture with the
incorporation of elements
from other cultures found in
the country
The measures carried out
included the use of the
Malay language as the
official language and also in
the national system of
education.
Agencies and organizations
that have a role play in
racial unity, were set up, for
example, KEMAS and Rukun
Tetangga.
A National Unity Department
was even set up in the
Ministry of the National Unity
and Social Development.

5
1 SHARING OF POLITICAL POWER

Sharing of political power among
different ethnic groups.
Three political partners-UMNO, MCA
and MIC - that the sharing of political
power is an effective means for
managing a multi-ethnic society.
CULTURAL COMPROMISE
Readiness to accept cultural

and religious diversity as a
source of strength
Cultural diversity is a reality; that
constitutes today, a strength in the
building of the Malaysian nation
Malaysia has been practicing

parliamentary democracy since 1957.
As a result, it made easier for the
people to voice their objection and
dissatisfactions as well as to make
specific demands.
A person can voice and make criticisms
only within the confines of the law that
protects the individual concern.
NATIONAL INTEGRATION STRATEGIES

IN MALAYSIA
The basis of
racial
Unity of the people can exist if there is
already unity within each ethnic group
unity in
(i) Therefore efforts to unite the members
malaysia
of an ethnic group need to be carried
out before trying to create national unity
(among the ethnic groups).
(ii) National unity can be achieved when economic differences
among ethnic groups are reduced and subsequently eliminated
(iii) The implementation of all policies, economic, social, cultural
and so on, should not stop certain ethnic groups from carrying
out any rightful activity in the areas concerned.
DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT
ECONOMIC GROWTH
Economic growth through

equitable redistribution and
taking into account the aspirations
of the different races.
Continuous economic growth in the
past decades made it possible to
reduce the gap between
communities.
4
2 Co-curriculum activities 3 Continuous education

Encourages involvement Emphasizes continuous
Curriculum completes
education to members
of all students from
with elements that provide
of social, cultural,
various
ethnic
groups
in
in-depth knowledge of the
economic and political
co-curriculum activities
various ethnic groups in the
organizations.
country
Gives importance on the
Helps to inculcate the spirit
following elements
of unity
(i) human relations
6
Tourism within the country
(ii) inter-cultural relations
(iii) leadership
To increase the exposure of one
(iv) conflict resolution
community to other communities
7
Formal education
Mass Media
A C R O N Y M
Methods For Socio-Psycological Development.
Formal Education
- F Social Groups- S
Co-curriculum Activities - C Social Activities- S
Continuous Education - C Acronym: F 2C 2S
A C R O N Y M
Methods For Socio-Economic
Development.
Development of the
rural Folks
-F
Development of Rural
infrastructure
-R
Development in the small
Enterprise sector
-E
Create Bumiputra
Entrepreneurs
and professionals
-E
Improving Educational
infrastructure
-E
Acronym: FREEE
method to achieve
national integration
1 Development of the rural folks

Give education to women
including rural housewives
Children and poor families are
given help in the form of facilities,
financial or food so that they can
enjoy the basic educational
opportunities
Methods For Socio-Economic

Development
2 Development of the rural infrastructure
and professionals
Provide training, guidance and

support to bumiputra graduates
Develop skillful and
professional manpower
Supply facilities same as urban area

To transform the rural areas to become
more productive, attractive and
respectable
4 Create Bumiputra entrepreneurs

5
Social activities
All ethnic groups are involved

in the following activities
(i) games and sports
(ii) art
(iii) business
(iv) social welfare work
Methods For Socio-Psychological

Development
Bringing different ethnic groups

into closer contact with one
another
Social groups
All ethnic groups are involved

in social, cultural, economic
and political organizations
Improving educational
infrastructure
Give special attention to schools

in the rural areas
Encourages the qualified and
dedicated teachers to work in
the rural schools
Development in the small enterprise sector
Encourage bumiputra community to be involved in small and medium-sized industries

Use of modern and productive techniques of production for Malay entrepreneurs
92

1
National Integration
Is a process of uniting various groups in the

society through a common identity by putting
aside major differences but at the same time
not ignoring the original identity of each group.
The Cheeseman Plan (1945)
Instituted by the British but rejected by the

Federal Legislative Council.
2
National Education policy
The main objectives of educational policy are

to fulfill development requirements and create
social integration and national unity.
The Barnes Report (1950)
The Malay and English languages as the first and

second medium of instruction in schools.
3
Mahathir Report/ Cabinet

Committee Report (1979)
Development of science and technology

Development of moral values among the
pupils
The new Primary School Curriculum
(KBSR) in 1983
The new Secondary School Curriculum
(KBSM) in 1989.
7
Education
Education 1961 1970 : Improving the

level of education in the rural regions
Education after 1970: Curriculum renewal
and development of science and
technology.
6
S
T
E
P
S
The national type schools to be continued

and the Chinese language be made the third
language in the school system.
4
T
A
K
E
N
The 1952 Education Ordinance
Set up to review the Barnes Report and

the Fenn-Wu Report. Not implemented
because of financial problems.
T
O
W
A
R
D
S
The Rahman Talib Statement

1960 and Education Act 1961
N
A
The school going age should be from
T
6 to 15 years old.
I
There should be two types of schools:
O
(a) national schools
N
(b) national-type schools
A
The Malay language as the national language to L
be taught in all primary schools, replacing the
English language as the medium of instruction
I
Chinese and Tamil to be taught in a school if
N
there were 15 or more pupils, or if requested
T
by parents.
E
The Malay language replaced the English
G
language as the medium of instruction in the
R
Peninsular in 1970. The 1961 Education Act
A
was extended to Sabah and Sarawak in 1976.
T
With that a single national education came
I
into existence.
O
N
The Fenn-Wu Report (1950)
The Razak Report (1956)
Chinese and Tamil to be taught if there were

15 or more pupils, or if requested by parents.
Secondary School
(a) National secondary school: The Malay
language as the medium of instruction and
the English language to be a
compulsory subject.
(b) National-type secondary
school: The English language
as the medium of instruction
and the Malay language to be
a compulsory subject
Tun Abdul Razak Hussain

Penang Free School founded in
1816 is the oldest English-language
school in Malaya.
Sekolah Tun Fatimah (STF)
Sekolah Dato Abdul Razak (SDAR) Anglo Chinese School, Ipoh, Perak
93
To achieve the Bumiputras The NEP as released in a

target, the Amanah
government White Paper
Saham National (ASN) was
entitled Towards National
established in 1981.
Harmony became the
Tun Abdul Razak developed the New
foundation and the
Tun Abdul Razak visiting Jengka
Policy to eradicate poverty
land development programme.
yardstick for all economic Economic
among people regardless of race.
and social policies.
To narrow the economic
gap, the government in 1970
The New Economic Policy was
The NEPs objectives are:
1
targeted that by 1990 the
developed by the second Prime Minister
8
of
Malaysia,
Tun
Abdul
Razak.

To
eradicate
poverty among the
Bumiputra community should
control 30 percent share ownership,

people, regardless of race
THE NEW
the non bumiputra 40 percent, while
To restructure society and obliterate
ECONOMIC
foreign investors remaining 30 percent. 7
2
the identification of race with
POLICY
economic function or status
(1970-1990)
Regional agricultural advancement agencies,
The eradication of poverty was to be
like the Kemubu Agriculture Development
6
3
pursued through policies of economic
Association (KADA) in Kelantan and Muda
Agriculture Development Authority
growth
and development that would
5
4
(MADA) in Kedah were charged with
benefit all Malaysians regardless of
the responsibility of modernizing
race.
in
Agencies like Federal In restructuring
agricultural methods
order
Agricultural and Marketing
to improve the farmerss
society, ethnic
earnings. Authority (FAMA), the Malaysian
monopolies in functionalAgricultural Research and Development economic compartments
Institute (MARDI), the Rubber Industrys
Smallholders Development Authority would be ended and replaced
by ethnically balanced and
(RISDA), were streamlined to
proportionately allocated
help farmers and planters raise
their earnings.
advantages.
The first batch of settlers in Felda

Bilut Valley clearing the land
before planting rubber trees and
building their houses.
Sarawak Cultural Village.
The Malay language should be

used as widely as possible in
billboards, names of shops and
companies and other public
places to reflect the Malaysian
identity.
The government implemented land development

programmes under the management of Felda to
develop areas of great potential
Tun Abdul Razak visiting the
countrys first settlement in Felda
Bilut Valley in the late 1960s.
A policy for the creation of a national

culture was introduced as an attempt to
foster national integration.
1
NATIONAL
CULTURE
POLICY
A potpourri of Malaysian culture.
Three basic principles:

(i) Based on the culture of the
indigenous people
(ii) Suitable elements from other
cultures may be incorporated
(iii) Islam as an important element
3
An Advisory Council was formed
to advise the Minister of Culture,
Youth and Sports on matters
pertaining to culture.
A dance perfomance that portrays the
diversity in culture and ethnic backgrounds
of Malaysia.
The colours of 1 Malaysia 2010 (Citrawarna 1

Malaysia) cultural extravaganza held at Dataran
Merdeka Kuala Lumpur in 2010.
94

NATIONAL IDEOLOGY
The Rukun Negara National Ideology (1970)
The Rukun Negara was proclaimed on 31
August 1970 by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
1
5
The Rukun Negara declaration reads as follows
Good behaviour
and morality
To achieve a greater
unity of all her peoples
To build a
2
1
progressive society
To maintain a
which shall be
THE
democratic
oriented to modern RUKUN NEGARA way of life
science and
5
DECLARATION
technology
4
To ensure a liberal approach

to her rich and diverse cultural
traditions
Belief in
God
PRINCIPLES
OF RUKUN
NEGARA
Rule of law
Loyalty to
King and the
country
Upholding the
constitution
To create a just society in

which the wealth of the
nation shall be equitably
shared
Islam is the
official religion of
the Federation. Other
religions and beliefs may
be practiced in peace and
harmony and there shall be no
discrimination against any citizen
on the grounds of religion.
1
Individuals and groups shall conduct

their affairs in such a manner as not
to violate any of the accepted canons
THE
of behaviour which is arrogant or
COMMENTARY 2
offensive to the sensitivities of any
ON the
other groups. No citizen should 5
principles of
question the loyalty of another
rukun negara
citizen on the grounds that he
belongs to a particular community.
4
Justice is founded upon the rule of law.

Every citizen is equal before the law.
Fundamental liberties are guaranteed
to all citizens. These include liberty of
the person, equal protection of the law,
freedom of religion, rights of property
and protection
against
banishment.
A group of people representing the ethnic mix

group from the government service, private
sectors, arts and culture, NGOs and OKU
reciting the Rukun Negara (National Ideology).
The loyalty that is

expected of every
citizen is that he
must be faithful
and bear true
allegiance to His
Majesty the Yang
di-Pertuan Agong.
It is the duty of a citizen to respect and

appreciate the latter, the spirit and the
historical background of the Constitution.
This historical background led to such
provisions as those regarding the
position of the rulers, the position of
Islam as the official religion, the position
of Malays and other
Natives, the legitimate
interests of other
communities
and the conferment
of citizenship.
95
96
6
For the first 5 years, the
2
NIP has identified 5 priorities known as
NATIONAL
Launched on 23 April 2004 by our PM,
Target 2008:
Datuk Seri Abdullah Hj. Ahmad Badawi
Effectively reduce corruption, malpractices
INTEGRITY

Spread of corruption, incompetence, abuse
and abuse of power.
5
PLAN (NIP)
3
of power, fraud, etc are manifestations of
Increase efficiency of the public delivery system
the decline in integrity
and overcome bureaucratic red tape
Overall objective of the NIP is to fulfill the
Enhance corporate governance and
4
4th challenge of Vision 2020
business ethics.
- to establish a fully moral and ethical
Strengthen the family institution
The specific objectives of the NIP are:
society
Improve the quality of life and
Giving direction and guidance to various sectors,
peoples well-being.
so that they will work together to build a united,
harmonious, moral and ethical society
Raising the level of awareness, commitment and cooperation
among all sectors in their efforts at enhancing integrity
Encouraging a sense of responsibility among members of the
community and promoting the development of civil society
that respects and upholds the principles of integrity
Strengthening the moral foundations of the community and
the country and improving the well-being of the people
Raising Malaysias competitiveness and resilience in meeting
the challenges of the 21st century
Together with the

Malaysia has been a successful developing
formulation of the
country and is forging ahead to become a
National Integrity Plan is
developed nation in its own mould
the establishment of
A major challenge it has to
the Integrity Institute of
NIP aims to fulfill the
Malaysia (IIM)
address is the strengthening
aspirations and objectives
The institute serves as the
of ethnics and integrity
of both the Rukun Negara
coordinating mechanism for
and Vision 2020
the implementation of the NIP
1
CULTURE AND HERITAGE

Heritage is related to something that
has been inherited from one generation
to the next by someone or a group of
It is about the
There are also traditional songs
people in a community
memories of a
and music, poems and rhymes,
1
legends, traditional herbs and oral
lifestyle of a
2 people that
traditions, which are handed down 6
from generation to generation
reflects their civilization
This is in line with the National Mission of

developing human capital who are not only
1 knowledge-driven and economically competitive,
but also imbued with a progressive outlook and
good values, including positive cultural values
National Unity
Recognizing that an appreciation and
respect for the culture of the various ethnic
groups in Malaysia is an important part of
3
forging a unique Malaysian identity, the
cultural and religious festivals of the major
ethnic groups in Malaysia continued to be
celebrated at the national level
5
In the Ninth Plan, the development of

culture, arts and heritage will be given
greater emphasis
CULTURAL PROMOTING AGENCIES
Istana Budaya
IMPORTANCE of preserving Our

Culture and Heritage
HERITAGE
Some of these items
Malaysia is a multi-racial country
are kept in libraries,
5
3 with rich
museums, archives,
cultural
art galleries and
4
heritages
cultural centres.
Much of its cultural heritages are recorded in various
formats - manuscripts, artifacts, sculptures, traditional
motif and designs on textiles and jewellers, etc.
The appreciation of culture, arts and
heritage will be enhanced as part of a larger
2 nation-building agenda, in helping to build
awareness of a common history and
heritage as well as to promote a shared
future and destiny for all Malaysians
In this regard, the Government organized
Malaysian Open Houses to celebrate festivals
such as Hari Raya Aidilfitri, the Chinese New
4
Year, Deepavali, Christmas, Gawai and Tadau
Kaamatan
These celebration reflected the spirit of
national unity and harmony in multi-cultural
Malaysia
World Heritage List
Cultural
Melaka and George Town, Historic Cities of
the Straits of Malacca (2008)
6 Natural
Gunung Mulu National Park (2000)
Kinabalu Park (2000)
Properties submitted on the Tentative List
The Taman Negara National Park of
Peninsular Malaysia (2004)
Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary (LEWS)
and Batang Ai National Park (BANP) (2004)
Prehistoric Archaeological Heritage of
Lenggong Valley (2010)
National Art Gallery
iii Islam will be

ii
National Arts Culture and

Heritage Academy
an important
element in the
national culture
Elements from
other cultures
NATIONAL
which are
CULTURE
suitable and
POLICY
acceptable may
be incorporated
i
into it
It must be based on
the culture of the
indigenous people of
this country
National Library
97
The National
Cultural Policy
was formulated
in 1971.
The Policy
consists
of three
important
elements.
WORLD HERITAGE SITES IN MALAYSIA

THAILAND
SOUTH CHINA
SEA
sABAH World
HEritage Site
Arulmigu
Mahamariamman
Temple
Fort Cornwallis
Kinabalu
National Park
Kapitan Keling
Mosque
PENANG
SABAH
CULTURE AND HERITAGE
George Town World

HEritage Site
BRUNEI
Acheen Street
Mosque
98
City Hall
sARAWAK World
HEritage Site
Lenggong Valley
A Famosa
Goddess of
Mercy Temple
malaCCA World
HEritage Site
ST
M RAIT
AL S
AC OF
CA
SARAWAK
Taman Negara
National Park
Gunung Mulu
National Park
Christ Church
KALIMANTAN
Batang Ai
National Park
The Stadhuys
St. Pauls Church
Map showing World Heritage Sites in Malaysia
Lanjak Entimau
Wildlife Sanctuary
1 Malaya Plan 1
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
NATIONAL
DEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND
PLANNING
TECHNOLOGY
ADVANCEMENT
OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
REQUIREMENTS
OF GLOBALIZATION
AGE & INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT
PLANNING
PLANNING
Economic
background
Concept &
Objective
5-year Development Plan

99
First
Malaya
Plan
Eighth
Malaysia
Plan
Seventh
Malaysia
Plan
Second
Malaya
Plan
First
Malaysia
Plan
Second
Malaysia
Plan
5-year
Development
Plan
Sixth
Malaysia
Plan
Fifth
Malaysia
Plan
Fourth
Malaysia
Plan
Third
Malaysia
Plan
MAIN POLICIES
National
Development
Foreign Policies
Privatization
National Industry
Main
Policies
Application of
Islamic Values in
Administration
10 Eighth Malaysia Plan

Objectives:
to change growth strategy from
input-driven to knowledge driven
to expedite structural changes
in the economic sector
to strenghen socio-economic stability
Actions:
eradicate poverty and
restructure society
extend the use of ICT
upgrade the quality of life
strengthen positive values and
attitude
9 Seventh Malaysia Plan

Objectives:
to develop modern services sector
to encourage large-scale industrial activities
to ensure economic transformation by
improving the efficiency of labor and capital
Actions:
give support to non-governmental bodies
involved in efforts to eradicate poverty.
strengthen national unity
increase efficiency through IT
Objectives:
to emphasize on
large-scale
development
gave a high priority to
rural development and
poverty by increasing
budgetary allocations.
establishing rural and
agricultural related
development
institutions, providing
physical infrastructure
and implementing a
diversified range of
agricultural
development
programs.
3 First Malaysia
Plan 1
Objectives:
to emphasize
economic growth
for all
to integrate the
people of the
constituents states
May 13 incident
was a clear
indication that
socio-economic
imbalance was a
major obstacle in
achieving the
long-term plan.
TH E F I VE-Y EAR
PLAN
4 Second Malaysia Plan

Objectives:
to eradicate poverty
restructuring Malaysian
society so that
community identification
according to economic
sector does not exist.
Actions:
the introduction of New
Economic Policy (NEP)
main focus or theme is to
create communal unity
among Malaysian citizens.
5 Third Malaysia Plan

Objective:
to continue the previous
objective (intensifying
development programs
of land and opening new
towns KEJORA,
KETENGAH, KESEDAR)
6 Fourth Malaysia Plan

7 Fifth Malaysia Plan
8 Sixth Malaysia Plan

Objectives:
to maintain rapid national
economic development
to manage economic
success
prepare and give birth to
an industrial society
give new life to the
expired NEP
Actions:
to haste industrial
development program
through the use of
sophisticated
technology
Objectives:
to achieve economic solidarity
to ensure economic stability
(to speed up economic growth)
Introduce District
Development Guide Book 1987 (RED BOOK II)
Used to improve the
effectiveness of planning,
implementation, administration
and coordination machinery
at every stage
Actions:
PROTON enlarged its areas
of distribution
tourism industry
strengthened to increase
national income
declared 1990 as VMY
the end of NEP (New

Economic Policy)
Objectives:
to downsize the
current economic
recession
to embark upon
heavy industrys
sector (HICOM)
Modernize
system and further
activate agricultural
production through
rubber and oil palm
replanting and
planting of double
cropping paddy
through irrigation
schemes (Sungai
Manik in Perak,
Kemubu in
Kelantan and Muda
in Kedah).
5-year
Development Plan
2 Malaya Plan 2
Objectives:
To diversify the economic activities
and sources of income
Develop rural areas to improve the
standard of living, reduce illiteracy,
enhance the standard of health,
eradicate poverty.
Reduce unemployment; improve the
standard of living for the lower
income groups.
Actions:
Rural Industrial Development
Authority (RIDA) was launched.
(later MARA)
Federal Land Development Authority
(FELDA)
Objective:
to encourage, guide, train and help
Bumiputras to become competent
entrepreneurs and traders.
to open new land to resettle the
poor.
Programmes
Objectives
Stages
to raise agriculture production through optimum

use of resources
to increase the income of communities
especially in the rural areas
to improve competitiveness and production
capacity of the agricultural sector
to balance national economic development based
on manufacturing
to increase national income through supplying
raw materials that form the basis of local and
foreign industrial needs.
maximise income from the agricultural sector.
maximise income of small-scale farmers
develop and increase yield and quality of major
commodities with high export potential
to provide sufficient food resources for the people.
Rubber cultivation project by Development of oil palm

Felcra in Pulau Banggi, Sabah. plantations by FELDA
Approaches
Implementation of MADA Rice Estate

Projects in Alor Setar, Kedah.
Workers sorting through fresh fruit bunches for

processing at Jengka 21 palm oil mill. Felda is
a major producer of palm oil which is a major
export of Malaysia.
a g ro - f or es tr y
Strategies
Develop the agriculture sector following current
development
Adjust to rapid economic growth and development
and global competition by increasing productivity
through the involvement and cooperation of private
sectors.
Restructure agricultural agencies to become more
effective
Optimise export income through diversification
Introduce modern agricultural technology and
more affective management.
focus to integrate forestry

with agriculture
Objectives:
to create more space for
various combination of
agriculture and forestry
industries
to optimise the use of
resources
to raise production
encourage private sector
participation in commercial
forest cultivation activities
product - based
a ppr o ac h
stress on the need and

the preferences of local
and foreign consumers
Objectives:
encourages the
production of quality
agricultural products
according to consumers
preferences
encourages research
and development in
the area of technology,
production, distribution
and marketing.
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANS AND POLICIES
100
Opening of new land for

First National Agricultural Policy
agriculture by agencies
(NAP 1) (1984-1991)
(e.g. Federal Land
Second National Agricultural Policy
Development Authority,
(NAP 2) (1992-1997)
FELDA and Federal Land
Third National Agricultural Policy
Consolidation Rehabilitation
(NAP 3) (1998-2010)
Malay Village in a Felda
Agency, FELCRA)
Settlement, Labis
Improving land management
and social development in rural areas
through integrated development (e.g.
Federal Agricultural Development
Authority, MADA)
Providing support services in marketing,
research and development (e.g. Federal
Agricultural Marketing Authority, FAMA)
Developing positive human attitude and
values in the agricultural society (e.g.
NATIONAL AGRICULTURE
Human Resource Development)
Develop the economy of small holders
POLICY (NAP)
through replanting programmes
strategies
Promote and improve

Joint venture between the private
Objectives
understanding on Incorporation Policy.
and the government sector.
Create Malaysia Incorporation Negotiation
(i) Aims at creating close,
Panel in respect of departments based on

meaningful, effective cooperation
the Government Chief Secretary Circular

between the public and the private

sector.
Order No 2/84.

(ii) Group of workers in both sectors
Provide training to workers in the private and

play a part in contibuting towards
public sector.

enhancing output to raise the

productivity of a Malaysian
Facilitate cooperation between the private
Universiti Islam Antarabangsa

Company or semi-government
and the public sector.
Malaysia (UIAM) in collaboration

body that is jointly owned.
with
Public
Private
Partnership
Unit
Provision of various facilities by the government

(iii) Symbolizes the readiness of the
(UKAS) held a seminar on
Public
government sector to distribute
such as own and rural planning, industrial
Private Partnership in Malaysia.

business opportunities, join or
structure plan and infrastructure facilities.

cooperate with the private or the
1
Exploration of policy to employees in the private

public sector to organise effective
and public sectors.

services for the people in
7
2

integrated manner.
101
Countries that practise the concept of

private and public sector cooperation
in economic development
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Japan
South Korea
Taiwan
Singapore
United in
the Newly
Industrialised
Countries (NIC)
Programmes
NATIONAL
(i)
Explore
various business opportunities
INCORPORATION

locally and internationally.

(ii) Determine policies and regulations and
POLICY
3
5
The Role of
The Public
Sector

Senior Malaysian government

officials at the Public Private
Partnership workshop which took
place in Kuala Lumpur from 10 to
11 February 2010.
To determine:
(i) policies
(ii) regulations
(iii) facilities
(iv) incentives
Public Private
Partnership
Unit (UKAS) held a
seminar - Designing
A World-Class
Public Private
Partnership
Infrastructure Frame.

provide facilities and incentives.

(iii) Increase earnings through business

income taxes.

(iv) Expertise sharing programmes among
4

ministries and the private sector.

(v) Export promotion council by the Ministry
Private
Sector
of Trade and Industry (1985).

(vi) Malaysian Business Council (1991).
The role of the

(vii) INTAN - sponsored business courses.

private sector:
to support the engine
of growth to achieve high
national economic
development.
increase entrepreneurial
activities through close
cooperation with the public
International Trade on Industry Minister Datuk
sector.
Mustapa Mohamed (second from right) greeting
Malaysian Automotive Association President
Datuk Aishah Ahmad.
(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

Definition
Definition
Privatization refers to the sale or transfer of control

6
of a company, agency or an industry that is owned
or controlled by the government to the private sector.
Features of the
private sector

are usually transfered are:
Hospitals
Schools
Public transport services
Other public services such as
water and electricity
Usually aimed at making profit

102
Implication
A committee has been formed consisting of

Economic Planning Unit (EPU)
Implementation Control Unit (ICU)
Finance Ministry and Public Service
Department (PSD)
Privatisation is carried out in various
forms
sales

leasing

management contact

Objectives

Reduce governments financial
and administrative burden.

Improve efficiency and productivity

Accelerate economic growth

Reduce involvement of public sector
in the economy

Help achieve the objectives of the
New Economic Policy

Create more opportunities for the
Bumiputeras to establish in private
NATIONAL
cooperation.
PRIVATISATION

3 Examples of sectors privatized:
POLICY
Telecomunications: Telekom Malaysia, Maixs, etc.
Broadcast: TV3, ASTRO. NTV7
Transport: Roads/Highways - Plus, Elite, Kesas, etc
Airlines - Air Asia
Pros and Cons

Port Management - West Port, Kelang

Port Management, Port of Tanjung
Pros
Cons

Pelepas (PTP)

Railways - KTM, Star, Putra, ERT
Business will run
The government
Public utilities:

more efficiently
has less
control
Electricity - TNB, Independent
The government
over the

Power Producers (IPP) e.g. YTL-Power
will have less
businesses
Water Supply - Puncak Niaga
responsibilities
Formation
of

Waste Management - Indah Water, Alam Flora
Encourages
monopoly

competition within
Business are
businesses
profit-making
Division of
businesses between
the government
and private sector
4
Types of services that
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY (NDP)

1 The National Development
2 The NDP maintains the strategy of the NEP in the
Policy (NDP) was launched by

Dato Seri Dr. Mahathir Mohamad
in 1991 as a continuation of the
New Economic Policy.
area of eradicating poverty and restructuring and

improving the social and economic imbalance
among the communities.
To create
optimum balance
between
economic
growth and
apportionment
To ensure the
preservation of
environment and
ecology
To eliminate social
and economic
inequality among
the people
a
g
To promote the development

of science and technology
THE
OBJECTIVES
OF NDP
e
To build a disciplined
and productive
work force
To strengthen
technological and
human resources
To encourage
the full use of the
countrys natural
resources
a
b
NATIONAL
INDUSTRY
POLICY
To reduce the imbalance

in economic development
among states and
between urban and
rural areas
To use the
manufacturing sector
as a catalyst for
industrial
growth in
the country
To modernise and
recognize small and
medium-sized industries
To build a progressive
society with positive social
and spiritual values
To re-examine
and amend
regulations
pertaining
to investments
To foster higher
efficiency and
competitiveness
To move into
selected heavy
industries
103
c
d
To promote
export-led
economy
To raise the level of

technology research and
development (R & D)

definition
OBJECTIVE
According to the vision, independent Malaysia

will become a truly advanced, united, prosperous
and progressive nation by 2020. The people will
live harmoniously in a society that is tolerant,
democratic, just, moral, dynamic and resilient.
The vision calls for a self-sufficient industrial,

Malaysian-centric developed nation, complete
with an economy in 2020 that will be eightfold
stronger than the economy of the early 1990s.
The main objective is to make Malaysia a developed

nation by 2020, as presented in a working paper

entitled Malaysia - Stepping Forward at the

Malaysian Trade Council in 1991 by Prime

Minister Dato Seri Dr. Mahathir.
VISION
2020
Vision 2020 was launched by the former

Prime Minister of Malaysia Tun Dato Seri Dr.

Mahathir Mohamad on 28 February 1991 during
the Malaysian Business Council.
THE CHALLENGES
To cultivate a prosperous community
To ensure the formation of a community with a fair

economy
To cultivate a community that is mature and

tolerant
To form a nation that stands as one
To form a community that

has high moral, ethics
and religious strength
To form a progressive science community
To produce a Malaysian
community that has
freedom, strength and full
of self-confidence
To cultivate a community rich in

values and loving culture

To develop a mature democratic community
A C R O S T I C
The Society in 2020
Moral and Ethics
Distribution of Resources
Nation
Economy
Politics
Acrostic: Ministers Review
National Economic Policy
MORAL AND ETHICS
Highest ethical standard

Strong in religion
Economy
Competitive
Dynamic
Robust
Resilent
4
THE
SOCIETY IN
2020
Politics
Matured democratic
Community oriented
Nation
Living in harmony
Full and fair partnership
Territorially and
ethnically integrated
Distribution of
Resources
Fair and equitable

distribution of wealth
Full partnership in progress
104
-M
-R
-N
-E
-P
A C R O S T I C
The Challenges of Vision 2020
To cultivate a Prosperous
community
-P
To cultivate a community
that is Mature and tolerant
-M
To form a community that has
high Moral, ethics, religious
and strength
-M
To produce a Malaysian
community that has freedom,
Strength and full of self confidence
-S
To ensure the formation of the
community with a fair Economy - E
To form a nation that Stands
as one
-S
To develop a matured
Democratic society
-D
To form a Progressive Science
community
-P
To cultivate a community rich
in values and Loving culture
-L
Acrostic: Prime Minister Manmohan
Singh Encouraged Social Development
Programmes Lately

NATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY
Able to adjust, innovate,

and raise technological
investment
To increase efficiency
OBJECTIVES
Create a dynamic and

diversified manufacture base
industrial sector
Develop local technological

capacity in selection and
consultation
Increase agricultural production through research

and development programmes implemented by
PORIM, PRIM and UPM
National Science
Coordination and
Progress Council
National Research
Consortium
PROGRAMMES
Intensification of
Research in Priority
Areas (IRPA)
Programmes
Action Plan on
Industrial Technology
Department 1987
Industrial Master Plan Investigation implemented
jointly with the Ministry of Trade and Industry in
order to identify ways to improve production quality
Establish a science and technology

Infrastructure Support Centre such
as:

(i) institution for design

(ii) technical consultation and

information
Use effective
mechanisms to
encourage Science
and Technology
programmes
Analyse the effectiveness of

centres of excellence in science
and technology
Increase the number of scientific or

skilled local workers according to
adequate ratios
Control the transfer of technology

effectively and economically
Integrate Science and Technology

programmes with national economic
development programmes
Upgrade computer usage skills

based on education, industry and
research
Transfer Science and Technology

programmes with national economic
development programmes
STRATEGIES
105
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Globalization refers to socio-economic processes like trading,
manufacturing, marketing and the transferring of capital on a global basis.
The world is moving into information-based technology. Because of this,
the goverenment has embarked on the Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC).
Multimedia technology has been identified as a catalyst for the
creation of industries that are cost-saving and not labour-intensive.
main objectives of the development of

science and technology
To develop science and technology resources in the country, such as
technical and scientific personnel, research institutes, institutions of
higher learning, etc.
To develop the capability of local entrepreneurs in choosing viable
enterprises and then in discussing, adapting and innovating foreign
technology through the co-operation agreement, outright purchase,
technical co-operation, joint venture, lease of license, franchise, etc.
Aware of the need to keep pace with new technology, especially

in Information and Communication Technology (ICT).
National Information Technology Council (NITC) 1994
Dr Mahathir Mohamad (Chairman)
106
Advise government on matters pertaining to ICT in the

Malaysia overall pursuit of development. Established with
the vision of creating a knowledge-and-value-based civil
society in line with the aspirations of Vision 2020.
Malaysia Institution of Microelectronics Systems (MIMOS) 1984.
Secretariat to NITC and provides necessary support for NITCs activities.
Objectives
To sustain
and
improve
the quality
of life
within
population
To improve
competitiveness in the
fields of
science and
technology
ICT does not provide

To
solutions to all the
transform
social woes and
Malaysia
economic needs.
from a
Could only enhance
P-based
what it already has,
economy
especially the Pto a Keconomy (production
based
economy).
economy
K-economy
(Vision
(knowledge economy)
2020)
has to coexist with
P-economy.
STRATEGY 3
Use Signposts and

Vision Areas to
Mooted by NITC
manage opprtunities
and risks
Input for the
STRATEGY 2
Strategic
formulation of
Rationalize
ICT Road Map
strategic policies,
for Malaysia
institutional
programmes and plans
arrangement and
to intensity Malaysias
accelerate K-based
transformation to a
Ecosystem
STRATEGY 1
K-based economy
Be a global leader
3-D Internet (Multimedia
in 3 Technology
To ensure a robust and
Digital Content)
sustainable ICT ecosystem,
Focus Areas
A set of emerging

there is a need to
rationalize the institutional
arrangement and
accelerate development
of talent, infrastructure,
innovation and
commercialization capacity.
Provide a methodology
for continuous
monitoring with
feedback signposts so
as to better manage
opportunities and risks
associated with
technology and its
rapid impacts on
market.
Used to identify
potential events along
the future timeline that
will impact the
Technology Focus
Areas and the key
sectors of the
Malaysian economy.
The use of
smart card.
technologies for creating,

distributing and rendering
3D scenes and animations
in immersive, multi-user,
online environments.
For example, entertainment,
image rendering and data
visualisation, online game
architecture, multimedia,
marketing assistance etc.
The setting
up of Smart
Schools.
3
The construction
Other
The
of the new
establishment Developments government
of telemedicine
1 administrative
facilities.
The setting up centre at
of institutions of Putrajaya.
Higher Learning,
2 e.g. Multimedia
University.
How it begins

NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY
OBJECTIVES
Education Act (1961)
Create a system of education that
can fulfill the nations need.
Encourage cultural, social,
economic and political
development.
The main objectives:

Fulfil development
requirements.
Create social
integration and
national unity.
Razak Report (1956)

Integrate the multiracial
school children.
Prepare a work force for
the needs of the economy.
Cabinet Committee Report (1979)

Fulfil the countrys manpower
needs in the short and long run.
Produce a society that is united,
disciplined and trained.
Education was given priority in

national development in order to:
Prepare an educated, skillful and
highly motivated work force.
Produce responsible, united,
disciplined, citizens and are capable
of building their own security for
peace and prosperity.
To produce
knowledgeble
citizens
with strong
character,
balanced and
harmonious.
New Curriculum
for secondary
schools (KBSM)
1989
Improve the
quality of
education
PROGRAMMES
The school Division and the
department of Private
Education
Extend educational
opportunities through
private institutions
New curriculum for primary

schools (KBSR) 1983
Restructure Vocational and

Technical Education

1978
Improve the standard

of education
Government and private
institutions working together
to provide quality and world
standard education
The national language as

the main medium of
instruction
STRATEGIES
The Malay and
English
languages are
compulsory to
be taught in
schools
Implement the same

Malaysia orientated
curriculum for all types of
schools
107
Provide
opportunities
for the learning of
other languages.
For example,
Chinese and
Tamil.

EDUCATIONAL REFORMS
1
Objectives
To improve the conditions and

quality of the educational
system
To set up a system of education
that is flexible to current
development
To improve the performance of
education
To set up an updated system of
education that is of universal
standard
PROGRAMMES
Development of manpower
Science and Technology
Programmes
Cultural programmes
Application of moral values
Extend the use of the Malay
language
Sharing of expertise between
local and international
organizations
Rural areas are modernized
through the provision of better
ICT facilities, computers, labs,
and classrooms for schools and
physical infrastructure.
STRATEGIES
Change the system of education

in a planned manner
Improve the application of
education in various
organizations
Use the Malay language in
expressing ideas and writing
Inculcate moral values in order
to create a society that is
harmonious, give importance
on academic excellence, social
concerns and nationhood
International integration
SMART SCHOOL
CONCEPT
The use of information technology in the process of

teaching and learning
Pupil-centred and supported by a
flexible and open curriculum
The teacher will facilitate the
process of teaching and learning
Students do not confine themselves to textbooks
alone with pencil and paper tests but will have easy
access to internet and e-mail for information to
complement their learning process
OBJECTIVES
Produce students who can think critically and

creatively and with religious beliefs
Set up an environment of teaching and learning that
is in line with the latest development in education
STRATEGIES
PROGRAMMES
Inculcate moral values to create a society that is harmonious, give
importance to academic excellence, social concerns and nationhood
Use the Malay language
Inculcate the ability to think critically and creatively based on
comprehensive and integrated knowledge and technology
Explore information through the use of Science and Technology
Increase productivity and efficiency
108
Smart learning
Smart curriculum
Smart assessment
Smart teaching
Smart management
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
7 MP
6 MP
109
CAD/CAM/CAE
VLSI Design
Network:
PALMOILIS,
SIRMLINK,
AGROLINK, CSL,
Jaringan
Pendidikan
Advanced
manufacturing
Advanced Materials
Microelectronics
Biotechnology
ICT
Multimedia
Technology
Energy
Aerospace
Nanotechnology
Photonics
Pharmaceuticals
Multimedia Super
Corridor (MSC)
is Malaysia bold
experimental venture
into the creation of a
world class multimedia
and content industry.
E-Economy (focuses
on Malaysias economic
adaptability in the face
of the emerging global
K-economy)
E-Public Service
(focuses on enhancing
effective and efficient
delivery of services to
the public through
electronic means)
E-Community (focuses
on strengthening
community relations
through electronic
networking)
E-Sovereignty (focuses
on national concerns in
the context of the
borderless world of ICT)
E-Learning (focuses in
strengthening
community relations
through electronic
network)
8 MP
Expansion of ICT
services among
the general
public and rural
area were given
priority
National
Broadband
Communication
and Multimedia
Services
Blueprint was
introduced in
2005 for the
orderly
integrated
development 3
converging
technologies:
cellular
telephony,
internal and
broadcasting

9 MP
Focus on
expanding the
existing
communications
network across
the country
My l CMS 886
Reduce digital
divide
Develop existing
cyber cities and
develop new
ones (MCS
Phase II)
Encourage new
growth sectors
such as
bioinformatics
Develop ICT
talent
Enhancing
information
security
Digital Content
Development
E-Commerce
SSO
Bioinformatics
My l CMS 886
Content
Development
ICT Education
Hub
Digital
Multimedia
Receivers
Communication
Devices
Embedded
Components
Foreign
Ventures
PAST AND PRESENT

STRATEGIC PLANS FOR
MALAYSIA
National Information
Technology Council (NITC)
to ensure ICT is well
integrated in the socio economic fabric of the
nation
E-Government
Multipurpose
Card
Smart School
Telehealth
E-Business
R&D Cluster
Technopreneur
Development
ICT was emphasized

as an enabler mainly in
the manufacturing
sector
National Information
Technology Agenda (NITA)
Catalyses the
transformation of
Malaysia into a value
based economy through
the development of
talent, infrastructure
and applications to
benefit the Malaysian
society.

the policy of applying islamic values in the
administration
NATIONAL WOMENS POLICY

Objectives
To ensure equitable sharing in the acquisition of
resources and information as well as access to
opportunities and benefits of development, for both
men and women
To integrate women in all sectors of national
development in line with their abilities and needs in
order to improve the quality of life, eradicate poverty,
abolish ignorance, and illiteracy, and ensure a
peaceful and prosperous nation
Objectives
To create a proud Malaysian society that has a strong

identity and respected by other societies
To eliminate negative attitudes when
carrying out duties or responsibilities
To produce good quality service
Programmes
Programmes
National Advisory Council on the Integration of Women
in Department (NACIWID)
Secretariat for Womens Affair (HAWA) 1983
National Council of Womens Organizations (NCWO)
Community Development Division (KEMAS)
National Family Planning Board (NFPB)
Department of Agriculture (DOA)
Rubber Industry Smallholders Development Authority
(RISDA)
Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA)
The Young Comrades Programme (Rakan Muda)

A caring society
Code of ethics for the business
and professional groups
General orders by the government
Strategies
Emphasizes on moral values and ethics based on

Islam
Strategies
Foster positive values and work ethics such as
Improve the status of women by means of legal,
honesty, discipline and respect for others
political, social, economic, moral and educational
Being courteous to the senior citizens

development
and the elderly

Encourage the participation of women

in the development and growth of the
Inculcate the values of family,

country
neighbourliness and parenthood

Review laws and regulations for
Encourage clean effective

social and economic protection of

women
administrative system by

Eliminate discrimination
following Islamic principles
SOCIALLY-
against women
BASED
NATIONAL CULTURE POLICY
NATIONAL UNITY POLICY
POLICIES
Objectives
To foster unity among various races
To create a society that is united
and harmonious
Objectives
To strengthen unity among various
races
To foster a strong Malaysian identity
based on a spirit of love for race,
religion and homeland
Improve the quality of life which is
physically and spiritually balanced in
terms of socio-economic development
Programmes
National Education Policy based on Razak Report

(1956) and the Rahman Talib Report (1960)
New Economic Policy
Rukun Tetangga
Nationhood Programmes in schools and universities
Programmes
Development of arts and culture
Art presentations by the National Cultural Complex
Cultural Programmes through the mass media
especially radio and television during festive seasons
Cultural programmes sponsored by various
organizations such as the Ministry of Culture, Arts and
Tourism, State Cultural Council and Cultural
Departments in local universities and colleges
Strategies
Foster integration among Malaysians

Promote various activities for rural and urban society
Encourage national integration through the National
Unity Department
Inculcate elements of caring, tolerence, awareness,
consciousness, respect, confidence appreciation,
acceptance and pride in the society and nation
through the study of History, Culture and Development
Strategies
Restore and protect the cultural elements of various

races and adjust them according to universal values
Apply elements of the Islamic religion in the national
culture
Sharing of common values in life
Give importance to the history and
the cultural life of the Malay world
Upgrade the standard and quality
of regional art
110
Foreign Policies
laos
Malaysias policy in
relation to regional and
international affairs
focused in the creation
of peace and harmony.
A country can achieve
peace and harmony
through co-operation in
economic, social and
political activities.
Although
misunderstanding
can exist among
member countries of an
organization, a solution
can be quickly decided.
Hence, any dispute can
be solved, especially
through consultation.
Myanmar
The ASEAN Leaders Formal Summit was first held in
Bali, Indonesia 1976.
thailand
vietnam
cambodia
111
brunei
Malaysia
singapORE
indonesia
The Secretariat of ASEAN in Jakarta, Indonesia.
Map showing member countries of ASEAN
The Association of Southeast Asian countries was formed

following the Bangkok Declaration, 8 August 1967. The
picture above shows the five foreign ministers of the member
countries who unanimously signed the declaration.
From left: Narciso Ramos of the Philippines, Adam Malik of
Indonesia, Thanat Khoman of Thailand, Tun Abdul Razak of
Malaysia and S.Rajaratnam of Singapore.
FOREIGN POLICIES
SOUTH CHINA SEA
philippines
FOREIGN POLICIES
Accelerate economic
growth, social
progress and cultural
development in region
Promote regional peace

and stability
Abiding respect for justice
Rule of law
Objectives
The Association
ASEAN
of Southeast
A signing ceremony at the very first
3 Pillars
vision 2020
Asian Nations
meeting of the ASEAN in Bangkok on (ASEAN) was formed
ASEAN Security Community
8 August 1967.
ASEAN Economic Community
with the signing of the
ASEAN Sociocultural Community
Bangkok Declaration

The objectives
It started with 5
5 of ASEAN are to improve the 8 August 1967.
2
original member
History
cooperation among the member
nations Malaysia,
nations in economic, social,
1.
Thailand, Singapore,
1 ASEAN was setup because of a failure
cultural, education,
the Philippines and
to build up a comprehensive, sustained,
Establishment
technological and
Indonesia.
unified regional and international strength
administrative
through the South Asia Organization (ASA)
matters.
Aims at
improving
2.
The
failure of MAPHILINDO, established
2
Present ASEAN
cooperation among
in August 1963 with only Malaysia,
10 consists of
Indonesia and the Philippines as
the five founding the member nations
in economic, social,
nations and
members was also the reason for
cultural, educational,
followed by
ASEAN to be set up.
Brunei, Vietnam, technological and
Laos, Myanmar administrative
ASEAN
and Cambodia. matters.
3
4
Fundamental
Principles
PROGRAMMES
ZOPFAN
United Nations
Right of every state to lead
Conference On
its national existence free
Refugees in Geneva
from external interference
ASEAN Industrial
Non-interference in the
Project
internal affairs of one
Asia-Pacific Economic
another
Cooperation (APEC)
Settlement of differences International
by peaceful manner
Conference On Drug
Renunciation of the threat
Abuse and Heroin
or use of force
Trafficking
Effective cooperation
Exclusive Economic
Zone specifically on
Mutual respect for
independence and national
maritime
identity of all nations
1 It is not a military alliance like
STRATEGIES
South East Asia as a zone of peace,
neutrality, and freedom from foreign
interference and good terms with
the Western and Communist blocs
Diplomatic relationship with
Vietnam
Freedom from nuclear arms or
South East Asia Nuclear Free Zone
(SAENFZ)
Increase in industry, infrastructure,
tourism, agriculture,
telecommunications and energy
Problems of refugees,
encroachment and drug
Shared boundaries
Regional cooperation
Consultation and joint patrol
Maintains relationship with the
Peoples Republic of China
NATO and the Warsaw Pact

If a conflict
Does not involve in the internal
in a member nation
However, Myanmars
affairs or politics of its
is serious enough to
admission into ASEAN that
member nations.
threaten the stability and security
8
2
received greatest criticism.
of the region, ASEAN will act
through discussion or
7
3
consultation.
The United States,
ASEAN takes the view that regional
for instance,
problems can be settled by the
ASEAN
was uneasy
region itself without the intervention
over Vietnams
of the big powers.
Was
participation in the
emphasized in the
grouping.
Kuala Lumpur Proclamation
Rapid development of ASEAN
Now ASEAN has 10
(1971) through an agreement to
had attracted the interest of
member
nations
Brunei,
6
4
create a Zone of Peace,
the major powers in
Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar
Freedom and Neutrality
the world.
and Cambodia, Malaysia,
(ZOPFAN).
Thailand, Singapore, the
5
Philippines and Indonesia.
112
Preserve Islamic social and

economic values
The Organization Of Islamic Conference

OIC
1. The Organisation of Islamic Conference (OIC)

was established in Morocco in 1969.
2. It aims at fostering economic, social and
political cooperation among member countries.
3. It also seeks to strengthen friendship among
Islamic countries. The OIC follows the principle
of opposing any form of aggression upon an
Islamic country or an Islamic holy place.
4. Former Prime Minister of Malaysia, Tunku
Abdul Rahman was selected as the OICs
first Secretary-General.
5. Through the cooperation of OIC, International
Islamic University and Islamic Development
Bank were set up in Malaysia.
Idea and formation
1. Since the nineteenth century, Muslims had aspired

ideas of uniting their community to serve their
common political, economic and social interest.
2. Despite the presence of secularist, nationalist and
socialist ideologies in modern Muslim states, King
Faisal of Saudi Arabia cooperated with other Muslim
leaders to form the Organisation of the Islamic
Conference.
3. The formation of the OIC happened in the backdrop
of the loss of Muslim holy sites in Jerusalem.
4. Most notable Muslim holy site was the Al-Aqsa
mosque.
Advance education
particularly in the
fields of science
and technology
AIMS
Uphold
international
peace and
security
Promote solidarity
among member
states
Increase cooperation
in social, economic,
cultural, scientific
and political areas
57 Member States
overall
green
background
(symbolic of
Islam)
42
4
21
52
22
35 28
47
53 49
25
55 19
34
15
37
56
36 29
43
44 20
33
14
40
7
1
18 16
17
27
9
3
31
2
11
10
51
41 5
24
32
57
26
23
Mali (49)
Malaysia (50)
Egypt (51)
Morocco (52)
Mauritania (53)
Mozambique (54)
Niger (55)
Nigeria (56)
Yemen (57)
13
30
39
Kyrgyzstan (40)
Qatar (41)
Kazakhstan (42)
Cameroon (43)
Cote Divoire (44)
Kuwait (45)
Lebanon (46)
Libya (47)
Maldives (48)
upwardfacing red
crescent
enveloped in
a white
disc
46
38
48
50 12
6
Allahuakbar"
written in
modern
Arabic
caligrapy
54
Member States
Members once temporarily
suspended
Observer States
Attempted to join but
blocked
The Organisation of Islamic

Conference (OIC)
Malaysia demonstrated serious
commitment over the BosniaHerzegovina issue by playing
host to a meeting of concerned
OIC group in Kuala Lumpur
(September 1995).
FOREIGN POLICIES
113
Azerbajian (1)
Jordan (2)
Afghanistan (3)
Albania (4)
United Arab Emirates (5)
Indonesia (6)
Uzbekistan (7)
Uganda (8)
Iran (9)
Pakistan (10)
Bahrain (11)
Brunei Darussalam (12)
Bangladesh (13)
Benin (14)
Burkina-Faso (15)
Tajikistan (16)
Turkey (17)
Turkmenistan (18)
Chad (19)
Somalia (30)
Togo (20)
Iraq (31)
Tunisia (21)
Oman (32)
Algeria (22)
Gabon (33)
Djibouti (23)
Gambia (34)
Saudi Arabia (24)
Guyana (35)
Senegal (25)
Guinea (36)
Sudan (26)
Guinea-Bissau (37)
Syria (27)
Palestine (38)
Suriname (28)
Comoros (39)
Sierra Leone (29)
FOREIGN POLICIES
Protect and
defend the true image
of Islam, to combat
defamation of Islam and
encourage dialogue among
civilizations and religions
Enhance and
develop science
and technology
and encourage
research and
cooperation
among Member
States in these
fields
Enhance and
consolidate the bonds
of fraternity and
solidarity among the
Member States
Exert efforts to achieve

sustainable and
comprehensive
human development and
economic well-being in
Member States
UNDER THE
CHARTER, THE
ORGANIZATION
AIMS TO:
6
5
Safeguard and
protect the common
interests and support the
legitimate causes of the Member
States and coordinate and unify
the efforts of the Member States in
view of the challenges faced by the
Islamic world in particular and the
international community
in general
Respect the right of self-determination
and non-interference in the domestic
affairs and to respect sovereignty,
independence and territorial integrity
of each Member State
Ensure active
Strengthen intra-Islamic
participation of the
economic and trade cooperation;
Member States in the global
in order to achieve economic
Reaffirm its
political, economic and social
integration leading to the
support for the
decision-making processes to
establishment of an Islamic
rights of people secure their common interests
Common Market
as stipulated in the
UN Charter and
international law
IN ORDER TO REALIZE THESE OBJECTIVES, MEMBER STATES SHALL

ACT IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE FOLLOWING PRINCIPLES:
All Member States commit themselves to the purposes and principles of the United Nations
Charter
Member States are sovereign, independent and equal in rights and obligations
All Member States shall settle their dispute through peaceful means and refrain from use
of threat or use of force in their relations
All Member States undertake to respect national sovereignty, independence and territorial
integrity of other Member States and shall refrain from interfering in the internal affairs of
others
Member States shall uphold and promote at the national and international levels, good
governance, democracy, human rights and fundamental freedoms and the rule of law
114
Structure and organisation
The Islamic Summit
The Council of
Foreign
Ministers
It meets once a
year to examine
a progress report
on the
implementation
of its decisions
taken within the
framework of the
policy defined by
the Islamic
Summit.
The General
Secretariat
It is the executive organ

of the Organisation,
entrusted with the
implementation of the
decisions of the two
preceding bodies and is
located in Jeddah, Saudi
Arabia.
Financial
Control
Organ
1
6
5
OIC Secretary General

Professor Ekmeleddin
Ihsanoglu.
Permanent
Finance
Committee
COMMITTEES
Islamic
Committee for
Economic, Cultural
and Social
Affairs
Standing
Committee on
Scientific and
Technological
Cooperation
(COMSTECH)
10th Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)

summit in Putrajaya.
MEMORY TEST
MEMORY TEST
ISLAMIC
DEVELOPMENT
BANK
(IDB)
INTERNATIONAL
ISLAMIC NEWS
AGENCY
(IINA)
sTANDING
115
Saudi Arabian King Faisal and
Jordan King Hussein with Shah of
Iran and Kuwaits Ruler Emir Sabah
Es Salim Es Sabah in 1st Summit of
OIC in 1969 at Rabat-Morocco.
Standing
Committee on
Economic and
Commercial
Cooperation
(COMCEC)
SPECIALISED
INSTITUTIONS
ISLAMIC STATES
BROADCASTING
ORGANIZATION
(ISBO)
State the specialised institutions

set up by OIC.
ISLAMIC
EDUCATIONAL
SCIENTIFIC AND
CULTURAL
ORGANIZATION
(ISESCO)
State the subsidiary organs

of OIC.
SUBSIDIARY ORGANS
STATISTICAL,
ECONOMIC
AND
SOCIAL RES
EARCH AND
TRAINING C
EN
ISLAMIC CO TRE FOR THE
UNTRY (SES
RIC)
RESEARCH
CEN
ISLAMIC HIS TRE FOR
TO
AND CULTUR RY, ART
E (IRCICA)
ISLAMIC UN
IVERSIT Y
OF TECHNO
LOGY
(IUT)
ISLAMIC CENTRE FOR THE

DEVELOPMENT OF
TRADE (ICDT)
INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC
FIQH ACADEMY
)
ISLAMIC SOLIDARITY FUND (ISF
AND ITS WAQF/ ISLAMIC
SOLIDARITY FUND
ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
IN NIGER
FOREIGN POLICIES
Composed of Kings and

Heads of States and
Government of Member
States
Supreme authority of the
organization.
It convenes once every three
years to deliberate, take
policy decisions and provide
guidance on all issues
pertaining to the realization
of the objectives and
consider other issues of
concern to the Member
States and the Ummah.
Standing
Committee on
Information and
Cultural Affairs
(COMIAC)
FOREIGN POLICIES
MEMORY TEST
AFFILIATED INSTITUTIONS
Name three affiliated

institutions set up by OIC.
ISLAMIC WORLD ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (IAS)
6 ORGANIZATION OF THE ISLAMIC SHIPOWNERS
ISLAMIC CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY

(ICCI)
7 WORLD FEDERATION OF ARAB-ISLAMIC
ORGANIZATION OF ISLAMIC CAPITALS AND CITIES

(OICC)
8 ISLAMIC CONFERENCE YOUTH FORUM FOR
ASSOCIATION (OISA)
ISLAMIC SOLIDARITY SPORTS FEDERATION (ISSF)
ISLAMIC COMMITTEE FOR THE INTERNATIONAL

CRESCENT (ICIC)
INTERNATIONAL SCHOOLS (WFAIIS)
DIALOGUE AND COOPERATION (ICYF-DC)
9 INTERNATIONAL UNION OF MUSLIM SCOUTS (IUMS)

10 FEDERATION OF CONSULTANTS FROM ISLAMIC
COUNTRIES (FCIC)
THE SECRETARY GENERAL OF THE OIC

No.
Name
Nationality
Year
Tunku Abdul Rahman
Malaysia
1971-1973
Dr. Hassan Al-Touhami
Egypt
1974-1975
Dr. Amadou Karim Gaye
Senegal
1975-1979
Habib Chatty
Tunisia
1979-1984
Syed Sharifuddin Pirzada
Pakistan
1985-1988
Dr. Hamid Algabid
Niger
1989-1996
Dr. Azeddine Laraki
Morocco
1997-2000
Dr. Abdelouahed Belkeziz
Morocco
2001-2004
Prof. Dr. Ekmeleddin

Ihsanoglu
Turkey
2005 to present
Tunku Abdul Rahman (right) was the

first Secretary General of OIC.
OICs Secretary General Dr. Abdelouahed Belkeziz with

Prime Minister Dr. Mahathir and Dr Siti Hasmah at the
opening of the 10th session of the OIC in Putrajaya.
OIC Secretary General Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu speaking at the
opening ceremony of five-day First International Model of the OIC
International Conference.
Promotion of
tolerance and
moderation
President Jammah receives OIC Secretary General
Professor Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu.
1
Emphasizes good governance and
promotion of human rights in the
Muslim world
CHALLENGES IN
THE 21ST CENTURY
Intensive reforms in all spheres

of activities including science and
technology
4
Trade
enhancement
Modernization
Delegates listening to OIC SecretaryGeneral Dr Abdelouahed Belkezizs speech
at the Business Forum during the 10th
session of the OIC Summit in Putrajaya.
Delegates from six OIC member countries including

Malaysia took part in the First Meeting of the
organization of Islamic cooperation E-Government
Working Group organised by SESRIC in Ankara, Turkey.
116
Two important declarations by Malaysia in 1989 were the Kuala

Lumpur Declaration which touched on the Apartheid Policy
of South Africa and the Langkawi Declaration concerning the
environment.
Through Kuala Lumpur Declaration, the member countries
resolved to put an end to the Apartheid Policy of the South
African regime.
As a result, the policy was finally abolished in 1994
- Nelson Mandela became the President.
The Commonwealth also has a Commonwealth education
scholarship fund.
Under this programme, Malaysian students studying in
Commonwealth countries can have access to this fund.
Malaysia played host to a Commonwealth Heads of Government
Meeting (CHOGM) in 1989.
Britain agreed to defend Malaya and Singapore

in the event of enemy attack.
When the treaty was abolished in 1968, a new
Five-Power Defence treaty was signed among
Malaysia, Britain, Singapore, Australia and
New Zealand.
A plan was drawn up to encourage developed
Commonwealth countries to help fellow member
countries that are poor and needed aid. For example,
Colombo Plan.
Member countries has benefited from programmes
such as Colombo Plan and Commonwealth education
scholarship.
THE COMMONWEALTH
The Commonwealth is an organisation made up
of Britain and its former colonies.
There are now 54 countries in the organisation.
Queen Elizabeth of England is the head of the
Commonwealth. She has no political power
over the member countries.
It does not have an official charter or constitution
and member countries are free in their own internal
or external affairs.
The British-Malayan Defence Treaty in 1957 and
the Five-Power Defence Treaty in 1968 have
protected Malaysia from externel aggression.
As a member of the Commonwealth, Malaysia has
benefited from a defence treaty with Britain.
Known as the British-Malayan Defence
Treaty was signed in 1957.
10
FOREIGN POLICIES
52
117
3
6
19
26
1
12
37-38
16
5
49
17
11
33
36
18
14
41
15
25
32
9
51 20
35
47
54
29
44
45
24 8
21
30
42
23
28
46
34
40
53
13
27
43
50
39
48
22
31
Map Showing The Commonwealth Countries
Antigua and Barbuda (1)

Australia (2)
The Bahamas (3)
Bangladesh (4)
Barbados (5)
Belize (6)
Botswana (7)
Brunei Darussalam (8)
Cameroon (9)
Canada (10)
Cyprus (11)
Dominica (12)
Fiji Islands (13)
The Gambia (14)
Ghana (15)
Grenada (16)
Guyana (17)
India (18)
Jamaica (19)
Kenya (20)
Kiribati (21)
Lesotho (22)
Malawi (23)
Malaysia (24)
Maldives (25)
Malta (26)
Mauritius (27)
Mozambique (28)
Namibia (29)
Nauru (30)
New Zealand (31)
Nigeria (32)
Pakistan (33)
Papua New Guinea (34)
Rwanda (35)
St Kitts and Nevis (36)
St Lucia (37)
St Vincent and the
Grenadines (38)
Samoa (39)
Seychelles (40)
Sierra Leone (41)
Singapore (42)
Solomon Islands (43)
South Africa (44)
Sri Lanka (45)
Swaziland (46)
Tanzania (47)
Tonga (48)
Trinidad and
Tobago (49)
Tuvalu (50)
Uganda (51)
United Kingdom (52)
Vanuatu (53)
Zambia (54)
H IS T O R Y
S TRAT E G I E S
The United Nations (UN) was set up in

1945 in San Francisco, United States
at the end of the Second World War.
OB J EC TI VES
(i) To preserve world peace and security
(ii) To encourage social, economic and cultural
cooperation among the nations of the
world.
(iii) To protect the basic rights of the people
regardless of race, religion and culture.
P ROGRA M MES
UNITED
NATIONS (UN)
118
Ban Ki-moon, 8th SecretaryGeneral of the United Nations

M A L AYS IAS CO N T R IBU T IO N
T O T H E U N IT ED N AT IO N S
(i) General Assembly

(ii) Security to determine and decide on
security issues through the power of
veto.
(iii) United Nations Economic and Social
Council to improve the quality of life.
(iv) International Red Cross Organization.
(v) Emergency aid to war victims.
Tan Sri Ahmad

Razali Ismail
Malaysian leaders also made the name of the
country renowned in the UN.
UN Economic and Social Council
Former PM was selected to head the
Conference on Drug Abuse in Austria in
Malaysia has contributed much to the UN
1987.
especially in peace-keeping missions.
Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim was appointed to
Malaysia was a non-permanent member
head the UNESCO in 1989.
of UN Security Council in 1965 and 1989.
Tan Sri Musa Hitam was appointed chairman
UN Security Council
Malaysia joined the UN as soon as it obtained its independence.
of the UN committee on Fundamental Rights
Among its participation in peace-keeping missions:
in 1995.
(i) Congo in 1960
(iii) Namibia in 1989
Malaysia is also a member of the World Bank.
(ii) Iran-Iraq border in 1988
Malaysian representative, Tan Sri Ahmad
Razali Ismail was selected as President of the
Malaysia plays an active role in fighting for the rights of the
UN General Assembly during its 51st and 52nd
people of Palestine.
sessions from 1996-1997.
It has organized an international conference about the Palestine
issue in Kuala Lumpur.
General Assembly of the United Nations Organisation
FOREIGN POLICIES
Conference of member countries

representations to solve problems of
dispute involving member countries.
Solve any world issue or disagreement
Arbitrate in any international.
Help Vietnamese and Cambodian refugees
and set up temporary settlements
Organize programmes through:
World Health Organisation (WHO)
United Nations High Commission for
Refugees (UNCHR)
United Nations
Development
Programme (UNDP)
United Nations Childrens
Fund (UNICEF)
ISSUES OF NATIONAL CORCERN - ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

Define ENVIRONMENT
SA HAB AT A L A M RE P O RT E D (1 99 8)
Environment means the surrounding area all

conditions, the atmosphere and influences of a
place that affect the development of organisms
or groups of organisms, including people and
other creatures that live in it.
Earths ecosystem has experienced great changes

since industrialization began.
Natural resources are fast decreasing.
Cases of the poisoning of wildlife are increasing.
Several biological species have become extinct.
Global warm i n g
Gree n Ho u se E ffe c t
Our world is facing a problem that is quite alarming.

The ozone layer in the atmosphere is thinning
rapidly and causing a rise in tempature i.e. global
warming.
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
Water poll ut i o n
It is caused by the disposal of toxic wates and rubbish

into rivers and oceans.
Toxic wastes are usually from the factories
manufacturing food, medicine, oil and rubber goods.
Rubbish is also commonly thrown into rivers by
the public.
Examples of water pollution:
The Straits of Malacca is the busiest and dirtiest

waterway in the world.
Used as a base for illegal dumping of sludge, toxic and
radioactive wastes by ships that ply the route.
A Japanese oil tanker collided with a vessel from

Panama in the Straits on 22 September 1992 and
caused water pollution.
The Malaysian government spent millions of ringgit to
clean up the straits polluted with crude oil.
Public awareness on effects of water pollution.

The government has launched a Love Our Rivers
campaign.
Actions by authorities who refuse to cooperate in
preventing water pollution.
Punishment for tankers caught polluting the sea.
Adequate rubbish dump sites for proper disposal of
water material.
Factories to detoxify wastes. A central treatment for
industrial toxic wastes has been built in Bukit Nenas,
Negeri Sembilan.
Air polluti on an d
huma n health
AIr poll u t i o n
Air pollution, the release of chemicals and particulates

into the atmosphere. Common examples include

carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs) and nitrogen oxides produced by industries and
motor vehicles.
It is caused by open burning of rubbish, smoke and
gas from factories and power stations and exhaust
fumes from motor vehicles.
SO U RC E S O F A I R P O L L U T I O N
Ways to overcome water poll ut i o n
Main Cause:
Increase in the number of industries in the world.
Tremendous carbon dioxide is being released into
the atmosphere.
Main gas that cause global warming.
The United States, the world greatest industrialized
nation is also the greatest producer of carbon dioxide.
Effects:
The temperature of earth becomes warmer.
Can bring flood to coastal regions.
Vast population migration.
Anthropogenic sources (human activity) related to

burning different kinds of fuel.
Combustion-fired power plants.
Controlled burn pratices used in agriculture and
forestry managment.
Motor vehicles emitting of chemical pollutants.
Marine vessels, such as containers, ships or cruise
ships.
Burning fossil fuels.
Burning wood, fireplaces, stoves, furnaces and
incinerators.
NATURAL SOURCES
Air pollution can cause burning sensation to the eyes,

coughing and breathing problems.
The elderly, the young and those with cardiopulmonary
disease, such as asthma or severe bronchitis, are the
most vulnerable to air pollution.
Air pollution that reduces visibility

is known as haze or smog.
This haze reduces the amount of
energy from the sun that reaches
the surface of the earth.
A i r P oll u t i o n to propertY
Air pollution can ruin buildings, monuments, outdoor

statues and other such structures.
The chemicals in the polluted air will erode the
structure of buildings. Acid rain dissolves these
materials which eventually can create cracks in

buildings.
Lo n g term measures ( b y mi n istry of
s c i e nc e , te c h nolo g y & e nvi ronment )
Air polluti on an d AT MOS PH ER IC VIS I BI L I T Y

119
Air filter on vehicle to control emission of fumes.

Reduction of lead content in gas and wider use of
unleaded petrol.
Strict implementation of Air Pollution Act.
Strict fines.
Use natural gas
ISSUES OF NATIONAL CORCERN - ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

1
It is caused by heavy machines in factories,

airplanes taking off and landing,
6
grass-cutting machines, road drilling,
WAY S to curb
2
piling work at construction sites,
n oi se poll ut i o n vehicles on the street, workshops,
HO W i s sou nd
Silencers fitted on mirror musical

instruments, radio poll u t i o n meas u red
and television volume Noise intensity is measured
vehicles.
on loud as well in decibel units.
Relocation of factories far turned

as
firecrackers.
away from residential areas.
The decibel increase represents
Inculcate values of mutual respect
a tenfold increase in noise

and consideration for others
intensity.
Firecrackers are banned
3
SOUND POLLUTION
5
H O W is sou n d poll u ti o n
meas u red
A volume or loudness of 80dB

for a continuous period of time
Most noise pollution comes from
is regarded as polluting the
Sound pollution interferes machines, especially automobiles,
sound as it hurts the ears.
with our hearing. Loud noise trucks and aircrafts.
Meanwhile a loudness
Construction equipment, farm
can cause deafness.

that exceeds 130dB
machines and the din of machinery
An environment that is
is dangerous as it

inside
factories
can
be
dangerously
loud.
extremely noisy can cause
can damage the
Some home appliances, shop tools,
tension, headache, high
lawnmowers, leaf blowers and toys can eardrum.
blood pressure and

MEMORY TEST
also cause noisiness.
Most environmental pollution is caused by irresponsible
palpitations.
Even music, when played at very high human activities. Analyse the sources and effects of
pollution and the importance of preservation
volume, particularly through personal environmental

and conservation of the environment to control
headphones, can hurt the ears.
environmental pollution and maintain the balance of nature.
AD VERSE EFFE C T S O F
SO UND PO LLU T I ON
W hat ca use S so u nd poll u t i o n
Efforts to restore the environment
The Stockholm Conference 1972
First world summit was held in 1972 in

Stockholm, Sweden.
American - Vietnam War; bombing of jungles,
guidelines on continuous relationship between
economic development and environment

protection.
Signed by countries and NGOs i.e. Green Peace
and World Wildlife Fund
Contents of the
Declaration
Importance of KL
Declaration
Environment protection and Reflects the common

national development are
stand of developing
equally important.
nation
30% of the earth should be Contents include third
covered with forest.
world taking care of the
Forest protection
environment and this
Should transfer technology
requires aid (financial/
relating to environmental technological) from
protection
developed countries.
120
The meeting on
Environment and Development
in Developing Countries
Held in Kuala Lumpur 1992, officiated

by Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad
The Kuala Lumpur Declaration

reflects the common stand of the
developing countries of the South
on environmental problems.
The Rio de Janeiro
World Summit 1992
How to save the world global warming,

high rainfall, hot sunlight, contamination
Signed
The climate convention-technical/
financial aid to reduce Carbon

dioxide (CO2)
The biodiversity Convention

effective action to protect flora/
fauna to protect ecosystem
CHAPTER 1
EXERCISE
(VMMP = Visual Mind Maps Page)
Objective Questions
(VMMP : 30)
(VMMP : 24)
(VMMP : 29)
(VMMP : 32)
(VMMP : 19)
(VMMP : 32)
(VMMP : 30)
(VMMP : 24)
(VMMP : 32)
(VMMP : 27)
(VMMP : 16)
(VMMP : 11&12)
(VMMP : 1)
Answer all questions. Each question is followed by four possible answers. Choose the best answer from the answer
marked A, B and C or A, B, C and D.
5 What are the duties of a British
10 The following were the effects of
1 Which of the following
Resident?
Japanese occupation on our country
arrangement is correct about the
I To interfere in Islam and
during the Second World War.
prehistoric era?
Malay customary laws
I Inflation
A Paleolithic, Mesolithic,
II To restore peace and order
II The rise in Malay nationalism
Neolithic and Bronze Age
III Scarcity of consumer goods
B Mesolithic, Paleolithic, III To set up a regular system
of revenue collection
IV Better relations between the
Neolithic and Bronze Age
Malays and the Chinese
C Neolithic, Mesolithic, IV To advise the rulers in the
state administration
A I, II and III
Paleolithic and Bronze Age
B II and III
D Bronze, Mesolithic, Neolithic A I, II and III
B II and IV
C II, III and IV
and Paleolithic Age
C II, III and IV
A All of the above
D All of the above
2 What are the MAIN factors that
lead to the rise of the Malacca
6 Pick the CORRECT statements. 11 What were the reasons for the easy
British defeat by the Japanese
Sultanate?
I The founder of
during World War II?
I Strategic route between
Francis Light
Penang Island
I Pre-occupation of British in
China and India
II The founder of
Europe
Stamford
II Proximity to spice and
Singapore
Raffles
II Sinking of the two British
pepper trade areas
battleships
III Extensive use of Bahasa
III The founder of
Tamil
Malacca Empire Parameswara III Japanese propaganda on
Indian soldiers
IV Discovery of sea route to the IV The first Resident
J.W.W Birch IV Better strategy and war
East
of Perak
tactics of Japanese army
A I, II and III
A I, II and III

A I, II and III
B I and II
B I and III
B I, III and IV
C I, II and IV
C I, III and IV
C II, III and IV
D All of the above
D All of the above
D All of the above
3 What are the MAIN reasons
7 The Malay world was divided
12 Sir Gerald Templer was among
for the Portuguese to conquer
into two parts, currently known
those responsible for eliminating
Malacca?
as Indonesia and Malaysia. If
the communist threat in Malaya.
I To spread Christianity
it was not for this treaty, these
The actions he took included
II To monopolize the spice
two countries could possibly
I Psychological Warfare
trade
have remained as one. What
II Starvation Operation
is the treaty referred to in the
III To develop Batavia

statement?
III Introduction of the white
IV To drive the Dutch out of
A Pangkor Treaty
areas and black areas plan
Malacca
B Bangkok Treaty IV Easing the regulation for
A I and II
C Anglo-Dutch Treaty
citizenship
B I and IV
D London Treaty
A I, II and III C I, III and IV
C I, II and III
B I, II and IV D II, III and IV
D All of the above
8 Which of the following slogans
was used by the Japanese to
13 The relocation plan for the
4 Which of the following are
justify their occupation of
community living at the edge
TRUE about the Residential
Malaya?
of the forest to the new villages
System?
was named as
I The Residents salary was A Asia for Asia
B Asia for Asians
A Chessman Plan
paid from the taxes collected C Malaya for Malayans
B Gurney Plan
II Funds were allocated to D Malaysia for Malaysians
C Templer Plan
implement the policies of the
D Briggs Plan
Residential System
9 In what ways the Japanese
III The administrative systems
implemented the policy of
14 The Emergency that lasted 12 years
in Malaya were changed by
Japanization?
in Malaya brought various
the Residents
I Education system
implications upon the people of
IV The Residents were given the
II Food rationing
the country. What implication from
power to rule in the interest III Economic system

the Emergency still exists today?
of the British
IV Mass media
A I and II
A I, II and III
A The terrorism of MCP
B The racial discrimination
B I and IV
B I, III and IV
C I, II and III
C I and IV
C The rural poverty
D The usage of Identity Card
D III, and IV
D All of the above
121
CHAPTER 2
EXERCISE
Objective Questions
(VMMP : 40)
(VMMP : 45)
(VMMP : 45)
(VMMP : 42)
(VMMP : 36)
(VMMP : 49)
(VMMP : 42)
(VMMP : 35)
(VMMP : 35)
(VMMP : 39)
(VMMP : 40)
(VMMP : 35)
A II and III C III and IV
1 What are the main features of the 5 What are the features of the
B I, II and I D All of the above
Federation of Malaya
Malayan Union Constitution?

Constitution?
I The federation of 11 states in
8 The Member System is similar to the

I
Made
up
of
the
nine
Malay

the Malaya peninsula including
system that is being
States and the Straits
Singapore
practised now.

Settlements
of
Penang
II The British Governor is the
A elected representatives
and Malacca
head of the Malayan Union
B cabinet

II
The
powers
of
the
sultans

III Loss of power of the Malay
C senator
were restored
rulers
III The awarding of citizenship D legislative
IV Awarding of citizenship based
became stricter
on the jus soli principle
IV The State Councils were 9 The main purpose of forming the
coalition leftist political parties like
A II, III and IV
given the authority over the

AMCJA, API and PKMM is to
B I, III and IV
local government, land and
A oppose the formation of
C III and IV
agriculture.
Federation of Malaya
D All of the above
A I, II and III
B launch a joint revolt with the
B I, III and IV
Communist Party of Malaya
2 The principle of jus soli in the
C II, III and IV
C oppose the formation of
D All of the above
Malayan Union means
Malayan Union
A anyone born in Malaya after
D further strengthen the urge for
6
the formation of Malayan
Dato Onn Jaafar
merdeka
Union would become the
Tan Cheng Lock
citizen of the country
10 The Alliance Memorandum, also
E.E.C. Thuraisingham
B anyone can claim citizenship
known as the
refers to
After the hartal incident in 1949,
the tolerance among the main races in
based on the place of
the three leaders above had
Malaya in convincing the British of
residence
seriously attempted to ..
their effort to demand independence.
C a persons citizenship depends
A oppose the formation of the A Independence Memorandum
on the citizenship status of his
Malayan Union
B Alliance Contract
or her parents
B improve the relationship C Malayan Memorandum
D ones place of birth does not
among the races
D Social Contract
determine ones citizenship
C draw up the Constitution of
the Federation of Malaya
11 What promises did the Alliance make
3 The MAIN reason of dispute in
D remind the people of
to obtain mass support in the July
the Malayan Union Constitution
the importance of
1955 general election?
among the Malays was
self-development through I To obtain independence as
soon as possible
A The status of the Malay
education
II To develop the economy of
Language as the National
Malaya regardless of race
7 The Inter-Government Committee
Language
III To guarantee the position of the
is one of the important bodies
B The giving of citizenship status
sultans and the special rights of
formed during the formation
to the non-Malays
the Malays
of Malaysia. The following
C Harold Mac Michaels insolent
IV To make the Malay Language
statements
are
TRUE
about
attitude in getting the agreement
as the national language
Inter-Government Committee
of the Malay Sultans
EXCEPT
D The integration of the
I also known as the
Unfederated Malay States
Landsdowne Committee
into the Malayan Union
taking the name of the 12 Which of the following was not one
of Tunku Abdul Rahmans objective
Chairman of the Committee
in the forming of Malaysia?
4 In 1946, UMNO opposed
II it was set up earlier than the

A To curb the communist influence
vehemently the formation of
Cobbold Commission that

B To accelerate independence and
Malayan Union, similarly there
also played a part in the
develop the economy of Sabah
was another group of Malay
formation of Malaysia
and Sarawak
nationalists who were also against III brunei was not a member of
C To balance the racial
the Malayan Union concept. What the Inter-Government
composition between the
Committee
is the name of that nationalist
Malays and the Chinese.
IV one of the responsibilities of D To attract foreign countries
group?
the Committee was to draw
A PMCJA C PUTERA
attention and support towards
up the Constitution
B MDU
D KM
him
122
CHAPTER 3
EXERCISE
Objective Questions
123
(VMMP : 54)
What are the powers of a court?

I To interpret the Constitution
II To interpret a law
III To declare a written Federal
or State law invalid
IV To declare any act of
government unlawful
A I and II
B II and III
C I, II and III
D All of the above
10 Choose the CORRECT

statements regarding the
structure and organization of
Parliament.
I Parliament comprises the
King, the House of
Representatives and the
Senate
II The Malaysian Parliament
conforms to the Westminster
model
III Members of Parliament are
elected through the general
elections held once in four
years
IV Parliament is symbolic to
the existence of
parliamentary democracy
A I, II and III
B I, III and IV
C I, II and IV
D All of the above
(VMMP : 56)
(VMMP : 57)
(VMMP : 55)
(VMMP : 55)
(VMMP : 53)
(VMMP : 54)
(VMMP : 56)
(VMMP : 55)
(VMMP : 56 & 57)
5 What are the features of the House

of Representatives?
I Members are either elected
by the direct vote of people
or appointed by the King
II Members have to draft,
debate and pass the bills
III The tenure of the Member of
Parliament is five years or
until the Parliament is being
dissolved
IV Member is not less than 21
2 What is the role of the Yang
years old
di-Pertuan Agong in the
A II and III
Malaysian Parliament?
B II, III and IV
I To present the Royal Address C II and IV
in the Parliamentary Opening D All of the above
Ceremony
II Has the power to summon,
6 The Constitutional Monarchy
postpone and dissolve
system is a system based on
Parliament
A votes by the Conference of
III Has the power to sack
Malay Rulers
undisciplined Member of

B Cabinet policy
Parliament
C heritage and in line system
IV To appoint a member of the
House of the Representatives D provision by the Constitution
E determination by the Supreme
as Prime Minister
Court
7 What the concept of constitutional
monarchy?
3 Which of the following
A Ruler or sultan is exempted
statements is NOT TRUE about
from the law as embodied in
the parliamentary democratic
the constitution
system in Malaysia?

B The power and institution of
A The formation or choice of
the Yang di-Pertuan Agong,
government is based on
ruler or sultan is created,
majority vote
protected and based on the
B The people will decide on the
Constitution
highest seat of governing
C The Yang di-Pertuan Agong
body through election
has the highest position
C The people are not allowed
according to the Constitution
to protest over the

D The Yang di-Pertuan Agong
governments policies
is the Head of the Country
D Criticism over the
who does not have to act on
governments policies can be
the advice of the Cabinet
voiced out in the
parliamentary meetings
8 What is the role of executive body
in our system of government?
4 Arrange the order of these courts

A To make, amend or abolish
from the highest to the lowest.
laws according to the
I Sessions court
constitution
II Magistrate court
B To enforce the laws practised
III High court
in the country
IV Federal court
C To defend justice for everyone
A IV, III, II and I
and preserve national peace
B III, IV, II and I
D To implement and police laws
C III, IV, I and II
at various levels
D IV, III, I and II
11 What are the features of the

Cabinet in our government?
I The Cabinet is the highest
policy making body in our
country
II The Cabinet is headed by
the Prime Minister and
number of ministers
III All Cabinet Ministers must
be members of House of
Representatives
IV The Cabinet practices
collective principle and
spirit of its members
A I and II
B I, II and IV
C I, II and III
D All of the above
(VMMP : 59)
1 The features of the Senate

(Dewan Negara) are as below,
EXCEPT
A To debate a bill
B Can reject bills passed by
the House of Representatives
(Dewan Rakyat)
C A senator must be 30 years
old and above
D A senators term of office is 3
years
CHAPTER 4
EXERCISE
Objective Questions
(VMMP : 61)
2 Pick the CORRECT statements.

I Malaysian constitution is a
written constitution.
II Constitution is the source of
legislation in the country.
III Malaysian constitution
cannot be amended under any
circumstances.
IV Malaysian constitution is
based on the Federal
Constitution of Malaya
drafted in 1957 by the Reid
Commission.
A I, II and III
B I, II and IV
C II and IV
D All of the above
C

D

Malay Language is the

official language but nobody
will be prohibited from using
another language.
The role of the Yang di-Pertuan
Agong in protecting and
safeguarding the special
rights of the Malays and the
indigenous people of Sabah
and Sarawak.
Article 19 of the Malaysian

Constitution provides the
opportunity to residents aged 21
and above who are not born in
Malaysia to become Malaysian
citizens by fulfilling certain
conditions.
5 The above way of acquiring
citizenship is called
A Jus Soli
B Naturalisation
C Jus Sanguinis
D Marriage
Malaysia is a Federation
What does the above statement

mean?
A It has two levels of
administration i.e. the
federal government and
the state government and the
division of power is clear.
B The federal government
empowers the state
government and the Yang
di-Pertuan Agong empowers
the federal government.
C Both governments are
empowered by the provision
of the Federal Court.
D Both governments are
subject to the dissolution of
Parliament and State
legislative Assembly.
(VMMP : 61)
(VMMP : 61)
(VMMP : 61)
1 The national Constitution is a

unifying factor in the country. In
your opinion, what aspects of the
Constitution ensure national unity
among the people?
I A democratic government
II Basic rights guaranteed
III Islam is the official religion
but the practice of all other
religions is allowed
IV The Prime Minister as the
head of the government
A I, II and III
B I, II and IV
C I, III and IV
D II, III and IV
(VMMP : 65)
(VMMP : 62)
(VMMP : 61)
(VMMP : 55)
(VMMP : 61)
(VMMP : 61)
9 Sensitive issues that are prohibited

from being questioned openly are
I Monarchy System
All laws that are in conflict
II Islam
with the Constitution are
III Status of Bahasa Melayu
considered null and void.
IV Special rights of Malays/
indigenous
6 The above statement describes the A II, III and IV
concept of the
B I, II and III
A Supremacy of Constitution
C I, II and IV
B Significance of Constitution
D All of the above
C Parliamentary Democracy
D Rule of Law
3 What are the matters under the
CHAPTER 5
EXERCISE
jurisdiction of the Federal List?
7 Constitution is very important for
I Defence
nation-building. The aim of the
Objective Questions
II Islamic law
constitution is
III Land
Answer all questions. Each question
I to act as a guideline for the
is followed by four possible answers.
IV Finance
implementation of national
Choose the best answer from the
A I, II and III

rule
answer marked A, B and C or A, B,
B I and IV
II to enhance laws and to
C and D.
C II and IV
guarantee the security of its
D All of the above
It has culture, language, foods,
citizens
mutual interest and other common
III to restrict the basic rights of
4 What is contained in Article 153
characteristic by itself.
its citizens and their
under the Malaysian Constitution?
citizenship status
A Any Malaysians who became
1 The above statement refers to

IV to reaffirm every citizens
the citizen of another country
A culture
responsibilities towards the
will lose Malaysian
B society
nation
citizenship.
C segregation
B Freedom of religion with
B I, II and IV D II, III and IV D amalgamation
Islam as the official religion.
124
D To eradicate poverty regardless

of race
(VMMP : 95)
7 What is the objective of Rukun

Negara proclaimed by the Yang
di-Pertuan Agong in 1970?
A To achieve the status of a
developed nation
B To emphasize on the
development of Science and
Technology
C To create a democratic,
progressive, prosperous and
united nation
(VMMP : 86)
(VMMP : 73)
(VMMP : 88)
6 Which of the following are

the principles contained in
the National Ideology (Rukun
Negara)?
I Belief in God
II Loyalty to the King and
Country
III Upholding the Constitution
IV Good behaviour and morality
A I, II and III
B I, II and IV
C II, III and IV
D All of the above
(VMMP : 67)
(VMMP : 88)
5 The above statements refers to

A Accommodation
B Acculturation
C Assimilation
D Amalgamation
(VMMP : 86)
At this stage society becomes

mixed and fusion
(VMMP : 88)
(VMMP : 88)
(VMMP : 92)
13 Pick the CORRECT

statements.
I The concept of unity refers
to solidarity that is
physical
II In accommodation the
ethnic groups are aware
of each others norms and
values and they continue
to safeguard their own
living cultures
III Integration refers to the
process of forming a
common identity in terms
of values and norms from
different ethnic groups
IV Amalgamation happens
a plural society such as that of
when culture or race mixes
Malaysia?
to form a new type of
I Ethnic groups living in peace
culture and race
and harmony but not integrated.
A I, II and III
II Every ethnic group has its
B II, III and IV
own language, culture, religion,
C I, III and IV
values and way of life.
D All of the above
III Ethnic groups having deep
internal ties and a common
14 What are the basic values
identity.
applicable to unite Malaysian?
IV Ethnic groups having diversity I Confrontation
of culture, racial identification II Tolerance
and lack of social contact
III Impartiality
A I, II and III

IV Understanding
A I, II and III
B I, II and IV
B I, III and IV
C III only

C II, III and IV
D All of the above
D All of the above
11 Before our country achieves the
stage of integration, ethnic relations 15 All the following can be
grouped as culture field,
usually go through the five stages
EXCEPT
of change. Arrange the five stages

A thoughts/ideas
of change from the lowest to the
B arts
highest.
C values and norms
I Amalgamation
D civilization
II Assimilation
III Segregation
16 The Malay ethnic group
IV Acculturation
consists of all the following,
V Accommodation
EXCEPT
A III, II, V, I and IV
A Senoi
B V, III, II, I and IV
B Banjar
C V, II, I, IV and III

C Bugis
D III, V, IV, II and I
D Boyan
(VMMP : 86)
(VMMP : 73)
(VMMP : 88)
The above statement refers to

A culture
B society
C segregation
D amalgamation
(VMMP : 89)
8 What are the obstacles to National

Integration?
I Goodwill
II Prejudice
III Communalism
IV Ethnocentrism
A I, and II
3 What does Accomodation means?
B II, III and IV
A Culture transformation
C I, II and IV
B Making or becoming suitable
D All of the above
or adjusting to circumstances
C To be come absorbed or
9 In Malaysia, the important bases of
incorporated
unity and national integration are
D To create blended society
I Sharing of political power
II Promoting cultural tolerance
This concept emphasis on
III Ensuring sound economic
absorbing or incorporating a
growth
value of majority group into
IV Practising of Rukun Negara
minority group.
A I, and II
B I, II and III
A accommodation
C I, II and IV
B acculturation
D All of the above
C assimilation
D amalgamation
10 What are the characteristics of

12 An immigrant group that

was not responsible for the
formation of multi-racial
society in Malaysia is
A Indians from South India
B Chinese from Guandong
and Fujian territories
C Indonesians from Boyan
Island
D Spanish from the
Philippines
(VMMP : 66)
2 It is mixture of lifestyle, beliefs,

customs, ideas related to law,
social and habits
125
CHAPTER 6
EXERCISE
Objective Questions
(VMMP : 109)

A Vision School
B Smart School
C Cluster School
D Cyber School
(VMMP : 108)
4 The Smart School concept

stresses on
I religious values
II student-oriented teaching
approach
III flexible and open curriculum
IV education oriented to
individuals ability
A I, III and IV
B II, III and IV
C I, II and IV
D I, II and III
(VMMP : 99)
Plan X refers to
A Ninth Malaysia Plan
B New Vision Plan
C Human Resources
Development Plan
D National Integrity Plan
6 In 1993, the Malaysian

Government introduced the
Privatization Policy. The
purpose of the policy was to
I improve efficiency and
productivity
II reduce the governments
financial and administrative
burden
III help achieve the objectives
of New Economic Policy
IV accelerate economic growth
A I, II and III
B I, II and IV
C II, III and IV
D All of the above
(VMMP : 118)
10 Malaysia emphasizes its foreign

policies through
I ASEAN
II UN
III OIC
IV Commonwealth Organization
A I, II and III
B II, III and IV
C I, II and IV
D All of the above
(VMMP : 111-118)
This plan is a master plan that

aims to provide directions
and guidance to cultivate and
strengthen a way of life for
members of the society and the
nation that upholds high moral
ideals and ethical standards.
9 Which of the following body acts

like a Parliament in the United
Nations to debate worldaffairs?
A Security Council
B UN Secretariat
C General Assembly Council
D Trust Council
(VMMP : 112)
(VMMP : 103)
11 The Association of Southeast

Asian Countries (ASEAN) was
formed officially on 8th August
1967 when the Bangkok
Declaration was signed. What
are the MAIN aims of ASEAN?
I To have economic
cooperation amongst its
members
II To encourage cooperation in
the field of education
III To promote cultural ties
IV To have an ASEAN defence
7 Below are the challenges stipulated
corps
in Vision 2020, EXCEPT
A I, II and III
A establishing a united
B I, II and IV
Malaysian nation with a sense
C I, III and IV
of common and shared destiny
D II, III and IV
B establishing a scientific and
progressive society that is
innovative and forward looking 12 What are the objectives of the
formation of United Nations in
C ensuring an economically
1945?
aggressive society
I To preserve world peace and
D creating a liberal, strong and
progressive society
security
II To encourage social,
8 The aim of the formation of the
economic and cultural
ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA)
cooperation among the
is to
member nations in the world
A discuss the trade issues in
III To protect human rights
South East Asia
across all nationalities
B eliminate trade obstacles and
IV
To promote the interests of
to promote economic ties
the rich countries
C create a vast trade network in
A
I, III and IV
South East Asia.
B I, II and III
D discuss the transfer of
C II and III
technology among ASEAN
D All of the above
countries.
(VMMP : 118)
This school concept is said to

be skilled-based and not examoriented with autonomy powers in
administration, finance, selection
of teachers, students, curriculum,
co-curriculum, teaching and
learning, school fees and the
involvement of Parent Teacher
Association (PIBG) but the
school is still under the Ministry
of Education.
PLAN X
(VMMP : 109)
(VMMP : 109)
2 The objectives of the formation

of the Multimedia Super Corridor
(MSC) are to
I create knowledgeable society
II instil patriotism
III foster peace and unity
IV enforce the development of
information technology
A I and IV
B I, II and III
C I, III and IV
D All of the above
(VMMP : 112)
(VMMP : 104)
1 The fundamental objectives of

the National Development Policy
are to
I emerge as an industrialized
country
II become a world class nation
III foster national unity
IV create a fair distribution of
wealth irrespective of race
A III and IV
B I, II and IV
C I, III and IV
D All of the above
126
CHAPTER 7
EXERCISE
Objective Questions
(VMMP : 120)
2 The following are international agreement that

are set up to restore the environment, EXCEPT
A The Stockholm Conference 1972
B Langkawi Declaration
C The Rio de Jeneiro World Summit 1972
D Islamic Conference Summit in Putrajaya
(VMMP : 119)
1 The statements below are true about ways to overcome

water pollution, EXCEPT
A launching of Love Our Rivers campaign
B factories must detoxify wastes
C allocating adequate rubbish dump sites for proper
disposal of water material
D relocation of factories far away from residential areas
EXERCISE
Structure Questions
1 The British intervened in the politics and

administration of the Malay Peninsula through
several treaties. Name TWO of them.

(a)
(b)
8 Give TWO reasons for the rise of the Malacca

Sultanate.

(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
The Japanese Occupation which ended in 1945 was

noted and remembered for many reasons. State any
TWO reasons.
(a)
(b)
(b)
6 List TWO important functions of the Malaysian

Parliament.

(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
5 List TWO methods to achieve national integration

among races.

(b)
(a)
(a)
10 Explain the (a) CONCEPT and the (b) AIM of

separation of power in Malaysia.
3 Various reasons led to the formation of Malaysia.

State TWO of them.
(a)
9 The New Economic Policy was drawn up with TWO

objectives. What are the objectives?
2 Briefly outline TWO reasons why the Malays

opposed the formation of the Malayan Union.

(b)
Essay Questions
Answer the following essay questions.

1 Briefly explain in detail how law in Parliament is
legislated?
2 On 10th October 1945, George Hall, Secretary of
Colonial Territories, announced the Malayan Union
plan. State
(a) the reasons why the British introduced the
Malayan Union;
(b) characteristics of the Malayan Union;
(c) the cause of Malayan Unions failure.
3 (a) Explain why Malacca became an important port
during the 15th century.
(b) What part did Malacca play in the spread of
Islam?
7 The Malaysian Election Commission performs some

important functions. State TWO of the functions.
4 Give the main reasons which led to the fall of the

Malacca Sultanate.
(a)
(b)
5 State the main reasons which resulted in the change

of British policy from non-intervention to
intervention in 1874.
127
ANSWERS
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Chapter 1
1 A
2 B
3 A
7 C
8 B
9 B
13 D
14 D
4 D
10 A
5 C
11 D
6 D
12 C
Chapter 2
1 A
2
7 A
8
A
B
3
9
B
A
4 C
10 B
5 D
11 C
6 B
12 D
Chapter 3
1 B
2
7 B
8
B
D
3
9
C
D
4 D
10 C
5 B
11 B
6 D
12 B
Chapter 4
1 A
2
7 B
8
B
A
3
9
D
D
6 A
Chapter 5
1 B
2 A
7 C
8 B
13 D
14 C
3 B
9 D
15 D
4 C
10 B
16 A
5 D
11 D
6 D
12 D
Chapter 6
1 A
2
7 C
8
A
B
3
9
4 B
10 D
5 C
11 A
6 D
12 B
Chapter 7
1 D
2
D
C
STUCTURE QUESTIONS
1 (a) Anglo-Dutch Treaty
(b) Pangkor Treaty
2 (a) The sultans would lose their political power
(b) The absolute power would remain in the hands of Malayan

Unions Governor and not the sultan
Other suggested answers:
(a) The position of the Malays would be threatened as other races

would possess the same political rights
(b) The Malays were worried that the number of non-Malays

would outnumber the Malays
(c) The jus soli principle of citizenship
3 (a) To expedite the independence of Sarawak, Sabah, Brunei and

Singapore
(b) To bring about political stability in South-East Asia
(a) To contain the threat of communism
(b) To increase regional and economic cooperation
(c) To maintain unity and stability among races
4 (a) Atrocities committed on the people
(b) Racial discrimination by the Japanese
(a) Introduction of the Japanese language
(b) Imposition of Japanese culture
5 (a) Co-curriculum activities
(b) Social groups
(a) Social activities
(c) Mass media
(b) Tourism within the country
6 (a) Legislative authority: make, amend or abolish laws
(b) Impose new taxes, addition taxes or abolish any existing taxes
7 (a) To register new voters
(b) To conduct general elections and by-elections
8 (a) Strategic location sea route between China and India
(b) Protected by North East and South West monsoons
(a) Deep harbour and good facilities
(b) Entrepot of the Malay Archipelago proximity to spice and

pepper trade
(c) Protection from China

(d) Efficient administration
(e) Good tax collecting system and fair taxation
(f) Just laws
(g) Malay Language as the lingua franca
(h) Role of Islam
(i) Political stability
9 (a) To eradicate poverty among the people, regardless of race

(b) To restructure society and obliterate the identification of race

with economic functions or status
10 (a) Theoretically, the powers of the three main bodies namely the

Executive, the Judiciary and the Legislative do not overlap and

each has its own role. This means there is no interference

between the bodies.
(b) To ensure the neutrality or objectivity of each of the bodies
ESSAY QUESTIONS
1
A Minister or Ministry draws up a draft of the proposed law (bill)
Draft will become law if approved by both Dewans and validated by
the Agong
The bill is then discussed at a meeting of Ministers
The bill is then printed and distributed to the Members of Parliament
(MP)
In each Dewan, the bill must go through four phases
First Reading
Second Reading
Committee Level
Third Reading
First reading: the minister or his/her deputy presents it to the Dewan
Rakyat and the House Secretary reads the brief subject matter
Second reading: Debated in detail necessary amendments are made
if necessary
Committee level: Dewan Select Committee studies it against the
MPs views and make necessary amendments
Third Reading: bill is presented by the Minister or Deputy for
approval
Vote is taken: 2/3 of MPs Support is needed
Presented to the Dewan Negara same procedures repeated
Since Dewan Rakyat has more power, it can even reject objection
from Dewan Negara.
Dewan Negara has only the power to delay the approval but not to
veto it.
Presented to the YDPA to be passed
A period of 30 days is given to consider the bill
Disagree bill return with reasons within 30 days
Upon agreement: bill pass into law
Law takes effect when announcement is made to the public by the
Parliament
(Refer to page 57 for detailed answer)
2 (a) The reasons why british introduced the Malayan Union.
(i) To combine all scattered administration into one ruling

system
(ii) To prepare the locals for own government
(iii) To enforce defence and boost economic recovery and

progress
(iv) To accomplish social development plans
(v) To ensure economic development and political stability
(b) (i) All the Malay States except Singapore were united under

one central government
(ii) A British Governor would be appointed
(iii) The state council would be under the central government
(iv) All races would be given equal rights Jus Soli principle
(v) Singapore would remain as British colonial territory under

the rule of the British Governer General
(c) (i) The Malayan Union would eradicate the power and

sovereignty of the Malay Rulers
(ii) The Malays felt their position was threatened because of the

Jus Soli principle
(Refer to pages 34-37 for detailed answer)
3 (a) (i) Geographical location
(ii) The role of Syahbandar
(iii) The role of Laksamana and orang laut
(iv) The effectiveness of the system of Government
(v) Port facilities
(vi) The Malay language as Lingua Franca
(b) Close contacts between Malacca and Sumatran Muslim port
such as Pasai for supplies of food and other goods.

Parameswara realises importance of attracting Muslim traders
to Malacca.

Parameswara marries the daughter of the ruler of Pasai

After embracing Islam, he changed his name to Megat Iskandar
Shah
(Refer to pages 11-14 for detailed answer)
4 (i) Weak leadership
(iii) The weakness of Malaccas defence
(ii) Disunity
(iv) The arrival of the Portuguese
5 (i) The Malay States were rich in raw materials
(ii) Industrial revolution
(iii) The opening of the Suez Canal
(iv) Fear of the intervention of other western powers
(v) The change of government in Britain
(vi) The chaotic conditions in the Malay States
128

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prEFACE

PNI Neuron (M) Sdn. Bhd. (554690-H)

PNI Neuron (M) Sdn Bhd (554690-H)

CHAPTER 2 FORMATION OF MALAYSIA

CHAPTER 3 FORMATION OF GOVERNMENT IN MALAYSIA

CHAPTER 4 The Supremacy of the constitution

CHAPTER 5 Society and Unity

CHAPTER 6 NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 7 ISSUES OF NATIONAL CONCERN

PNI Neuron (M) Sdn Bhd (554690-H)

PNI Neuron (M) Sdn Bhd (554690-H)

Collected forest products

Lived in caves and along

Used more refined

Lived in caves and

Began rearing livestock

Practised social customs

PRE-HISTORICAL AGES OF MALAY ARCHIPELAGO

EARLY KINGDOMS IN THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO

Did you know?

In the Sanskrit language,

(i) It was a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom founded in

(iii) In 515 A.D. King Bhagadatta first established

(iv) Langkasuka reached its greatest economic

(vii) Langkasuka declined as a major trade centre

( viii) It was replaced by the Patani Kingdom

EARLY KINGDOMS IN THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO

(v) According to the Chinese records, the kingdom

Did you know?

gangga negara, perak

Gangga Negara means a city

(i) Gangga Negara is believed to be a lost semi-legendary

(iii) The kingdom was believed to be founded by Raja Ganjil

(v) The kingdom was based at Beruas and it collapsed

Did you know?

Tun-Sun, Gangga Negara

When was the kingdom of

(i) The kingdom of Tan-Tan was one of the early

(i) The kingdom of Tan-Tan was located in Terengganu.

(iii) The kingdom was influenced by Chinese culture.

(iv) The kingdom had strong relationship with China, a

PNI Neuron (M) Sdn Bhd (554690-H)

A 6th century statue of the

EARLY KINGDOMS IN THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO

1. Who was the founder of

(i) Chih-Tu means Red earth land.

(ii) According to I-Ching, the kingdom of Chih-Tu

(iv) The kingdom was founded by King Guatama

(vi) The king had absolute authority.

(vii) King Guatama was assisted by 3 ministers

The King had absolute power. The Ministers were

The merchants would get the local porters

Did you know?

The King was regarded as the paramount

1. Who was the founder of

(i) A Hindu - Buddhist kingdom that

Illustration of Sailendra Dynasty

(iii) Established by King Sanjaya.

(v) The ruling system was influenced by

The kingdom left behind several

(vi) The king has the highest power and

EARLY KINGDOMS IN THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO