Green Tea Should It Be Used As A Dietary Aid For.8 PDF

Top Clin Nutr
Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 268277

c 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Copyright
LITERATURE REVIEW
Green Tea
Should It Be Used As a Dietary Aid
for Weight Loss?
Deborah A. Hutcheon, MS, RD, LD;
Jane Ziegler, DCN, RD, LDN
Dietary weight loss supplements include a wide range of ingredients. Many ingredients are derived
from natural food sources such as green tea. This article presents the composition, mechanisms
of action, efficacy, and safety of green tea as a dietary aid to weight loss in overweight and
obese adults. While green tea appears to promote energy expenditure and fat oxidation, safety
concerns exist when it is consumed as a dietary supplement. Until more evidence-based research
is conducted to determine which formulations and dosages are the safest and most effective,
green tea should be used with caution as an aid for weight loss. Key words: caffeine, dietary
supplements, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, functional food, green tea, obesity, weight loss
ITH more than two-thirds of adults

in the United States being classified
as either overweight or obese,1 intervention strategies to combat obesity and manage
weight are plentiful and vary in composition,
methodology, and outcomes. Dietary adjustment, physical activity, and lifestyle modification require much time and effort; therefore,
individuals may turn to dietary supplements
as an easier method to lose weight. Approximately 30% of American adults attempting to lose weight use dietary weight loss
supplements.2 Often these individuals believe
that these supplements are safe and more ef-
Author Affiliation: The School of Health Related

Professions, Rutgers, The State University of New
Jersey, Newark.
The authors have disclosed that they have no significant relationships with, or financial interest in, any
commercial companies pertaining to this article.
Correspondence: Deborah A. Hutcheon, MS, RD, LD,
The School of Health Related Professions, Rutgers, The
State University of New Jersey, 65 Bergen St, Newark,
NJ 07107 (hutcheda@shrp.rutgers.edu).
DOI: 10.1097/TIN.0000000000000004
fective in producing weight loss than dietary

modification alone.2
Despite their plentiful usage, the contents
of dietary supplements, including those formulated specifically for weight loss, are not
regulated by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Under the Dietary Supplement
Health and Education Act of 1994,3 manufacturers are responsible for ensuring the quality and safety of the dietary supplements that
they produce and market to consumers, but
they are not required to either register the
product or receive approval from the FDA
prior to production and distribution. Manufacturers may not make unapproved health
claims regarding their products and must include a standardized disclaimer statement on
the supplement label. This disclaimer notifies
consumers that the FDA has not evaluated any
structure-function claims tied to the product
and that the product is not intended to replace
traditional medical advice and treatment. Only
when a dietary supplement, or one of its ingredients, poses documented harm to consumers
will the FDA withdraw it from the market.
Dietary weight loss supplements include
a wide range of ingredients. Neither the
268
Copyright 2014 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
Green Tea As a Dietary Aid for Weight Loss

individual ingredients nor the supplement
products are regulated by the FDA. Many
ingredients are derived from what both nutrition professionals and consumers might consider natural food sources. While the FDA permits manufacturers to use the term natural
for foods that do not contain added color, artificial flavors, or synthetic substances,4 the
FDA has not officially defined the term natural when applied to food products and ingredients used in dietary supplements.4 As
specifically applied to dietary supplements,
nothing within the permitted use of the term
natural delineates the composition and nutritional profile, recognizes the functional status
related to health, or guarantees the safety of a
dietary supplement.
Green tea is one natural food product
that has emerged in the marketplace as a dietary supplement endorsed for its potential
not only to prevent certain types of cancer5
and coronary artery disease6 but also to induce weight loss.7 With consumers accepting the use of dietary supplements for weight
loss,2 it is imperative that nutrition professionals understand the potential benefits and
possible risks associated with their use. The
purpose of this article is to discuss the composition, dietary forms, functional efficacy, and
safety of green tea as a dietary supplement for
weight loss.
THE COMPOSITION AND DIETARY

FORMS OF GREEN TEA
Green tea, like black tea, is derived from
the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant.8
In contrast to black tea, the leaves used for
green tea do not undergo fermentation as they
are dried. Instead, they are steam dried. This
steam drying immediately inactivates the enzymes that are responsible for the oxidation
of the polyphenolic compounds found in the
leaves.9 As a result, the chemical and functional properties of green tea differ from those
of black tea.
Green tea is rich in catechins, which are
polyphenolic flavanol compounds naturally
269
present in nonoxidized tea leaves.10 The

4 main catechins present in green tea
are epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin, epicatechin-3-gallate, and
epicatechin.8 Because of their antioxidant
properties, these catechins, particularly
EGCG, appear to be the primary functional
compounds responsible for green teas
posited health benefits.11 These health benefits include cancer prevention, cardiovascular
protection, oral health promotion, and body
weight regulation.9 Caffeine, which is known
for its stimulant properties,12 is also present
in green tea.10 As will be discussed, EGCG and
caffeine appear to be the most metabolically
active compounds in green tea when it comes
to weight regulation.
Depending on the plant species used and
on the climate, region, and season of growth,
the total catechin and caffeine content of
green tea varies from 21 to 228 mg and 11
to 20 mg, respectively, per 1 g of dry tea extracted in 100 mL of hot water (95 C-100 C)
for 5 minutes.8 The duration that the tea
steeps appears to impact the amount of compounds extracted. For a standard commercial
green tea bag, caffeine extraction in 120 mL
of hot water can range from 15 mg after
1 minute of steeping time to 41 mg after
5 minutes of steeping time.13 Regarding
EGCG, the US Department of Agriculture
estimates the EGCG content of brewed
green tea to be 77 mg in 120 mL of water.14
Therefore, a standard commercial green tea
bag prepared with 120 mL of hot water and
steeped for 5 minutes is estimated to provide
as much as 41 mg of caffeine and 274 mg of
total catechins, 77 mg of which is EGCG.
While commonly consumed as a brewed
beverage, green tea may also be consumed
as a dietary supplement known as an extract.
This extract provides a concentrated source
of green tea catechins and caffeine. As presented in Table 1, green tea extract supplements available for consumer purchase contain 150 to 1260 mg of green tea extract, 70
to 326 mg of EGCG, and typically undeclared
amounts of caffeine per recommended daily
intake.
Web Link to
Product Label
Recommended
Daily Dose
Abbreviation: EGCG, epigallocatechin-3-gallate.

a Undeclared as the ingredient and amount are not listed on the label.
http://gnc.imageg.net/graphics/product_
2-4 mL
images/pGNC1-11121670_gnclabel_pdf.pdf
1 capsule
http://www.healthyorigins.com/mm5/
1-2 capsules
graphics/00000001/labels/41362l.pdf
LifeExtension Decaffeinated Mega http://gnc.imageg.net/graphics/product_
1 capsule
Green Tea Extract
LifeExtension Lightly Caffeinated
1 capsule
Mega Green Tea Extract
Natures Bounty Green Tea
http://images.vitaminimages.com/cdn/sd/pdf/
4 capsules
Standardized Extract
L003131-NB.PDF
Pure Encapsulations Teavigo
http://www.pureencapsulations.com/media/
1-2 capsules
Teavigo.pdf
Source Naturals Green Tea Extract http://www.sourcenaturals.com/products/
2-3 tablets
(100 mg)
GP1146/
Source Naturals Green Tea Extract http://www.sourcenaturals.com/products/
1 tablet
(500 mg)
GP1146/
Swanson Superior Herbs Teavigo
http://www.swansonvitamins.com/
1 capsule
swanson-superior-herbs-teavigo-green-teaextract-90-egcg-30-veg-caps?SourceCode=
INTL405&CAWELAID=448873928&catargetid=
530002460000000567&cadevice=c&cagpspn=
pla&gclid=CNym0cWdsrgCFSpk7AodiAIA7Q
GNC Herbal Plus Standardized

Green Tea Complex (Liquid)
GNC Herbal Plus Standardized
Green Tea Complex (Capsules)
Healthy Origins Teavigo
Dietary
Supplement
Undeclareda
Undeclareda
135-270 mg
326 mg
326 mg
Undeclareda
141-282 mg
70-105 mg
175 mg
150 mg
150-300 mg
725 mg
725 mg
1260 mg
150-300 mg
200-300 mg
500 mg
168 mg
Caffeine-free
Undeclareda
Undeclareda
Caffeine-free
3.6 mg
Caffeine-free
Undeclareda
125 mg
500 mg
Undeclareda
Caffeine
Content
125-250 mg
EGCG
Content
500-1000 mg
Green Tea
Extract
Content
Table 1. Comparison of Green Tea Extract, EGCG, and Caffeine Content in Select Commercial Green Tea Supplements
270
TOPICS IN CLINICAL NUTRITION/JULYSEPTEMBER 2014

THE MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF
GREEN TEA IN WEIGHT REGULATION
Green tea appears to affect weight regulation by increasing energy expenditure15,16
and fat oxidation.16,17 EGCG and caffeine
are the 2 primary compounds in green
tea responsible for these metabolic alterations. EGCG increases the release of and impedes the degradation of norepinephrine,18
which stimulates oxidative metabolic pathways including lipolysis.19 Caffeine increases
sympathetic nervous system activity to also
increase circulating norepinephrine and
therefore metabolism.20 Also, caffeine prevents the degradation of intracellular cyclic
adenosine monophosphate by inhibiting
its degrading enzyme phosphodiesterase.
The increased presence of cyclic adenosine monophosphate stimulates further norepinephrine release adding to the propensity
for enhanced metabolism and fat oxidation.19
Research by Hursel et al21 indicates that
administering caffeine and EGCG together,
such as through green tea extract, is more
effective at inducing an increase in both energy expenditure and fat oxidation than administering either caffeine or EGCG alone.
Thus, the metabolic effect of green tea may
be independent of the consumption of either compound alone. These 2 compounds
appear to work in tandem to induce green
teas metabolic effect on weight regulation.21
Yet, a threshold of effectiveness may exist when EGCG is consumed with caffeine.
In one study, changes in energy expenditure were not amplified as the total EGCG
dosage increased from 270 to 1200 mg
while the total caffeine dosage remained
constant.15 Therefore, consumption of EGCG
and caffeine together, such as via green tea,
may produce the most meaningful effect on
energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans, but higher dosages may not be more
effective than lower dosages.
In human studies, increases in 24-hour energy expenditure have been achieved with
as little as 270 mg of EGCG and 150 mg of
caffeine per day16 and as much as 1200 mg
271
of EGCG and 600 mg of caffeine per day.15

The smaller amount resulted in a 4% (79 kcal)
increase in energy expenditure.16 The larger
amount resulted in an 8% (180 kcal) increase
in energy expenditure.15 Similarly, the daily
provision of 270 to 300 mg of EGCG and 150
to 200 mg of caffeine resulted in an increase
in fat oxidation.16,17 These findings have led
researchers to investigate the effectiveness of
green tea on weight loss.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GREEN TEA
ON WEIGHT REGULATION
The effectiveness of green tea on weight
loss in humans appears contradictory. Many
studies (Table 2) investigating the effectiveness of green tea with and without caffeine
on weight loss have demonstrated a reduction in body weight in overweight and obese
adults,22-27 but not all studies have demonstrated a significant decrease in weight compared with placebo.23,25 In these studies,22-27
resultant weight loss, whether significant or
not, is equivalent to less than 0.25 to 0.75 lb
per week. This rate of weight loss is within the
amount of advisable safe, weekly weight loss
for overweight and obese individuals.28 This
amount could also be lost through a dietary
reduction of 125 to 375 kcal per day.
A meta-analysis by Hursel et al29 found
that in weight loss studies of moderate duration (12-13 weeks), including some of those
presented in Table 2, the use of green tea
extracts produced modest yet significant effectiveness in stimulating weight loss in overweight and obese adults. Both as an extract
capsule and as a brewed beverage, provision
of 100 to 600 mg of EGCG and 4 to 198 mg
of caffeine daily in divided doses prior to
meals for 8 to 12 weeks produced a significant
decrease in all anthropometric measures,22
body weight,24,26,27 body mass index,26 intraabdominal fat,27 waist circumference,25,27 total body fat,27 and body fat percentage.27
Similar to the studies investigating the mechanisms of action of green tea, these variations in results may in part be due to the
threshold and/or ratio of EGCG to caffeine
8 wk
12 wk
46 overweight (BMI = 27.7

1.8 kg/m2 ) adult (age =
31-52 y) females
60 overweight and obese

(BMI >25 kg/m2 ) Thai
adults
78 overweight and obese
(BMI >27 kg/m2 )
adolescent and adult (age
= 16-60 y) females
35 obese (mean BMI = 36.1
1.3 kg/m2 ) adults (mean
age = 42.5 1.7 y)
35 obese (mean BMI = 36.1
1.3 kg/m2 ) adults (mean
age = 42.5 1.7 y)
182 overweight (BMI = 24-35
kg/m2 ) Chinese adults (age
= 18-55 y)
Diepvens
et al23
Auvichayapat
et al24
12 wk
8 wk
8 wk
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; EGCG, epigallocatechin-3-gallate.

a
Total amount consumed per day.
b
EGCG content was not identified in this study.
Wang et al27
Basu et al26
Basu et al26
12 wk
12 wk
240 overweight (BMI = 24-30

kg/m2 ) Japanese adults
(age = 25-55 y)
Nagao et al22
Hsu et al25
Duration
Subjects
Study
Green tea
brewed
4 cups
Green tea
extract
2 capsules
Green tea
beverage
Green tea
extract
3 capsules
Green tea
extract
3 capsules
Green tea
extract
9 capsules
Green tea
extract
340-mL
beverage
Intervention
Supplement
Modea
886 mg
870 mg
928 mg
1200 mg
750 mg
2790 mg
582.8 mg
Green Tea
Extract
Contenta
Not specified
460 mg
440 mg
302 mg
100.74 mg
595.8 mg
100.3 mg
EGCG
Contenta
198 mg
3.6 mg
8.96 mg
27 mg
86.58 mg
236.7 mg
72 mg
Caffeine
Contenta
Table 2. Comparison of Green Tea Extract, EGCG, and Caffeine Content in Studies on Weight Loss
Significant (P .01) weight loss

(2.5 0.7 kg) compared with
placebo
Significant (P < .05) weight loss
placebo
(mean = 1.2 kg) compared with
control containing 30 mg of
catechinsb and 10 mg of
caffeinea

control beverage of 96.3 mg of
green tea extract,a 16.7 mg of
EGCG,a and 75.1 mg of caffeinea
(4.2 3 kg) compared with
baseline but not significant
compared with placebo
(mean = 2.7 kg) compared with
placebo and baseline
No significant weight loss (0.15
2 kg) compared with placebo
Outcome
272

administered. The meta-analyses by Hursel
et al29 and Phung et al30 noted that positive
results occurred more frequently in studies
that used extracts containing both EGCG and
caffeine than those that used EGCG alone.
It should be noted that all22-25,27 but one26
of the studies either required or advised the
consumption of the green tea extract supplement around meal time. In their research
on the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability
of tea catechins, Henning et al31 found the
plasma concentration of green tea catechins,
including EGCG, peaked around 2 hours after the administration of a green tea extract
supplement. Therefore, the timing of green
tea extract administration may play a role in
its metabolic efficacy to promote enhanced
energy expenditure and fat oxidation in the
postprandial state.
The studies that are presented in Table 2
contain a number of strengths. They are all
randomized controlled trials,22-27 with many
being single-blind,24,26 double-blind,22,23,25,27
placebo-controlled,23-25,27 or compared with
an alternate intervention.22,26 In all the
studies,22-27 the groups were matched in their
baseline characteristics. The predominant limitations of studies include their short durations, their small samples sizes, their diversity
in the ethnicity of the subjects, their variations in green tea extract dosage and form,
their failure to account for dietary sources of
catechins and caffeine, and the presence of additional variables (gender, menopausal status
of the females, diet composition, and physical
activity level) that may have influenced the results. These limitations may account for some
of the disparities when comparing the weight
loss outcomes of the studies.29
Four of the studies included in this review
involve Asians,22,24,25,27 who are presumed
to consume green tea habitually. This habitual consumption may influence the outcomes,
as their bodies may have acquired a tolerance level that must be exceeded to prompt
a heightened metabolic response.29 Similarly,
some of the studies24-26,27 failed to account
for all habitual and dietary caffeine consumption that could likewise influence the bodys
273
metabolic response.29 The study by Diepvens

et al23 inquired about the habitual catechin
and caffeine intake of the subjects prior to
the study, included subjects who consumed
200 to 400 mg of caffeine per day, and required standardized caffeine intake from dietary sources (coffee only 3 times per day for
a total of 300 mg of caffeine daily) during the
study. Basu et al26 advised subjects to avoid all
other sources of green tea and green tea extracts but did not advise about caffeine intake.
The study by Wang et al27 included subjects
who consumed what the researchers defined
as low tea consumption (<2 tea bags per day
or <4 g of loose tea per day) and advised them
to avoid all beverages, but not foods, containing catechins and caffeine. Only the study by
Nagao et al22 measured and reported the dietary intake of catechins and caffeine from
other dietary sources during the study.
In the study by Diepvens et al,23 the green
tea extract was administered in combination
with a low-energy diet that was followed by
both the placebo and the intervention groups.
While both groups lost a significant amount of
weight, a statistically significant difference in
weight loss was not observed between the
groups. The reduced kilocalorie value of the
diet presents an additional variable that may
have been responsible for the similarity in
weight loss between the groups. This study
demonstrates that green tea extract supplementation does not provide an added benefit
for weight loss when used with a kilocalorierestricted diet, but the amount of impact that
the green tea had on the overall weight loss of
the intervention group cannot be determined.
In contrast, in the study by Auvichayapat
et al,24 a standardized diet was used for all subjects. Besides requesting that they continue
their habitual dietary intake patterns, other
studies22,25-27 did not place restrictions on the
subjects dietary intake. Thus, this protocol
provides insight into green teas impact on
body weight under conditions of ad libitum
habitual dietary intake. However, Hsu et al,25
who used an ad libitum dietary protocol, failed
to report on the characteristics of the diets of the placebo and intervention groups.
274
Differences in dietary composition between

the groups, although unknown, may account
for the lack of a significant weight change produced by this study.
THE SAFETY OF GREEN TEA

While green tea demonstrates some potential as a dietary aid to weight loss, the US Pharmacopeia has expressed concerns regarding
the safety of green tea extracts. A daily intake of 700 to 3000 mg may lead to acute
liver disease ranging in severity from an elevation in liver enzymes to liver failure; thus, the
Dietary Supplement Information Expert Committee assigned a class 2 safety designation to
green tea extracts.32 This designation means
that significant safety concerns have not been
identified but that a warning statement alerting consumers to potential concerns should
be listed on product labels. While such safety
concerns apply to green tea extracts, the consumption of green tea as a brewed beverage
in moderate amounts (3-10 cups per day) appears to be safe.33
Research indicates that EGCG is welltolerated without significant adverse events
reported in both animals models34 and
humans.35,36 In humans, the oral intake of
800 mg of EGCG daily for 10 days appears
to be safe and well-tolerated.36 On the basis
of the analysis of data from animal models and
in light of the potential for long-term use by
the public, Isbrucker et al36 proposed an acceptable daily intake for humans of 5 mg of
EGCG/kg per day. This amount is equivalent
to 300 mg of EGCG per day for a 60-kg adult.36
According to a safety review on caffeine
published in 2010, caffeine does not appear
to produce any adverse health consequences
when consumed in moderate amounts.12 A
moderate amount is defined as 400 mg or less
per day for healthy adults, 300 mg or less
per day for pregnant women, and 3 mg or
less/kg body weight per day for children.12
In light of recent health concerns related to
caffeine intake, the FDA is reassessing the
safety and acceptable intake levels of caffeine,
particularly as they relate to children and adolescents. The FDA currently maintains that
400 mg per day for adults is safe.37 Minor
side effects of moderate caffeine consumption include headache, anxiety, nausea, insomnia, and dependency.38 Caffeine appears
unsafe and potentially lethal when consumed
through supplements at doses of 10 g or more
per day.12
IMPLICATIONS FOR DIETETICS

PRACTICE AND RESEARCH
In light of the research that has been discussed, green tea provides a functional benefit
for inducing weight loss. However, as a recent
Cochrane Review on this subject concluded,
this benefit may not be of clinical significance, particularly when assessed as a solitary
means of weight loss.7 As previously stated,
these changes are equivalent to a weight
loss of less than 0.25 lb up to 0.75 lb per
week and an increased energy expenditure of
125 to 375 kcal per day. The clinician must
consider if this marginal increase in energy
expenditure in combination with kilocalorie
reduction through diet and increased energy
expenditure through exercise may provide a
meaningful effect over time for the client. For
example, a client who reduces his caloric intake by 250 kcal per day and expends an additional 150 kcal per day through exercise might
benefit from the additional 100-kcal increase
in energy expenditure provided by the green
tea. Through this combination approach, the
client may be able to achieve a total daily
deficit of 500 kcal and 1 lb of weight lost
per week. While this appears positive, consideration must also be given to the amount
of green tea, whether as an extract pill or beverage, that must be consumed. As presented
in Table 2, some studies require multiple pills
or multiple cups of green tea per day. These
dosages may be cost-prohibitive and inconvenient for the consumer.
The safety of such supplementation must
also be considered. While all of the studies22-27
investigating the effects of green tea on
http://gnc.imageg.net/
graphics/product images/
pGNC1-7527680 gnclabel
pdf.pdf
http://gnc.imageg.net/
graphics/product images/
pGNC1-10313586 gnclabel
pdf.pdf
Applied
Nutrition
Green Tea
Fat Burner
Applied
Nutrition
Green Tea
Triple Fat
Burner
Slimquick Pure
Regular
Strength
Herbalife Total
Control
MEGA-T Green
Tea Fat
Burning
Supplement
Abbreviation: EGCG, epigallocatechin-3-gallate.

a Unknown as ingredient is part of proprietary blend.
http://www.myslimquick
.com/products/slimquick-pureregular-strength/
http://www.herbaldietshop.
com/pdfdocs/P0077.pdf
http://shop.ccaindustries.com/
product/mega-t-green-tea-fatburning-supplement-value-size
Web Link to
Product Label
Dietary
Supplement
100-200 mg
Unknowna
Unknowna
270 mg
200-400 mg
Unknowna
Unknowna
Unknowna
2-4 soft-gels
3 caplets
3 tablets
3 caplets
200-400 mg
400-800 mg
2-4 soft-gels
EGCG
Content
Green Tea
Extract Content
Recommended
Daily Dose
150 mg
246 mg
Unknowna
160-320 mg
160-320 mg
Caffeine
Content
Table 3. Comparison of Green Tea Extract, EGCG, and Caffeine Content in Select Commercial Dietary Weight Loss Supplements

275
276
weight loss reported a safe daily dose of caffeine (<400 mg), only one study22 reported
less than 700 mg of green tea extract. Only
3 studies22,24,27 reported less than 300 mg
of EGCG. Thus, multiple studies exceeded
the recommended safety threshold for one or
both of these compounds.
Despite the safety concerns, a recent retrospective study by Navarro et al38 failed
to find a positive association between the
presence of green tea catechins in herbal
dietary supplements, the daily consumption
of these supplements, and the development
of hepatotoxicity in consumers of these supplements. The duration of supplementation
prior to each subjects diagnosis with liver
injury was not defined in this study. This
lack of a defined time frame of usage limits the interpretation of these results. Although no correlation between green tea catechin intake and liver toxicity was found,
this study did find that dietary weight loss
supplements contain the highest concentrations of total catechins and EGCG. These
concentrations range from 12 to 486 mg
of total catechins and 5 to 210 mg of EGCG per
every 1 g of dietary supplement consumed.38
Unfortunately, many well-known dietary
weight loss supplements, as presented in
Table 3, fail to specify the amount of green
tea extract, EGCG, and caffeine in their products since these ingredients are often part of
a proprietary blend. The Dietary Supplement
Health and Education Act of 1994 allows manufacturers to list only the total amount of
the propriety blend, rather than the individual compounds, on the product label.3 This
labeling provision creates a safety concern
for consumers who may be unaware of the
exact ingredient amount that they are consuming. As Table 1 demonstrates, many singular green tea extract supplements do list
the amount of green tea extract and EGCG
on their label, and many of these products
provide what is considered a safe amount
of green tea extract and EGCG. However,
like the weight loss supplements, many fail
to list the amount of caffeine that they provide. Even for those products that do contain
a comprehensive listing of their ingredients
and their corresponding amounts, the quality and safety of these supplements have not
been evaluated by the FDA, so a guarantee
cannot be made as to the accuracy of this
information.
In the end, it must be realized that while
green tea provides a true physiological effect
on weight loss, this research remains in its
infancy. Further research is recommended to
determine the efficacious, standardized, and
safe long-term use of green tea for weight
management. Until more evidence-based research is conducted to determine which formulations and dosages are the safest and most
effective, green tea as an aid for weight loss
should be used with caution.
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2. Pillitteri JL, Shiffman S, Rohay JM, et al. Use of dietary
supplements for weight loss in the United States: results of a national survey. Obesity. 2008;16(4):790796.
3. Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act
of 1994. Pub L No. 103-417, 103rd Cong
(1996). http://www.ods.od.nih.gov/About/DSHEA
Wording.aspx. Accessed November 10, 2012.
4. US Food and Drug Administration. What is the meaning of natural on the label of food? http://www.fda
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Wang ZM, Zhou B, Wang YS, et al. Black and green tea
consumption and the risk of coronary artery disease:
a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93(3):506-515.
Jurgens TM, Whelan AM, Killian L, et al. Green tea for
weight loss and weight maintenance in overweight
and obese adults [review]. Cochrane Database Syst
Rev. 2012;12:CD008650.
Unachukwu UJ, Ahmed S, Kavalier A, et al. White
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variation in phenolic, methylxanthine, and antioxidant profiles. J Food Sci. 2010;75(6):C541-C548.

Cabrera C, Artacho R, Gimenez R. Beneficial effects of
green teaa review. J Am Coll Nutr. 2006;25(2):7999.
Lin YS, Tsai YJ, Tsay JS, et al. Factors affecting the
level of tea polyphenols and caffeine in tea leaves. J
Agric Food Chem. 2003;51(7):1864-1873.
Higdon JV, Frei B. Tea catechins and polyphenols:
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Top Clin Nutr

Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 268277

ITH more than two-thirds of adults

Author Affiliation: The School of Health Related

fective in producing weight loss than dietary

Green Tea As a Dietary Aid for Weight Loss

THE COMPOSITION AND DIETARY

present in nonoxidized tea leaves.10 The

Abbreviation: EGCG, epigallocatechin-3-gallate.

GNC Herbal Plus Standardized

Green Tea As a Dietary Aid for Weight Loss

of EGCG and 600 mg of caffeine per day.15

46 overweight (BMI = 27.7

60 overweight and obese

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; EGCG, epigallocatechin-3-gallate.

240 overweight (BMI = 24-30

Significant (P .01) weight loss

Significant (P < .05) weight loss

Green Tea As a Dietary Aid for Weight Loss

metabolic response.29 The study by Diepvens

TOPICS IN CLINICAL NUTRITION/JULYSEPTEMBER 2014

Differences in dietary composition between

THE SAFETY OF GREEN TEA

IMPLICATIONS FOR DIETETICS

Abbreviation: EGCG, epigallocatechin-3-gallate.

Green Tea As a Dietary Aid for Weight Loss

TOPICS IN CLINICAL NUTRITION/JULYSEPTEMBER 2014

Green Tea As a Dietary Aid for Weight Loss

variation in phenolic, methylxanthine, and antioxidant profiles. J Food Sci. 2010;75(6):C541-C548.

24. Auvichayapat P, Prapochanung M, Tunkamnerdthai

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