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IntegralBridgeSpringSupports
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IntegralBridgeSpringSupports

Anintegralbridgeisoneinwhichthebridgedeckanditssupportingabutmentsandpiersareintegratedwithout
expansionjointstoabsorbthedeformationofthebridgedeckusingtheflexibilityoftheabutmentsandpiers.
Theprimeconcerninintegralbridgesistheeffectsoftemperaturevariationsonthedeformationofbridgedeck.
Expansionandcontractionofthebridgedeckaffectsthebackfillsoiladjacenttotheabutments.Backfill
compactionduetoadeckexpansionandsoilslideduetoadeckcontractionisrepeated.Duetotherepeated
backfillcompactionandsoilslide,themodulusofsubgradereactionandthepressuredistributionofbackfillvary
withdepth.
ACycleistheperiodfromadeckexpansiontoadeckcontraction.Ifcyclesarerepeatedinfinitely,themodulusof
subgradereactionofbackfillbecomesconstant.UsingtheformulationproposedbyB.M.Lehane,soilspringscan
beassigned.
Toaccountforthischaracteristicofthesoil,lateralspringsaremodeledascompressiononlyspringsandvertical
springsaremodeledaslinearelasticsprings.

FromtheMainMenuselectModel>Boundaries>IntegralBridgeSpringSupports
SelectGeometry>Boundaries>IntegralBridgeSpringSupportsintheMenutaboftheTreeMenu

AbutmentSpring
Springsareautomaticallyassignedtobackfillandfoundations.Backfillsoilisdefinedascompressiononlysprings(
)andfoundationsaredefinedaslinearelasticsprings(
SupportsTable.

).EntereddatacanbecheckedfromPointSpring

ElementsofAbutment
Direction:SelectthedirectioninwhichElasticLinksaretobeassigned.
ElementList:Selecttheabutmentelementstowhichbackfillsoilspringsaretobe
assigned.
Forbeamelementstobeassignedwithsprings,onlySolidRectangle(
)sectionsareapplicable.

)andBox(

IfBetaAngleisusedfortheabutmentbeamelement,thewidthoftheabutmentis
calculatedbasedontheprojectionlength(
Footing.

).Thisisidenticallyapplicabletothe

SelectNodesforFootings
Selectthenodestowhichfoundationspringsaretobeassigned.
Nodesforfootingsshouldbeonastraightline.
Ifthenodesonastraightlinearenotcontinuous,selectonlythecontinuousnodes(at
leasttwonodes)atatime.

WhenSolidelementsareused,thenodesforfootingsshouldbelocatedalongthe

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centerlineoftheabutment/footingwidth.Asshowninthefigurebelow,thebluenodes
shouldbeselected.

GeometryData
AbutmentHeight(H)
AbutmentWidth(B)
DeckLength(L):Decklengthalongthelongitudinaldirection

SoilParameter
VoidRatio(e):Ratioofvoidtobackfillsoil
SpecificGravity(Gs):Thedensityofbackfillsoil.Ingeneral,2.65.
Cyclefactor(fcyc):Thisfactorisassessedatabout2basedonthetestconductedby
[Cosgroveetal(2001)].Andthisincorporatesthereductioninvoidratiobroughtaboutby
cycling.Deckisexpandedandcontractedduetotemperaturevariations.Integrated
abutmentisalsodeformedtogether.Thisisafactorusedintheempiricalformulawhich
accountsforthestateafterinfinitecycles.

ThermalExtension
DifferentialDeckTemp.:Temperatureincrementofdeck
:Thermalexpansioncoefficientofdeck

StripFootingSpringData
Found.Width(W):Thewidthoffoundation
Found.BearingPressure(p'):Foundationbearingpressure
Rot.SpringDir.:Rotationaldirectionofthefoundation.Ifthelongitudinaldirectionofthe
foundationisy,selectRy.

ComputationofStiffnessofCompressiononlySpringsforAbutmentBackfill

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StiffnessperUnitArea
AccordingtoBroms(1971),thelateralstressdisplacementrelationshipforabutmentbackfillofIntegralBridgeis
determinedasshowninthefigureabove.Thestiffnessperunitareaiscalculatedasfollows:

SpringStiffness
Thefinalspringstiffnessisdeterminedbymultiplyingthestiffnessperunitareabythearea.

ComputationofStiffnessofLinearElasticSpringsforFoundation
StiffnessperUnitArea

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SpringStiffness
Thefinalspringstiffnessisdeterminedbymultiplyingthestiffnessperunitareabythearea.

PileSpring
Assignthespringsforthesoilsadjacenttopiles.Lateralspringsforthesoilsadjacenttopilesaremodeledassymmetric
nonlinearelasticsprings(

)andverticalspringsforthesoilsadjacenttopilesaremodeledaslinearelasticsprings(

).

ThestiffnessofsoilspringsisautomaticallycalculatedandenteredintoPointSpringSupports.Theentereddatacanbe
checkedfromPointSpringSupportsTable.

PileSpringData
Selecttheframeelementtowhichthepilespringshavetobeassigned.
SoilType:SoilTypesareclassifiedintoSand/SoftCray/StiffCray.
DependingupontheselectedSoilType,stiffnesscalculationmethodwillbe
different.Methodsofcalculatingspringstiffnessareexplainedatthe
bottom.
GroundLevel:Zcoordinateofground
PileDiameter(D)
UnitWeightofSoil()
EarthPressureCoeff.atrest(K0):Coefficientofearthpressureatreat
Coeff.ofSubgradeReaction(Kh):Modulusofsubgradereaction
InternalFrictionAngle():Angleofinternalfrictionofsoil
InitialSoilModulus(k1):Constantdeterminedaccordingtotherelative
density.Determinesthestiffnessofnonlinearelasticlateralspringsforthe
soilsadjacenttopiles.RefertoComputationofPointskandmshown
below.

Note
Theelementstowhichthepilespringsareassignedshouldhavetheir
localaxisalignedinthesamedirection.

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TheStiffnessofNonlinearElastic(Lateral)SpringsfortheSoilsadjacenttoPiles
TherelationshipbetweenthelateralsoilresistanceandthelateraldisplacementYata
specificdepthXisrepresentedasshownintheleftfigure.
ThevaluesofPk,Pm,Pu,Yk,YmandYuaredefinedataspecificdepth(i.e.,where
pilespringsare).
ThemethodofcalculatingPuvarieswithSoilTypes.ThevaluesofPk,Pm,Yk,Ymand
YuarecalculatedusingPuasexplainedbelow.
ThecalculationmethodisdividedintotwomajorcasesSandandClay.DifferentJ
valuesareusedforSoftClayandStiffClay,respectively.

CalculationofPuincaseofSandSoil
ThevalueofXtdenotesthedepthwhenthefollowingtwoPuvaluesareequal.Maketherighttermsoftwoequations
equal,rearrangetheequationintermsofXandsolvethequadraticequation

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CalculationofPuincaseofClaySoil

ComputationofPointskandm

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SpringStiffness
Thefinalspringstiffnessisdeterminedbymultiplyingthestiffnessperunitareacalculatedabovebythearea.

TheStiffnessofLinearElastic(Vertical)SpringsfortheSoilsadjacenttoPiles

Thedirectionofthelinearelasticverticalspringsforthesoilsadjacenttopilesshouldbeperpendiculartotheground
(GCS''Zdirection).Eventhoughthepilesarenotperpendiculartotheground,thezdirection(NodeLocalAxis)of
thenodesforPilesshouldcoincidewiththeGCSZdirection.

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