About our combustors

1. Please explain the advantages of using your boiler units vs. a conventional stoker-fired,
traveling grate, water tube combustion boiler? Also, can you explain how having multiple
smaller boiler units is an advantage over having 1 larger steam unit designed to provide
the needed steam requirement?
Our incineration technology has advantages of 3S3E, as follows.
1. Short For existing incineration technology, a minimum of 8 months construction period is
required. However, EnerOne technology requires less than 3 months construction and quick
installation is possible.
2. Size Flexible Compared to existing incineration technology, EnerOne technology requires 6585% installation area. This means that we can fit into a variety of small project spaces, if
required.
3. Scalable l Modular
We can install one, two, three, &c. combustors, as needed. If necessary, they can all run on
different fuels separately, or even use mixed fuels, on a per unit basis.
4. Economic Compared to existing incineration technology, EnerOne technology requires
50~70% less investment. Facility installation and maintenance are available at low cost.
5. Efficient Compared to existing incineration technology, EnerOne technology is more than
130~150% energy efficient and effective management is possible through the minimizing of
restart times.
6. Environmental Compared to existing incineration technology, EnerOne technology minimizes
emissions, dust and noise.
We use multiple smaller boiler units in order to operate the system more flexibly, in other words,
to deal with various possible situations and to avoid complete shut down of the system.
2. What kinds of fuels can you incinerate?
Everything from household waste through municipal and industrial waste, as well as biomass
such as wood chips, bagasse, palm kernel shells, EFB-derived pellets, rick husks and corn
pellets.
3. How much fuel can your systems handle, per hour?
For municipal waste, our systems (currently) burn 3 tons/hour per combustor. For biomass,
we've tested successfully at 4 tons/hour per combustor.
4. Are there any unique boiler tube metallurgy requirements used to prevent ash fouling and
slagging for the steam pressures you use?
EnerOne's boiler can eliminate fouling and slag continuously without stopping operation. For
example, waste plastic, which we use as fuel for current system, generates large amount of
clinker on the wall of the combustor because of high level of ash content. EnerOne's combustor,
however, is very robust against such "cling" from melted ash because the inner wall of the
combustor is iron rather than fireproof ceramic, as with most other combustors. For example,
EnerOne's working combustors burn RDF and RPF (which come from plastic waste) and those
fuels produce a considerable amount of ash, which is crystalized after melting. However, that

ash does not cling to the inner wall of our combustor because the crystalized ash and iron wall
have different material properties. By contrast, if the inner wall of the combustor was built of
ceramic, those "clinkers" could cause serious problems for the continuing operation of the
combustor. Clinker does not continue to increase also because we use both air and water cooling
for the system.
5. What are the "real" benefits of a small footprint system, given that it will be deployed in a
larger plant?
EnerOne's combustor, having high energy efficiency, is focused on energy production rather
than simply incinerating waste. It is possible for it to be designed and constructed for small to
large scale installations depending on the user's energy and fuel throughput requirements (3 tons
per hour and per combustor, RDF/RPF). In addition, when an energy facility requires more than
3 tons per hour of throughput, the boiler system can be constructed as a modular structure,
simply by adding combustors.
About the Fuels
6. Can you provide a range of moisture and ash content percentages for the fuels used in your
boiler units?
We use waste plastic as fuel for current EnerOne's system in operation. Its moisture and ash
content percentages ranges 8-35% and 15-25%, respectively.
7. Is it possible to somehow test bagasse fuel in your feeder system for any of your units
operating in Korea?
We have tested various sizes of particles, separate and mixed, for plastics and wood already, and
have not experienced any problems, so we expect that the wide range of particle sizes for
bagasse should not be an issue, but of course, we would like to test this as soon as possible.
8. Bagasse having higher moisture content at 45-50% may require using more air for
complete combustion and there may be capacity issues on the fans used either for induced
draft or forced draft air. Does the combustor operate under negative pressure?
Yes, we do operate our combustor under negative pressure. With regard to the bagasse moisture
content, we plan to pre-dry the bagasse to 20% moisture content prior to feeding it into the
combustors, and at this moisture content, we do not expect any problems with the fans.
9. If green waste or municipal waste comes in at high moisture above 50% are you able to
reduce moisture to the range needed (8-35%) to operate in your boilers?
We can work with this higher moisture content, but will need to reduce the moisture percentage
for optimal incineration. There are various methods of doing so, but we'd like to look at this in
greater detail before making a recommendation on an optimal technique. Basically, our system
can dry waste or municipal waste to reduce moisture content by using the combustion gas of the
system.
10. Can you use stoker-type coal fuel in your boiler units? If not, what is the particle size

We have not tested stoker-type coal for EnerOne's combustor. However, it is not a problem to
test it if needed.
About the Heat Exchanger (Boiler)
11. What are typical boiler efficiencies for the boiler fuels used in your boiler units?
The biggest competitive advantage of EnerOne's combustor is high-energy efficiency. Energy
efficiency of EnerOne's combustor is higher than other ordinary combustors by 30% since it
minimizes loss of heat in the process of incineration and heat transfer. Based on fuel input and
energy recovery, the energy efficiency of EnerOne's boiler unit is 87%.
12. What are the water chemistry requirements for the boiler make-up water to maintain
boiler tube integrity? Does this differ from conventional boiler water treatment?
Water treatment of the EnerOne's system is not different from conventional ones.
13. Is it possible to design your boiler units using higher-pressure steam at 900 psi (62 bars)?
It is possible. Since the heat exchanger of EnerOne's system uses water tubes, it is possible to
design boiler units using even higher-pressure steam than 900 psi.
14. Is there a blow-down requirement for your boiler units? If so, what percent is this as a
percentage of total boiler make-up water?
Yes, it needs blow-down. However, the share is less than 0.5%.
About Air Pollution Matters
15. For the air pollution control facility, is continuous emission monitoring (CEM) used?
Korea mandates CEM, though it's called TMS (tele-metering system, continually reported to the
Environmental Agency).
16. What air pollution parameters apply to your systems currently in operation?
Air Contaminant Effluent Quality Standard(Related to Atmospheric Environment Preservation
Act 12)
[ Refuse Plastic Fuel(RPF) Facility, Waste Incineration Facility]
* Period: Since Jan.1st 2010
Refuse Plastic Fuels(RPF)
Waste Incineration Facility
Facility
Classification
Contaminant
less than
more than
less than
more than
2tons/hour
2tons/hour 2tons/hour 2tons/hour
Gaseous Ammonia
30 (12)
30 (12)
30 (12)
30 (12)
substances Carbon monoxide(CO)
200 (12)
50 (12)
200 (12)
50 (12)
(ppm)
Hydrogen chloride(HCL)
20 (12)
20 (12)
20 (12)
20 (12)
Sulfur oxides(as SO2)
50 (12) [40]
30 (12)
50 (12)
30 (12)

Nitrogen oxide(as NO2)

Carbon bisulfide
Formaldehyde
Hydrogen sulfide
Fluoride(as F)
Hydrogen cyanide
Bromine compound(as Br)
Benzene
Phenolic
compound(C6H5OH)
Arsenic compound(as As)

100 (12) [80] 70 (12) [60]

30
30
10
10
10 (12)
2 (12)
3 (12)
2 (12)
10
10
5
5
20
20

100 (12)
30
10
2 (12)
2 (12)
10
5
20

70 (12)
30
10
2 (12)
2 (12)
10
5
20

10

10

10

10

0.5 (12)

0.5 (12)

0.5 (12)

0.5 (12)

Dust
40 (12) [20] 20 (12) [10]
40 (12)
20 (12)
Cadmium compound(as
0.1 (12)
0.02 (12)
0.1 (12)
0.02 (12)
Cd)
Lead compound(as Pb)
1.6 (12)
0.2 (12)
1.6 (12)
0.2 (12)
Chromium compound(as
0.5 (12)
0.5 (12)
0.5 (12)
0.5 (12)
Particulate Cr)
Mercuric compound(as Hg)
0.1 (12)
0.1 (12)
0.1 (12)
0.1 (12)
matter
(mg/Sm3) Copper compound(as Cu)
10
10
10
10
Nickel, Nickel compound
20
20
20
20
Zinc compound(as Zn)
10
10
10
10
Dust scattering
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Rigelmann
Rigelmann Rigelmann Rigelmann
Exhaust gas
scale level 2 scale level 2 scale level 2 scale level 2
Dioxins Dioxins [ ng-TEQ/Sm3 ]
5
1
5
1
About Energy Generation
17. What is the heat rate for electric power generation on a fuel Btu input/kwh output basis?
Also please provide some typical electric conversion rates for the solid fuels you have used
on a tons fuel input/kwh output basis.
EnerOne's system is capable of burning plastic vinyl (RPF) at 2 ton/hr and wood pellets at
3.5ton/hr. For plastic vinyl (7,000 kcal/kg), the amount of steam produced is 17-18 ton/hr and
electricity generated is 2.5-3 MWh.
In the case of the current project with KOSEP (KEPCO subsidiary), it is planned that the system
consume 1.9 ton of RPF per hour and produce 15 tons of steam at 400 degrees Celsius, 400 bar
per hour, to generate electricity with a capacity of 10MW.

18. Have you done projects where co-generation is practiced? That is where electric power
production and steam utilization for mechanical power and heating are performed

No, not yet. Currently, EnerOne operates two steam-generating systems for Daesang and
Hansol, which are big Korean conglomerates in food and paper industries. Even though we do
not have experience of co-generation for power and heating, one project with Namdong (one of
six subsidiary power companies of KEPCO) is in progress, for which a co-generation system
using waste plastic (RDF and RPF) fuel has been designed and will be in operation by late 2013.
19. What is the minimum amount of solid fuel needed to operate a boiler and gen-set unit?
How are your systems configured?
Our standard system for 10MW generation is 3 combustors, 1 heat exchanger, 1 anti-pollution
device and 1 turbine. We can scale down to 2 combustors, 1 heat exchanger, 1 anti-pollution
device and a smaller turbine for 5MW, or one of each, for 2.5MW.
The amount of solid fuel per hour varies according to the types of fuel. If the same sized
combustors are used, it is possible for plastic vinyl (RPF) and wood pellets to be consumed at 2
and 3.5 tons per hour, respectively. As mentioned, we can reduce the size of system to half,
consisting of 2 combustors, 1 each of the heat exchanger and anti-pollution device, and 1 turbine
for 5 MW.

After Service and Warranties

20. Do you warranty your work for a period of time after installation of the facility?
Yes, we warranty our systems for two years, and we provide regularly scheduled maintenance
services for our systems every five years (for a fee), through the life of our systems, which is 20
years.