RESEARCH ARTICLE

Power Cable High Frequency Modelling For Inductor Fed

Induction Motor Drives
First Author1, Second Author2, Third Author2, Fourth Author1
1
2

(1st Affiliation) Department Name, Name of Organization, City, Country;

(2nd Affiliation) Department Name, Name of Organization, City, Country.

Handling Editor: Name, Department Name, University Name, Country Name

Received: 01 January 2014; Accepted: 01 February 2014; Published: 01 March 2014
Funding: This article was funded by (include funding information). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and
analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Abstract: The paper discussed on high frequency cable modeling, simulation and analysis accounting the cable and
screen parameters. Also it discusses the coupling effects between each phase cables as well as screens. The effects of
different parameters are accurately calculated for cable connected between Adjustable Frequency Drive (AFD) and
Motor. An improved high-frequency cable equivalent circuit model is developed to represent the high-frequency
behaviors of cables connected between drive(AFD) and the motor terminal. This model will help us to predict the effect
of long cables accurately for any pulse width modulation (PWM). Adjustable Frequency Drive(AFD) is of a crucial
importance in the analysis of transient over voltages, Screen voltages and conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI)
propagation, both common and differential mode. Accurate prediction of cable high frequency behaviors will help us
mitigate unwanted effects. The proposed method is based on the measurement of the cable impedance frequency
responses of the cables in short and open circuit conditions. The cable parameters and cable behavior is analyzed by
mathematical functions in frequency domain. For different range of frequency and cable equivalent circuit are
developed and the same has been implemented and the results are presented in Matlab/Simulink .
Keywords: High frequency cable modeling, Adjustable frequency Drive, Cable parameters, Reflection
coefficients, Induction motor drives

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1. Introduction
Many industrial processes used adjustable frequency
drives (AFD) of induction motors which are run with
long feeding cable. The modern drives uses pulse
width modulation (PWM) induction motor drives
which are responsible for transients reflected over
voltages and high switching transitions current
affects the common mode voltage as a result that
lead to several serious problems occur and
electromagnetic interference (EMI). The
transients reflected voltages go up to two times the
DC link voltages in the motor terminals are fed long
cables if the cable characteristics impedance do not
match with motor impedance. This transient
Fig. 1. Power cable model
overvoltage is determined by reflection coefficient
and same is tied to the impedance mismatch between
the cable and the motor end terminal.[1] Its magnitude is dependent both on the cable length and characteristics
impedance of the long fed cable. When the characteristics load impedance is more than the characteristics cable
impedance reflected from the load back toward the source of the adjustable frequency drives (AFD). The
magnitude of the peak voltage is equal to the sum of the peak voltage travelling toward the motor plus the
reflected voltage. If the load characteristics impedance is greater than the cable characteristic impedance, then
the peak voltage will be experienced at the Induction
motor terminals. Hence the reflected voltage at
induction motor terminals depends on the distance
between the motor and adjustable frequency drives
(AFD) and as well as on the impedance mismatch
between the cable characteristics and motor
impedance. This reflected over-voltage has been
known to cause premature failure of the motor and
cable insulation affects[2]. This paper focuses a
different switching frequency modeling technique
for predicting overvoltage transients in long-cablefed motor drives. First an accurate frequencydependent cable model is developed using a higherorder multiple sections, which includes the skin
effects as well as dielectric losses. The model
Fig. 2. High frequency conductor model for various parameters are identified based on the measured DM
impedance characteristics in a different wide
frequencies
frequency range from hundred Hz to ten MHz then,
an improved motor model is proposed which
accurately captures the high switching frequency DM and CM impedance characteristics from hundreds of Hz
to tens of MHz the proposed methodology is verified experimentally as well as compared against two
conventional models. It is shown that the proposed model represents an appreciable improvement in predicting
the motor overvoltage transients [3] for many of these reasons the development of accurate high frequency cable
simulation models is crucial for an appropriate analysis of overvoltage and EMI in lower drive systems. Several
contribution based on lumped parameters schematization of the cables have been presented in technical
literature [4]-[8]. In [4] selection of lumped elements models for coupled lossy transmission lines is used to
developed a high frequency model of the cable in a PWM drive, where a lossy representation of the line is
proposed. In [5-6] conducted electromagnetic emissions in induction motor drive systems are well discussed in
time domain as well as frequency domain analysis. The paper [7], [8] discuss about high frequency cable
modeling accounting different cable parameters and practical results discussed. But none of the above papers
focused the cable modeling covering screen voltages for cables. In this paper, research focused on cable as well
as screens. Modeling was done for both cable parameters and screen parameters and same were connected
between AFD and motor to check the effectiveness of the model.
xl10
xl9
xl8
xl7
xl6
xl5
xl4

xl3

Conn Port 2
2

xl2

Conn Port1

xl1

xc1

xc2

xc3

xc4

xc5

xc6

xc7

xc8

xc9

xc10

2.Reflected Voltage In Adjustable Frequency Drives(AFD) For Induction Motor

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The presence of the power cable between the AFD and the Induction motor introduces a
swinging frequency which leads to propagation waves. The swinging is excited by the step
voltage during switching of the inverter power devices and depends on the cable and motor
parameters. The pulsation raise to the ac cable may be modeled with the help of a ramp with
t

V (t ) fort t r
v r (t ) tc
V (t ) fort t r
rise time tr, voltage magnitude V, and the step function (t)
(1)
Where V is Voltage of the dc bus magnitude and is represented as V in the above equation(1).
The high frequency pulses can develop travelling-waves along the power cable that has been
connected between AFD and motor [9], [10]. The traveling speed of the waves is defined
with respect to cable parameters such as inductance per meter L m and capacitance per meter
Cm and the same is represented in equation (2)

1
Lm C m
(2)

The traveling time tt that it takes for the wave front to reach the receiving end depends on the
cable length Lc and the travelling speedCc

Fig. 3. Proposed model

tt

lc
t
(3)

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For the analysis of these traveling waves, the cable typical impedance Z c is an important
quantity [10]. With losses neglected, it is obtained as

Lm
Cm

Zc

(4)
When the wave reaches the receiving end of the Motor, the relationship of the reflected
transient voltage to the incident wave is represented by the reflection factor.

rec

Z rec Z c
Z rec Z c
(5)

This is also depends on the surge impedance of the motor Zrec.

Similarly, for the sending end side, the reflection factor is represented as

send

Z send Z c
Z send Z c
(6)

3. The Proposed Model

The presented method is completely based on the most important parameters of the power cables connected
between AFD and Induction motor. The mathematical model for power cables including phase conductors and
screens developed using MATLAB/Simulink. The proposed concept in this paper is based on mathematical
approach to formulate the cable equations and same are developed. Also the developed models were integrated
with AFD fed Induction motor. In this approach, predicted the self impedance of phase conductor(Z sp), self
impedance of screen conductor(Zss), mutual impedance between the phase and screen conductor(Zps), mutual
inductance between the phase conductor(Zp) have been extensively considered in the following sections

Der
/ km
GMR pc

Z sp Rdc Rer jk ff log

(7)

RDC cu

1000 (17.8e )

/m
2
S cu
d
n
2
(8)

Rer f / km
2

k ff 0.173522 f

(9)

/ km
(10)

GMR pc r. exp( r / 4)
(11)

Der 1650 cu / 2f m
(12)

cu 17.8e / m
9

(13)
Where:
Zsp is the self-impedance of the phase conductor
RDC is the dc resistance of the phase conductor,
Rer is the resistance of the earth return path,
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Kff is the frequency factor

GMRpc is the geometric mean radius of phase
conductor,
r is the radius of the conductor
r is the relative permittivity of the conducting
material,
f is the frequency in Hertz
Der is the distance to equivalent earth return
path,

cu

is the resistivity of phase conductors

n is the number of strands in the phase
conductors
f is the nominal frequency of the cable,
d is the diameter of the one strand in meter,

Der
/ km
Z ss R x Re jK ff log
GMRx
(14)

Rx

1000
/ km
s

GMRx

(15)

rext rint
2

(16)
Where:
Zss is the self-impedance of screen conductor.
Rx is the dc resistance of the phase screen
conductor
GMRx is the geometric mean radius of phase
screen insulator
is the resistivity of the conductor,
rextis the external radius of phase and screen
insulator,
rint is the internal radius of the phase and screen
insulator

D
Z ps Rer jk ff log er ( / km)
Dn
(17)
Where:
Zps is the mutual impedance between the phase
and screen conductor
Dn is the distance between the phase conductor
and Mean radius at phase screen insulator.
The mutual impedance for n phase conductor is calculated as per the below equations and n is greater than one

Der
/ km
GMD

Z xx Rer jk ff log

(18)

GMD n

d
n

xy

(19)
Where
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Zxx is the mutual impedance between the phase

conductors,
n is the total number the conductor
GMD is the geometric mean distance of the
phase conductor set to all other conductors it is
represented by a symbol Dmbetween the phase
conductor and set of cables.
The capacitance effect between screen conductor and ground, phase and screen are calculated equation number
[20]

rpsi

f / km
D psi
log

d

psi

C ps 0.024147

(20)
Where:
Cps is the capacitance between phase
and screen

rpsi

is the relative permittivity of the

phase and screen insulator
Dpsi is the external diameter of phase and
screeninsulator

d psi
is the internal diameter of outer screen
Insulator

r11

r13
r
12

r13
r13
r12

r12
r12
r11

r12
r12
r13

r12
r12
r12

r12

r12
r12

r12
r
12
r
12

r12
r12
r12

r13
r12
r12

r33
r12
r12

r12
r11
r12

r12
r13
r33`

(21)
Where:
r11is the self resistance of the conductor /km
r12is the mutual resistance between the phase
conductor in /km
r13 is the mutual resistance between the phase and screen conductor in /km
r33 is the self resistance of the screen conductor in /km

l11 l13 l12

l13 l33 l12

l12
l12

l12
l12

l12

l12

l
12

l12

l11 l13 l12

l12
l
12
l
12

l12
l12
l12

l13 l33 l12 l12

l12 l12 l11 l13
l12 l12 l13 l33

l12

(22)

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Where:
l11is the self-inductance of the conductor
Henry/km
l12 is the mutual inductance between the phase conductor in Henry/km
l13is the mutual inductance between the phase and screen conductor in Henry /km
l33 is the self-inductance of the screen conductor in Henry/km

z11

z13
z
12

z12
z
12
z
12

z13

z12

z12

z12

z12

z33
z12

z12
z11

z12
z13

z12
z12

z12
z12

z12

z13

z33

z12

z12

z12
z12

z12
z12

z12
z12

z11
z13

z13
z33
(23)

Where:
z11 is the self-impedance of the conductor /km
z12is the mutual impedance between the phase conductor in /km

z13 is the mutual impedance between the phase and screen conductor in /km
z33is the self-impedance of the screen conductor in /km
c ps

c ps

c ps

csg

c ps

c ps

c ps

csg

c ps

c ps

0
c ps

csg

(24)

Where:
cps=capacitance between phase conductor and screen conductor in farad/km
csg=capacitance between screen conductor and ground

4.Inductance, Capacitance, Impedance Calculation Of Power Cable N Branch Model

x L1 2f 1 L
x L 2 2f 2 L
x L 3 2f 3 L

x Ln 2f n L
(25)

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