AP BioEssay Themes

EVOLUTION
At the Molecular/Cellular Level

Theory of endosymbiosissmall prokaryotic cells were engulfed by larger prokaryotic cells

small cells became chloroplasts and mitochondria
Structural and functional modifications for dry environments:
C4 and CAM photosynthesis
Kranz anatomy and the Hatch-Slack pathway
Seeds
Countercurrent exchangeenhance diffusion rates where necessary

At the Organ/Organism/Population Level

Mutations and genetic recombination = heritable variation that is subject to natural selection
Industrial melanismpeppered moth population changed from white to dark in less than 50 years in

response to industrialization in England

Bacteria became resistant to antibiotics quickly after exposure

Bacteria not resistant are killed
Those who are resistant reproduce rapidly with no competition new population is

resistant
Cladograms and phylogenetic treesdiagrammatic reconstructions of evolutionary history
Reflect phylogenetic relationships among organisms
Plants and animals made modifications to move from sea to land
Plantsevolved waxy cuticle, roots, vascular vessels, reduced leaf size = reduced water
loss

water

Animalslimbs for movement, scales minimize water loss, lungs for breathing
Nephrons produce hypertonic urine to remove waste and conserve
Social behaviorinteraction among two or more animals (usually of same species)
Cooperation, agonistic, dominance, hierarchies, territoriality, altruism

ENERGY TRANSFER
At the Molecular/Cellular Level

As cell grows:

LEARNING MODIFIES BEHAVIOR

nucleus must provide enough info to produce substances to meet the cells needs

Habituation

5 major phases: G1, S, G2 (together make up interphase), mitosis, and cytokinesis

Associative Learning

more than 90% of a cells life

actual dividing of the nucleus

Imprinting

Examples of Learning and Problem Solving

dividing of cytoplasm; often begins during anaphase

Learning Sometimes Happen in Stages

contact inhibition/density-dependent inhibitionnormal cells grow and divide until they become crowded

Learning From Others

generates genetic diversity that is the raw material for natural selection and evolution

SOCIAL BEHAVIOR

reduction division; where homologous chromosomes separate

Cooperation

parent

sister chromatids separate into 2 different cells; chromosome # is haploid; daughter cells identical to
like mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

Agonistic Behavior

3 types of genetic variation result from the processes of meiosis and fertilization:

Dominance Hierarchies

cell cycle control systemregulate rate at which cells divide

Territoriality

Cells carry out apoptosis for several reasons:

Cells carry out apoptosis for several reasons:

Altruism

NATURAL SELECTION AND REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS

Foraging Behavior: Cost-Benefit Analysis

Cells carry out apoptosis for several reasons:

Mating Behavior and Mate Choice

Cells carry out apoptosis for several reasons:

EVOLUTION OF BEHAVIOR

Cells carry out apoptosis for several reasons: