Hydro Mechanics of

Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
Lecture (4)

11/26/2014

Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

Euler Equations
In 1755, Leonard
Euler applied
Newtons second law
(force = mass x
acceleration) to nonviscous and
incompressible
fluids.
Isaac Newton
(1642-1 727)
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Leonhard Euler
(1707-83)
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Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

in the x-direction for a fluid mass element dm

Fluid Element
z

p x
p
x 2

w
C

CV

p x
p
x 2

y
x

y
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rgxyz
3

Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

Consider the flow in the x-y plane

p

p y
y 2

xz

p x
x 2

p x
x 2

p
yz

Du
Fx dm
Dt

C (xc , yc , zc)

xz

p y
y 2

x
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yz

Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

Du
Fx dm
Dt

p x
x 2

yz

p x
x 2

yz

u x u y u z u
p x
p x

x 2
x 2

t t x t y t z
pyz py

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u
p
u
u
u
xyz r xyz u v w
x
x
y
z
t

Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

u
p
u
u
u
xyz r xyz u v w
x
x
y
z
t
u
p
u
u
u

r u v w
x
x
y
z
t
1 p u
u
u
u

u v w
r x t
x
y
z

1 p u
u
u
u

u v w
r x t
x
y
z
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Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

Similarly in y-direction

1 p v
v
v
v

u v w
r y t
x
y
z
and in z-direction

w
1 p
w
w
w

g
u
v
w
r z
x
y
z
t
11/26/2014

Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

Thus, the Euler equations for a non-viscous and incompressible flow are:

1 p u
u
u
u

u v w
r x t
x
y
z

in x-direction

1 p v
v
v
v

u v w
r y t
x
y
z

in y-direction

w
1 p
w
w
w

g
u
v
w
r z
x
y
z
t
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in z-direction

Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

Bernoulli Equation
Swiss mathematician, son of Johann Bernoulli, who
showed that as the velocity of a fluid increases, the
pressure decreases, a statement known as the
Bernoulli principle. He won the annual prize of the
French Academy ten times for work on vibrating
strings, ocean tides, and the kinetic theory of
gases. For one of these victories, he was ejected
from his jealous father's house, as his father had
also submitted an entry for the prize.

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Daniel Bernoulli
(1700-1782)

Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

Substitute in terms of f

M.A. Kotb
in x-direction

1 p u
u
u
u

u v w
r x t
x
y
z
1 p f f f f f f f

r x t x x x x y y x z z x
1 p f f f f f f f

r x t x x x x y x y z x z
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Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

2
2
2

p f 1 f 1 f 1 f

x r x t 2 x x 2 x y 2 x z
2
2
2

p f 1 f 1 f 1 f

x r x t 2 x 2 y 2 z
2
2
2

p f 1 f 1 f 1 f
0

x r t 2 x 2 y 2 z
2

f 1 f 1 f 1 f

Const y, z , t
r t 2 x 2 y 2 z
p

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Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

Similarly in y-direction

2
2
2

p f 1 f 1 f
1 f
0

y r t 2 x 2 y 2 z
2

f 1 f 1 f 1 f

Const z , t
r t 2 x 2 y 2 z
p

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Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

Similarly in z-direction

p f 1 f 1 f 1 f
g

z r t 2 x 2 y 2 z
2

f 1 f 1 f 1 f

gz Const t
r t 2 x 2 y 2 z
p

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Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

Hence

r t
p

r t
p f

r t
p

2
2
2

1 f f f
gz Const t
2 x y z
1
2
2
2
gz u v w Const t
2
1
gz V 2 Const t
2

f
V2

gz
Const t
r t
2
p

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Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

Stationary or Steady Flow

Recall

f
V2

gz
Const t
r t
2
p

In steady flow ,the derivative of the potential, df/dt, becomes

zero and the function of time, C (t), becomes a constant, C; all
time functions are now absent. In this case, the Bernoulli
equation becomes:

V2
gz
Const
r
2
p

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Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

Often, the Bernoulli equation for a stationary flow is written in

other forms:

p
V2
z
Const
rg
2g
Or

1
p rgz rV 2 Const
2

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Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

Isaac Newton (1 642-1 727)

English mathematician, physicist
and astronomer; studied at the
University of Cambridge. His three
big discoveries of the spectral
analysis of light, universal
gravitation and differential and
integral calculus are only too well
known. There are so many
scientific terms named after
Newton (Newton's rings and
Newton's law of
otion/viscosity/resistance) that he
can be regarded as the greatest
contributor to the establishment of
modern natural science.
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M.A. Kotb

Isaac Newton (1 642-1 727)

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Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

Leonhard Euler (1707-83)

Mathematician born near Basle in
Switzerland. A pupil of Johann Bernoulli
and a close friend of Daniel Bernoulli.
Contributed enormously to the
mathematical development of Newtonian
mechanics, while formulating the equations
of motion of a perfect fluid and solid. Lost
his sight in one eye and then both eyes, as
a result of a disease, but still continued
his research.
Leonhard Euler (1707-83)

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Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

Daniel Bernoulli (1700-82)

Mathematician born in Groningen in the
Netherlands. A good friend of Euler. Made
efforts to popularise the law of fluid motion,
while tackling various novel problems in
fluid statics and dynamics. Originated the
Latin word hydrodynamics, meaning fluid
dynamics.
Daniel Bernoulli (1700-82)

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Hydro Mechanics of
Offshore Structures
MM771

M.A. Kotb

Thank you .!!!!!

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