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I(',C
Ann .j
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II
UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT
OF
CALIFORNIA
OF ENGINEERING
LOS ANGELES
INVESTIGATION OF
ANALYTICAL.
AND NUMERICAL
H@
. f.joPPE9DIE
SJ
VEHRENCAUP
,O-82.O31
L. M. K. BoLTmR. OIAIRMAN OF THE DPARTMENT OF E46INSERIN G
.714
I I
[ 1
, ,
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Nomenclature
10
10
B. Momentum Transfer
12
16
16
crmteorologicalDaa2
A. Experimental Determination of Convective H~t Flowp
Convective Conductancesj, Shear Stresses,, Drag Coefficientes
and
ddy
iffsiviies28
1, Heat Transfer
28
2.
29
Momentum fransifer
Temperature Data
C. Eddy Diffusion Analyses Found in the Literature
DISCUSSION
37f
411
4
ACKNOWEDWOM49
APPMDIX
REFERENCICS
50~
5-
SUFMARY
*
72
S.p
per
concerns i
beM
rates in the surface layer are measured indirectly by means of a heat flow meter
and a radiometer; ccnvective conductances are determined from the convective heat
flow and air temperature data.
Two new, analytical, periodic, convective heat flow solutions for the atmospheric system are derived.
in which the boundary temperature varies sinusoidall, with time and the eddy diffusivity varies vinusoidally with time but is independent of height.
The other
Sip
-
_<i
.2
NOMECLATURSI
t, English Letters
?
"acoefficients
As
b1
P7
ftAr
bs
Do()
C*
C'
CA
drag coefficient
in equation CL4
constants
c,
OF
ft 2 /hr
F#
of grvtft/hr
sacceleration
Scoeffictentsin
-I
!I"
.5ratio
ka
.K
Karman constant
I
________________
1-
4.f
MO
positive integer
pitconstants
in equation (48),
.
_
i/r
(.q)
(q)
o
(q )
aeuo~ue
heat transfer rate per unit area due to radiation2 from water
vapor, CO2 and dust in the atmosphere, Dtu/hr ft
Xo
ground radiosity
per unit area (emitted and reflected radiation),
2
btu/hr ft
g,,
W
_qj
Bt~u/hr ft 2
r
Rl)
ft/(hr)i
r., F0
amplitudeto!
of the sinusoidal boundary temperature wave, OF
T,
Tr
To
SU. V.V
.j, OF7
tively, ft/hu
'U3
Ur
a.
70 S
ft/h"
-.
'
'
parameter, ft
a function of z .defined by ecuation (23)
Z(s)
'reek TLetter,
= sratio
8,
I' ""*
F/ft
ft 2/hr
EN=#
.
6
,coefficients
in eouations (52),
(55),
and
(56)
time, hrs.
AIX)
Is
2
absolute air viscosity, # hr/ft
1/ft 2 '
kinematic viscosity, tt
I/ft 2
TO
1.
/hr
1 0
Btu/ft2 (oR)4
4amplitude
0.0.f.
radians/hr
Dimensionless Moduli.
k1*
Re
(
". &''--
_ :[
"
ThTRODtCTION
A number of transfer processes which are associated with current atmo
pheric diffusion problems are the diffusion .of
1) air pollutants from indust-ial and other sources,
2) water vapor from lakes,
3) water vapor from snow banks,
II
5)
Each of these transfer processes falls into the general category of atmospheric
diffusion.
The diffusion of heat, mass, and moiaentum in the atmosphere is
achieved
profiles,
"Itis
.
. F.
.1
I
.
I
I
I,
-t
8,
(.
(Reference 1)
where,
Y
- air density
air heat capacity
c.
Sim-ilarly, the vertical rat. of moenltum tranafer ini the absence nof atmophic
thermals expressed in terms of the fluid shear stress is,
)
"~S"k
(Reference 2)
z/,
where,
p
and (2)
in a turbulent flow system, the transient eddy diffusion equations for heat
and momentum transfer can be derived, r'espectively.
transfer diffusion equation, when the molecular conduction terms are- small.
is,
(Reference 3)
_
1-[jl)57 f
zZ
T(19a
'a
Cj
(3)
where,
time
U.
V. N
51' eYi,1
L.
respectively
rates at the earth's surface (the boundary equations) in terms of flow potential
differences and corresponding transfer conductances and coefficients rather than
flow potential gradients and eddy diffusivities.
used in the field of engineering in connection with fluid flow and heat transfer
systems of finite dimensions.
...
where,
o
T,
Tr
where,
c.D.
drag coefficient
10
EXPERIET.rAL TECHNIQUES OF DE1 EMININiO
EDDY DIFFUSIVITISS, TIERIMAL CONDUCTANCES,
TA.
the University of California which can be used to measure heat flow rates into
or out of the earth's surface.
meter whose upper surface is blackened and whose lower surface is surfaced
with a sheet of aluminum.
meter are exposed to air streams of equal velocity originating from a small
blower.
shown that the total hemispherical radiation falling upon the horizontal heat
meter surface is equal to a constant times the voltage drop across the heat
meter thermcpile plus a datum term.
If a heat balance is made at the earth's surface, the convective plus
evaporative heat transfer rates may be expressed as1
"q0M1S
q "
( *)
where,
(6)
raito
ad Wi
0' (W
091WQ%q )
deeduoosi
)
W
4
.
'
heat transfer rate per unit area due to evaporation or condensation of water vapor at the interface
terms is suggested.
equations within the turbulent lqer adjacent to the laminar sublqer to the
sm under consideration.
+ q
where
*
-
-+_
!!-y
,.
_.
,, '
-..
+.
a.C.,
It Is
thus proposed that the heat and mas transfer eW diffusivities are related to
esch other by a constant.
. That I.s
.
-.
.j
_+
fo
*I.a
.
+.
(a) ..
"ttrnfr-
Mass flow amsere .1.1,w in prinaiple to hest flow meters an .urrmnU, bla
cosdee
by
th
of
Oalwa'
Zap
'Avrst
"m
121
Upon the substitution of eq.uation (8)
can be expressed as
M)
Cov
Y
Ia
As
+-
ji
References 9 and 10 indicate that for duct flow systems, the constant, J, is
equal to unity.
it
possible
ye .ea
sivities from the defining basic eddy diffusion relations which have been
presented previously.
relative ease in comparison to boundary drag force measurements in the atmospheric system.
on the earthts sureace appear to be reported in the literature with the exception of those of P.A. Sheppard (Reference 11).
The problem of measuring the air shear stress at the earth's surface
essentially consists of determining the drag force.on a small area of that
II I I I I
"1 1
I I
I I
, I '-* i
surface and 2) which is so located that the velocity profile above it is typical
The
atmospheric shear meter that was developed by the University of California was
results.
water into which was placed a shallow float whose surface was representative
of the surroundings.
sensitive coil spring, one end of which was attached to the float ard the other
Abrupt flow discontinuities were avoided by filling
the latter to within less than 1/16 of an inch of the brim with water and adjusting the .weight of the float so that it
water surface.
and surrounding
4 8 inches in diameter and 3 inches deep; the respective dimensions of the float
were 36 and 2 1A inches.
It
with a thin layer of earth in order to create a surface which was similar to the
surroundings.
Because it was desired to measure the mean shear stress rather than the Instantaneous values, a coil spring with a very low spring constant was utilized 3n
order that the shear fluctuations superposed upon the mean shear would not cause
the float to oscillate.
of the tank by a clip which could be rotated when significant changes in wi.nd
direction occurred.
angular freedom of the float without producing spring extension due to angular
- .
i
[
.S
"
I(
14
1~
II
rp
IiII
~16/7
Ij,46
Mat rotation.
AU
koa
spring constant
a deflection of the spring
A,
(10)
sS
The spring constant for the particular spring uned-mas 0.001 lbs/inch and was
accurate within one percent.
Although the shear meter that has been dt .cribed was developed independently of Sheppard's meter, the two instruments are similar.
It
However, Sheppard's
meter was based on a torsion principle rather than a tension principle, and also
his meter was designed to measure drag forces over smooth surfaces.
ience with the authors' present shear meter
improvements are desirable:
Field exper-
Development of future
-4- -
iI
'
II I l lIt t I I t ItP. I I I I
I
16
ANALYTICAL AMD NLUJERICAL EDDY DIFFUSION ANALYSES
A.
*
Analytical Analyses
A number of analytical eddy diffusion analyses can be found in the litera-
ture.
Prandtl (Reference 12) derived the steady state logarithmic velocity pro-
17
(Reference 14) developed steady state wind velocity profiles for the surface layer
for adiabatic and stable atmospheres.
steady state velocity and temperature profile expressions for the surface layer
for adiabatic and non-adiabatic atmospheres.
oped point and line-source eddy diffusion solutions for stable atmospheres.
Brunt
(Reference 17) has presented a periodic convective heat flow solution for a system
in which the boundary temperature varies sinusoidally with time, thus approximating
the diurnal soil-air interface temperature variation; the eddy diffusivity was
postulated to be independent of time and height.* Haurwitz (Reference 13) has developed a periodic convective heat flow solution for a system in which the boundary
temperature varies sinusoidally with time and the eddy diffusivity varies linearly
with height but is independent of time.
In the following paragraphs, two new periodic convection analyses in the absence of atmospheric thermals are presented.
diffusion system in which the boundary temperature varies sinusoidally with time
and the eddy diffusivity varies sinusoidally with time (to approxdmate unstable
diffusion during the day and stable diffusion at night.)
Eddy Diffusivity Varies Sinusoidally With Time But Not With Height
The heat transfer differential and boundary equations for the system under
SThe surface layer has been defined as the air layer adjacent-to the earth's
surface where the vertical convective heat flow and vertical fluid shear stress
are uniform with height.
14.
1ll17.
consideration are4
(11)
__
t(O. 0)
&
"I*t(z,
0)
(12)W
.o
E0
where,
t 0 oo.e
(1)
j
I
(14)
8 cS5os W
'I
,. potential temperature
to.
diffusivity waves
period of the sinusoidal boundary temperature and
80
c,
diffusivity waves"
c,,
constants in equation(14)
equation results:
(15
Zt~
(
coo"~
i+-
iot
.1
*isWOe
9
(167)
O,Cos+
(1.
/Thosse equations are expressed In terms of the potential temperature rather than
_i
,,I_
- --- -- "
t , X)
It(O,
to
X)"
fN
where,
f(X)
N
(21)
01
It can be shown that the function t (0.OX) is an even periodic function with a period
C, 8
where
1I0
tocosoi~flX)
t 1Z.
Z"%t
"
(1D)
0o
:ivity variations.
is the period of the sinusoidal boundary temperature and diffauThe function t (0.X) may thus be expressed as the Fourier cosine
series'
(OX)
2Ia
CO
:::_-
III
whe r e ,
II"
"
.g
Ca
,--4j
0I,
,(1')4 ,d-'.,
.(,
o ,
100
,3
-0
Oi
10
t -Z(-A(z
Lot
'where Z(,)
andtA(X)
are functions of
)
z
X, respectively.
(A)
M
and
%)
in
00"toat.s e
---------r
(19)
B__
Z0t (Z. X)
where,
(2D)
to Cos Wf X)
t(0.X
'"~I
(21)j
u0
f(h)
It can be shown that the function t (0, X) is an even periodic function with a period
cG*
where
00
sivity variations.
is the period of the sinusoidal boundary temperature and diffuThe function t (0, N) may thus be expressed as the Fourier cosine
series
t (0, %)
% Co,2
(22)
n7F
where,
t' 0i
0 -4
a2
,,
.A_o
(2' n 7r
2 t(')oo.2n-#X-o
t -Z()A()
Let
where Z(z)
and JUX)
are functions of
(23)
and
X, respectively.
pericdic solution of equation (23) which 3atisfies equations (20) and (21)--is
oZ
a come*"#
JF
=)
A(\c.M. amW
'K
nnu
II
*
I
S.....-ii
nl l m
ll
19
whermp 0 and v ar constants which are to be determ:lned and
L
Both
the real and imaginary parts of the complex solution given In equation (24~) are
solutions of the original differential emation,
part of equation (24) must be chosen.
terms of a series beosuse this is the form of the boundary equation (22).
Thus,,
i~~~
~~~1
S when n =O
09 1# 2#
(,'(,
,1 )L
(25)
1s
0.
W X)
!9
2
%.
CO
1h
C!n
2a
The temperature solution for the beat transfer system uner consideration Is
,.
% fo
2.
... .
1 26)-
Its
a
Il
20
and,
Ii
The periodic vertical heat flow solution for the heat transfer system under consideration can be obtained by substituting the temperature solution given in equation (27)
into equation (1)
(~)oo-Y
YCOE,(d
r)()
Mass concentration and mass flow rate solutions can be derived just as the temnperature and heat flow solutions were derived above if the mass transfer system
possesses the above stipulated boundary end eddy diffusivity equations.
2)
Eddy Diffusivity Varies Sinusoidally With Time and Linearly With Height
The heat transfer differential and boundary equations under consideration are
(28)
N Iz
t(O. 6)
to Co. O
(29)
(30)
, 14% t(-. 8)
where,
(b, +
bsZ)(1
bsC",we)
(31)
I.t
e''
-.
'"
'*
21.
the following equation
b z)(I
(bj
t+
)b
bcow
(I+
or
t"
s A-t + (b + bo z
+ ba ;s
ki
Equation (32)
Le
/3.
Then
T e
''iw
Let
(32)
hand
.SR
(
(33)
bcoosiw
(34)
sermo
fc!!:
0
L
(z
+ jO
ZtIZA
-6 0
+~cs~
b
i'57@ci
.'a
t(35)
ZA
t(O.
(bj.
to 0
ho z)
(36)
(37)
Its' t(z,
03
(38)
Where, f( 3)"
The function
t(O, j3)
and thus
+.
g' C+ 2
(39)
2e,
4e
!
of2 tt)Cs
000
Let
bs
(40)
(41)
Zf
technique.
4variables
Let
shere
R(r)
(42)
(r) B(S)
are functions of
and B(8)
and
/,
respectively.
The steady
state periodic solution of equation (4i) which satisfies equations (37) and (38)
is
or
where
and
40-fr.r
(Reference 19).
(43)
The term
u(r)
IJ-)
the
- r)
bU-
I!
IIII
II I I
I III
1/1
Il
23
That is,
MO(
hot
and
t'
her
(44)
he,"NE
r)
Ei~iSM(~4b
b8
00(
1b,
(E
Em
EM(Y-P
b1 -
b z)
~z
b.zfl
(46)
*7
be of the form
Thus,
e-"PA
t(z -0)
co pO ).
t(
must
(47)
where, Eo is a constant
Thus,
(z..,)
..
,~~GIb,
bzF
P.
(48)
J~gji
0mfI
%00( Lb,
0.
70
24
The constants
S~~~2
At z
o.
% and
. 60oo
* +
t (o. B 3"
% Cos, P.
.141.
(49)
Thug,
00
for
for n-
PR
1.2....
1.2,....
hot
(!UP -S)) [,or-PF -+,,)
Thus, the temperature solution for the heat transfer system under consideration
TlZ.O)
-r
x + 0 +
%o
.-
Ir
7,ir*-I_,l
04 l'"oi VX15I iJ
n
+[%or /,)ai:_" ;
r
h o-l
1..3....
00
*4f2 t("'2ona7r!f24&
04
for
1.2...
00
-her
h.,(
[_,,)
+s
t
ho
fans
b,
2,,rb
W,
2F
tl.,
25
B,
INuzerical Analyses
Several numerical methods of evaluating eddy diffusivity profiles from tran-
sient air temperature and humidity profiles in the atrncsphere have been given in
the literature (ReWerences 20 and 21, for exa-ple,.
Some of these
For
example, one method requires that at one time in the analysis, eddy diffusivities
in adjacent air layers be the saie.
of
height and time from transient temperature and humidity profiles are presented
below.
lMethod N~o. 1
A heat rate balance on a volume of air
zg - z.
base is
r
It
is
-T
-+
(51)
ncw postulated that the eddy diffusivity varies linearly with height, that is
do
"where
e.
and
a,
e, z
(52)
If
it
is desired to determine
the eddy diffusivity proftle (a linear one which approximates the actual one) in a
given air layer, Lhe following procedure is
into two laydrs and write equation (51)
suggested.
I!
26
linear diffusivity relation given by equation (52) into the two heat balance equa-
iI
so!
v,
+ 6z)o
-8
j- vr
o+
(o
+'
*/
"
CP
T + r)
as
(53)
is
(54)
if density, heat capacity, adiabatic lapse rate, and temperature gradient data for
a given set of experimental temperature measurements at a given time are substituted
into equations (53) and (54),
The solutions of
th
Method No. 2
A somewhat more general edy diffusivity distribution can be expressed by the
following power expressions
a
where
P
as
and
as
(55)
(55) into the two heat balance equations and inserting the experimental property
and temperature data, as was indicated in Method No. 1 above, two solvable algbraic equations in two unkmowns result.
Nothod N. 3
An edyW diffusivity distribution wdich is ver47 gaual is the following sotes"
oontainingn 'n
where
ter".s
as,
...
are
air lqer under comnfderation into In' maller lqers and substituting
7-Y.
aim.
1."
OW
27
(56) into the In' heat balance
equations, there wTould result
In' algebraic equations
in 'n' unknowns. If 'n#
is a large number, these
equations could be solved
with
the aid of computing machines.
:I
S~I
I
I
S~i
J6
28
AN*ALYSIS OF SMVRAL SLITS OF 111CRO=TOROL0OICAL DATA
A.
Heat Transfer
On a clear suwm'r day between the hours of 10:0 A.M. and 3:00 P.M. on August 12,.
19149, a preliminary air-earth interface heat balance study was conducted near Van
Nuys, California (Reference 22).
fperature profiles in the lower four feet, 2) earth temperature profiles in the 'upper
ten inches, 3) solar irradiation, 14) ground heat flows, and 5) wind velocities at'i
live foot height.
Thermocouples, a directional
radiometer (Reference 23), a heat meter, and a cup anemometer were used to mebsure
The total hemispherical radiation and ground radiosity have been expressed in terms
of solar&gaseous, and ground radiation 5 .
T*
are the
Because the ground was dx7 and had not been exposed to
rain for nore than a two month period the evaporative heat loss e
was
postulated to be mas&l compared to the other terms in the equation. The solar rediation and ground heat flow terms were measured by the instruments describid
"svin
Data in the literature and soe recent measurements tq the Thermal Radiation Ptolet
at the aivalmiti or California indicated -that
teau
a)-0
~*
was
7-
29
radiation calculations (Reference
2 4)
estimate was in agreemient with measurements by Brooks and Kelly (Reference 25).
This
It
was thus possible to calculate the convective heat loss using equation (57).
The results of the Van Nuys heat transfer study are presented in Fiires 2,
3, 4, and 5.
(Figure 3).
flow in ducts and over flat plates varies as the eight tenths power of the fluid
The magnitude of the thermal conductances were in agreement with certain
velocity.
measurements by F. A. Brooks (Reference 25), which were nade under similar circumstances.
which appears to have a maximum near one o'clock; this maximum almost coincide&
with the solar irradiation maximum (at 121.O P.M.) and
Jr tem-eratur
Momnentumn Transfer
Preliminary momentum transfer studies in the lower twenty feet of the atmosphere were conducted at intervals during January and February, 1950, at Riverside,
These studies involved the measurement of wind velocity profiles and
California.
t
has previously been described, were used to measure wind velocity and shear stress,
respectively.
ground that did exist within ten to twenty feet of the shear meter were smoothed
with a rake.
mental measurements were made. 1n the afternoon, between 2:00 and WOs3; atmosphuric
c
oh
condII1
i tions ofIsigtinsailiyeitda hs ie
e ea~r
uwr
I ..
3
4-%~
I.
2-
...
10:00
] 1:00
jC
12:00
2: 00..
1:00
3:00
Time of Day
Figure 2.
12
0
10:00
I II I I
'
I -' I~ l I
..
12
12:00
11:00
1 1I
I I
I Figure
..
2:00
1:00
3:00
Time of Day
i
.
" , . , . ,,,
N~.
IWi'd
a,
I ,'
I aI Function
of Time
VelocityI as
I
'
'
31
40
S00
S20
,, .
1-T< 0
120
10:00
1"00
UO012:00
2:00
3:00
Time of Day
Figure 4.
10:00
404
11:00
12:00
1:00
NTim
Figure .
of Dy
2:00
3:00
"a0
Tim..f
'
,I
D.i,
II
32
a lso made under density flow conditions6 between 6:44 A.M. and 6:54 A.M. Figure 6
shows a graph of shear stress as a function of wind velocity at the eighty inch
level.
The shear stress and velocity values were averaged over one to five minute
time intervals.
The afternoon shear stress data were noted to vary as the square
30%.
of the afternoon points because the stable air flow conditions at that time yielded
very steady shear stress and wind velocity measurements.
faired through these two points and the origin is shown by curve "B" in Figure 6.
It is intended that this curve suggest the effect of stability on the shear stress
wind velocity relation; many sets of data must be obtained before the stability
effect can be thoroughly studied.
relation is about 0.16 for curve "A" and about 0.33 for curve "B".
A calculation
has revealed that if it were possible for completely laminar flow to exist under
the existing velocity conditions, a shear-velocity curve falling far below curve
"B" would result.
appears
that for a given wind velocity, the atmospheric shear stress at the ground would
increase with a decrease in the power law exponent (increased turbulence).
This
behavior would seem reasonable in the light of our present knowledge of fluid
turbulence.
A comment on the height at which the wind velocity is to be measured and
the accompanying implications seems to be in order.
Also con-
....
S....-...
...
1.
_
33
_/
aI
0.0003
+ JANUARY 31.
1950
x. a FEBRUARY 1,
1950
'a
1
-
46
N4#d W604t,
Figure 6.
U80y
in.ches, ft/sec
iI
IIIIIIii
12
I.''34
UNSTABLE
STABLE
-j:
find
1
Figure 7.
Veloc ity,
"
il
I!
Consider the shear-velocity relations that result for each of the two proposed
heights,
and
z,
If
z,
is
choscn as the height at which the velocity is to be measured, it is seen that the
stable shear stress is less than the unstable shear stress for the same wind
velocity.
zj
is chosen, the-
stable velocity in so much less than the unstable one that the stable and unstable
shear-velocity relations now may be much closer to each other than they were when
the reference
was used.
it lies within the laminar sub-layer, a single, linear shear-velocity curve would
exist for stable, neutral, and unstable flow.
"
'o
_U -
(58)
-r
-I
--
II.
35
A cowparison of the Riverside shear data with some of the shear datA.
reported in the literature is made in Figure S. All velocities have been refarted to a reference height of thirty-feet. In some cases it was necoissary to
deterine the velocity foi the new reference height when complete velocity data
were not reportedl the seventh power velocity relation was utilized to make the
determination,
Sutoliffe and Taylor have utilized the tee.hnioue of evaluating boundary
shears from the hydrodynamic equations that doecribe the vertical wind spiral up
to the.gradiant wind lovell experimental vertical wind velocity measurements are
necesary to make this determination,
TN.J
large that steady state flow conditions are established and that unidirectional
flow exists at the earth's surface*
resent mean values for the earth's surface and include the drag effects of such
regions as bodies of water, plowed fields, brush land, orchards, and fore.sts.'
Ateoliffe
dita, car
data over the Slisbury Plain fall within forty percent of one another.
Sutoliffe also has obtained shear data over the"South Atlantic with the aid
of kites ("se
ourve "3"); it
below curves "Am ad 'BK because the ocean is a relatively smooth surface compared
to la*d.
Curve 'C'
stituting experiental wind velocity data over the ocean into van Ksumin$* generaised volosity distributiao
by Curve "fie
. "*
th
ae
-
se
"
fl
....
,are
stt
. of ah.
at
h ditfe4w
e"04-a- Atophoer-e
tablity!A&the- two-aee~~.
,.'
'
..
A
B
S0'.
0006 -
'40
FV
16
12
20
INVESTIGCAI
SYS7EM
Sutcliffe
Siotry
G. I. Taylor
Land
Plain
Or.OO6 p UV0
Saa
Pacific
,Nct Velocity
Equationas
Sheppard
Smooth Concrete
rfc
26
-r.
0.0025p14,
'-27
TO
O.OOCSP L&
28
Satcliffe
utlfeSo.
Kites
Fier/ld
Flat.
S.d
he-r Meter
ear
11
0
O
O.
0
%t O.it4
410
.100
*to
26
2
U1
earm
Ls
hu
REF.
Empirical0
Rosaby
EQUATION
Pilot Balloon
Sea
C
METnOD
Pilot Balloon
I.
,.e
37
The velocity pbwer law exponent for Sheppard's data was about 0.07 whereas the
exponent for the author's data was about 0,16,
Momentum. eddy diffusivities have been determined from the Riverside data with
the aid of equation (2).
Note that
one can show from Prandtl'e analytical, steady state, logarithmic, velocity solution
that the eddy diffusivity is directly proportional to the velocity.
these diffueivity profiles have configurations similar to those. existing in the vioinity of the wall in duct flow systems; the diffusivity varies almost linearly with
distance from a very small value (molecular viscosity) at the boundary.
B.
Thermal eddy diffusivity profiles have been evaluated for two sets of transient
air temperature measurements by means of numerical method No. 1 which has been described above.
One set of
yes
on in the
desert at Datelan, Arizona, (Reference 29) and another set was obtained on gently
rolling cotton land at Manor, Texas,
(Reference 30).
and early afternoon periods because atmospheric thermals existed at these times 7 .
The diffusivity profiles in Figure 10 indicate the influence of the diurnal turbulence variation on convective heat transfer (high diffusivities during the day and
low ones at night).
(note broken portion of curve) in order to show the influence of nocturnal stability
on the diffusivity.
extreme temperature inversion conditions above the one hundred foot level.
all diffusivity profiles tend to pass through the origin.
Note that
thma&
s4.iv
iUP
owthdi"cUnston section.(
tump6he
38
?A
24
.__
'_OT!_ 188
op-ef
20
__ _t
t/e
122.
fthr
200_
~~0730
05
200
10 0450
-10
10
2500________0010__0_2500__O'0
Thra
EdyDfuiiy4,af~h
0Thaeertica
TemlEddy Diffusivity,
Profilesh
40
Sif
,p4 ..
Ti..m
, .
'
Stable Atmosphere
itx
Uave
12,000 ft 2 /hr
- I00
h.0. mph
!"
Times
0730
1.
At
-60,00
Piue11.
Z-
ft/hz
I0',
gH
Ir
.5,
41
diffusion is in agreement with the increased eddy diffusivity at that time,
Figure 12 reveals day and night thermal eddy diffusivity profiles in the
lower three hundred feet for Manor, Texas.
observed in the Arizona analysis are also noted in the Texas data.
Eddy Diffusion Analyses Pound in the Literature
C.
Some of the edd& diffusion analyses found in the literature are shown in
"Figues 13
and 14,
believed to fall above the Riverside data because of the more turbulent state
of the atmosphere.
___
has not been made because some of the pertinent parameters which are necessary
to make such an examination were not reported in the literature.
Also, some of
4t
I.
-
'
a.
I.-
42
300
0530
1000
200-
01
50:000
100.000
150.000
200,000
250,000
Figure 12.
*I
F.
J'J
43
24
10.3 ft/l/.
7 ,l.,j*
Ueft
NOT
Us ft
S1o,
.6 ft/s!
U1,
f - 12.7 f/ls
12
II
2 ,ftlsacu.
Usft.
11.8 ftl/se
.00
0o
..
2000
1000
3000
INVESTIGATOR
TRANSFER TYPE
LOCATION
Moorland,
.Hnnoyor
iB, C
Sheppard't
a.d
Momentum
4000
E. ,
REMARKS
DayMan Values
ll
oShepprd
d, Dy
Sverdrup
Htat
S Sverdrup
F.Ghr
oetm
Figure 13.
Icefild,
Spitsbergen
Ver,.
Field
Flat
Riverside
a- 31i hity
Dayinstabi
Wet
Weathar
REF.
Equation
_. /
ii1
l
14
Heat Bala
_i
VrW M
6000
Finite Difference
Heat Balance
Heat
.* lata anlysed by
METHOD
Hodereate
' "
!nstability
e
Salisbury Plain
Heat
5000
ft2lhr
IF
I
300
30C
44 .
250
F
AG
S~200
Sis
100
0____
0
__ _
100.000
200,000
300,000
400.000
Eddy Diffusivity, E
TRANSFER TYPE
TIME
__
__
_ _
500.000
ftQlhr
aYRW
INVESTIGATUR
Fritzche, Stanp
Heat
Night
Leipzig
Ertel's
Fritzchs, Stampa
Heat
Day
-Leipzig
Ertel's
Johnson.
hOywood
LOCATION
Hat
DNcembr
Lefinld,
Heat
June
Leafield. Oxon
Oxon
WIETHO3
Classical
31
32
Solutions
Mildner
Momentum
Day
Leipzig
Solberg's
juthors
teat
Night, 0530
Manor. Texas
Numerical
Juthor
Heat
Day, 1000
WMnor, Texas
Method I
Figure 14.
REF.
33
of the Atmosphe"
-
-|*
NO6
<rrw-~.--w.>-
DISCUSSION
investigators in the field of micrometeorology have questioned the use of the
approximate eddy diffusion equations (vhich relate transfer rates to eddy diffusivities and potential gradients) under extremely unstable atmospheric conditions.
Consider an unstable atmosphere in vhioh large thermal convection patterns are In
motion.
the product of a vertical convective mass flow rate, a specific heat, and a difference in m6an temperature of rising and falling air
Although some studies of conveotion patterns .. ,ve been presented in the literature
(Reference 30), attempts to solve the hydrodynamic and heat transfer equations
simultaneously for the convection cell systeA should be made.
,.
vertical air velocities are not described by a regular convection pattern but
consist of random fluctuations a
stable flow, vertical heat, mess, and momentum transfer rates can be expressed by
the eddy diffusion equations (1) and (2).
developed vhich relates some of the pertinent heat and momentum transfer variables
that have been dealt with in this paper.
@ist of a lamina
give the heat and momentum transfer relations used in the derivation.
,,- --
~46j
co
o1<..+
m 0
MCI
W,
0
0'4
+'0
+..;
"0
-I
+
*.,
!L0
,,
4J4a
0H
jS
.E
40
4J
v4
AI
42J
V4
JAC,
4.5.g
*..i
low"
244
0A
1440
IN
0'I
y-;++L
4,
''
_++++
,++++++_
:+a
.+
+++'+
+......
: ...-+:+
+-.:+,:+
:: :;,....
+.........
+.++
:+
+m
++
..++:+
++.
..":-+
+++u
.:++
......
..+
.....
+
..++
..++
++
........++....
+'+....
+
'.....
..........
..........I
+,.m:'-+++,;'--
47
',
TVM
N
14UtB
U"
~LAYERL N
BLAYER.AYE,
44
It
and
S
(T1-
is
T B eaMINAR
Velocity a
defining
be substituted into the following
These temperature increments can
(equation....
convective mu,,
equations for the unit therma
are defined
f z
(59)
4Too
.Si
48
where,
V#
-"
"
kinematic viscosity
acceleration of gravity
Tr)
and the dimensionless moduli given by the equations (59) into equation (W), the
following heat-momentum transfer analogy results:
a a'R. PC'
"iNur
oft
-rUr
(60)
o*-
0.' PW,
PrK/_
K 2;
Equation (60) or (61) relates the micrometeorological variables that describe the
heat and momentum transfer processes within the surface layer.
These variables
are the 1) thermal conductance, 2) velocity at the reference height, 3) drag coS
and the drag coefficient must all be expressed in terms of the same refer-
once hetghtO z. wherever it may be in the turbulent layer (zr must be within the
surface layer).
Some of
these studies have been described in this paper; other studies involve the investigation of the following, under a range of stability conditions:
1) the laminar
momentum transfer measurements, .and 3) the behavior of the stability and roughnise
psrameters, K and x.
I-4
49
I
II
ACKNOW.MEDMET
F. A. Brooks
D. Rhoadee
H. Schultz
R. Eldredge
R. Bromberg
It
I i
I
! .
rV
50
-I
APPENDIX
At
fo
Usft
Time
Btu
hr ft
Btu
hrfc
Btu
hrt
OF
Btu
hr f
h
oF
miles
hr
10:00
339
64
21
27
0.78
6.8
10:30
349
63
30
32
0.94
5.8
11:00
343
41
47
28
1.68
7.5
11:30
346
50
40
24.5
1.63
6.5
12:00
357
43
56
32
1.75
8.4
12:30
365
48
58
33.5
1.73
10.0
1:00
359
31
70
34
2.05
10.0
1:30
350
91;
69
31
22
1.
13:30
,2:00
277_
329
10
27
26?
50
22"
29
1.18
1.72
8.8
9.8
2:30
311
21
41
25
1.64
6.8
295
23
27
26
1.04
10.3
3:00
S3:30
Table 2.
277
10
26
22
1.18
8.8
S. .... .
I_-
I
,.
JTanuary At 1950
r
lbs/ft 2
?.bruawll,#1930
USO Incihes
ft/sec
f0,0002
0,00025
TO
l1bs/ft 2
U inches
ft/coo
T.
lbs/ft,2
12.9
090002
9.8
0,00020
12.7
10.5
0.00016
9.1
0.00028
12.0
7.4
0.000085
8.7
0.00016
Ul.0
0.00004
5.7
0.00015
9.7
0.000022
5.3
0.00013
8.6
0.00002
4.2
OS.001
U80 Inches
ft/woo
z
ft
U
ft/s..
U
ft/sec
U
ft/soc
UUU
ft/sec
6.25
1.4
1.6
0.75
3965
9.4
2.4
2,9
1.62
6.3
3225
6.7
U1.65
3.7
4.6
8.7
7.9
6.67
7.1
1.2.9
4.1
5.3
9.1
8,7
13*
8.6
13.9
5.0
5.4
9.5
9,2
20
9.3
14..4
5.3
5.7
9.9
9.6
.0.167
Date
Time
"".P
[I.
ft/sec
4.1
'4.5
1/-31/50 1/321/50
ais2/i/50//o
2:30?
3N6
6:5k
6:44A
2:43?
1 .Br
il<eo1~?~11.f~t.Rvrl-_
ft/sec
Dftaia8*
_-i~__
2is
2:54
-~---
-___
_-_t_
.
K -..
"
'
,<...
52
REFERENCZS
1.
Brunt, David,
"Physical and Dynamical Meteorology," Cambridge University Press, London,
Rouse, Hunter,
"Fluid Mechanics for Hydraulic Engineers," McGraw-.ill Book Company, New York,
Rouse, Hunter,
"Fluid Mechanics for Hydraulic Engineers," McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York,
6.
7.
8.
Thornthwaite, C. W.,
"6Micrometeorology of the Surface .Layer of the Atmosphere," Interim Reports
"No. 4 and 5 from The Johns Hopkins University, Laboratory of Climatology,
Martinelli, R. C..
"Further Remarks on the Analogy Between Heat and Momentum Transfer," (a paper
presented at The Sixth International Congress of Applied Mechanics, Paris,
1946.
10.
11
...
Sheppard, P. A.,
"The Aerodynamic Drag of the Earth's Surface and the Value of Von Karman's
Constant in the Lower Atmosphere," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London#
Vol, 188. Series A,-946-A4,
pis.
12.
Prandtl, L.'s
"et~.ologische
r Physik der rm
- ----
i----- ----
--
53
13.
14.
Sverdrup, H. V.,
"The Eddy Conductivity of the Air Over a Smooth Snow Field," Geofysiske
Publikasjoner, Vol. XI, No. 7, 1936.
15.
Lettau, H.,
"Isotropic and Non-Isotropic Turbulence in the Atmospheric Surface Layer,'
(a paper presented at a micrometeorological symposium at the University of
Sutton, o. G.
"The Diffusive Properties of the Lower Atmosphere," Chemical Defense Experiment Station, Porton; M.R.P. No. 59, 1921-1942.
17.
Brunt, David,
"Physical and Dynamical Meteorology," Cambridge University Press, London,
Haurwits, B.,
"The Daily Temperature Period for a Linear Variation of the Austausch
Coefficient," Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, Vol. XXX,
..
1946
Longley, R. W.,
"The Evaluation of the Coefficient of Eddy Diffusivity," Quarterly Journal
of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 70, No. 306, 1944, PMe. 286-291.
21.
Berg, H.,a
sur
Physik der freien Atmosphare, Band 23, Heft 1-4, 1936, pgs. 143-164.
22.
Vehrencamp, J. B.
A research report for the Department of Engineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, September, 1949.
23.
24.
25.
..
26.
3utoliffe, R. C.,
______7
54
27*
Taylor, 0.I1.,
"Skin Friction of the Wind on the Earth's Surface," Proceedings of the Royal
Societ.y of London, A92, 1915-16, pgs. 196-199.
28.
Rossby, GO .,G
"On the Momentum Transfer at the Sea Surface," Papers in Physical Oceanography
end Meteorology, Vol. IV, No. 3, 1936.
29.
1946.
30.
e,
31.
32.
Mildner, P.,
"Umber die RW.aing 4an 1iner Spetillen T.aftmkuma.o in dan untersten Schichten der
AtmsphIre," Beitrage zur Physik sur freien Atmosphere, Band 19, 1932, pg.. 151-
158.
.34.
35.
Brunt, David,
"Physical and Dynamical Meteorology," Cambridge University Press, London,
1939, Pg. 220.
Boelter, L. M. K., R. C. Martinelli, and Finn Jonassen,
"IRemarks on the Analogy Between Heat Transfer and Momentum Transfer," American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, Transactions, July 1941, pg.. 447-455.
'V
I
_
___
i"
1
S.......
.-.
-,T,
.-