1.

Present Continuous ( )
Verb: to be (am/is/are) + present participle
Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

I am going

I am not going

Am I going?

You are going

You are not going

Are you going?

He is going

He is not going

Is he going?

She is going

She is not going

Is she going?

It is going

It is not going

Is it going?

We are going

We are not going

Are we going?

You are going

You are not going

Are you going?

They are going

They are not going

Are they going?

Spelling rules
-e

-ing

Come coming, write writing, give giving.

But: agree agreeing, see seeing
-ie ie y -ing
Lie lying, die dying
Short verbs one vowel + one consonant
Stop stopping, swim swimming, sit sitting, put putting
But: read reading, eat eating, walk walking, ring ringing,
Note: begin beginning, prefer preferring.
Vowel/consonant + y -ing
Play playing, study studying
One vowel + l

-lling

Travel travelling (USA travel traveling)

Use
Action now
He is playing in the garden
The sun is shining
Where are you going?
Action about this time
She is studying hard this term.
I am taking some private lessons at the moment.
Arranged future action
What are you doing next Saturday?
I am working tomorrow
He is leaving tomorrow morning
With always
He is always coming late.

.
to be ing.
He is watching TV () ()
She is cooking dinner. ()
:
1. Now =
2. At the moment =
3. Temporarily = .
,
always .

2.Simple Present( )
(do/does/doesnt)
Affirmative

Negative

I come

I dont come

Do I come?

You come

You dont come

Do you come?

He comes

He doesnt come

Does he come?

She comes

She doesnt come

Does she come?

It comes

It doesnt come

Does it come?

We come

We dont come

Do we come?

You come

You dont come

Do you come?

They come

They dont come

Do they come?

Spelling rules (3rd person singular)

-ss, sh, ch, o, x -es.
Wash: He/she/it washes
Watch: He/she/it watches
Go: he/she/it goes
Consonant + y

y -ies

Cry: He/she/it cries

Try: He/she/it tries
But: vowel + y s
Play: He/she/it plays
Stay: He/she/it stays

Interrogative

Use
Habitual action
I go to school every morning
What time do you get up in the morning?

Scientific facts
The earth goes round the sun
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
Planned future action/events
We start tomorrow morning
Schools open in September
My plane leaves at 9:30 tomorrow morning
The boat leaves at 12 oclock tomorrow.

O :
1.
2. .
3. .
John works in a bank. O john .
We play tennis every Sunday. .
The sun rises in the east. O .
:
Usually =
Often =
Always =
Sometimes =
Never =
Quite often =
Rarely =
Seldom =

 : hear, smell, see, love, hate, know, understand.

3.Past Simple( )
(did/didnt)
Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

I worked/wrote

I didnt work/write

Did I work/write?

You worked/wrote

You didnt work/write

Did you work/write?

He worked/wrote

He didnt work/write

Did he work/write?

She worked/wrote

She didnt work/write

Did she work/write?

It worked/wrote

It didnt work/write

Did it work/write?

We worked/wrote

We didnt work/write

Did we work/write?

You worked/wrote

You didnt work/write

Did you work/write?

They worked/wrote

They didnt work/write

Did they work/write?

Spelling rules
Short verbs one vowel + one consonant
Stop stopped, rub rubbed
Consonant + y -ied
Carry carried, study studied
But: vowel + y ed
Play played, stay stayed

-ed
The ed pronounced / id /with verbs ending in d or t:

Wait waited, add added.

The -ed pronounced / t / with verbs ending with the sounds p,k,f,s,S,ts:
Stop stopped, look looked, wash washed, laugh laughed
The ed pronounced / d / with ending in a vowel or any other consonant:
Play, played, listen listened, rob robbed

Use
Past action when the time is given or it is understood
I wrote a letter to my friend yesterday
I bought this dress in London
A past habit
She never drove faster than the speed limit.
He lived in Essex when he was a child.
Also: he used to smoke a lot.

. to do
.
ed .
:
He looked outside for hours.
He didnt look outside of the window.
Did he look outside of the window?

4.Past Continuous ( )
To be/was/were + present participle
Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

I was sleeping

I was not sleeping

Was I sleeping?

You were sleeping

You were not sleeping

Were you sleeping?

He was sleeping

He was not sleeping

Was he sleeping?

She was sleeping

She was not sleeping

Was she sleeping?

It was sleeping

It was not sleeping

Was it sleeping?

We were sleeping

We were not sleeping

Were we sleeping?

You were sleeping

You were not sleeping

Was you sleeping?

They were sleeping

They were not sleeping

Was they sleeping?

Use
For two past actions going on at same time (
).
I was watching television while my sister was studying.
Tom and George were playing while Mary and Helen were doing then exercises.
Mrs Brown was cooking lunch while her husband was digging in the garden.

For something which was happening when something else happened.(

).
I was walking to school when I met an old friend of mine.
It was raining hard when we left the theatre.
The bus started while Mr jones was getting on.
For on action happening at a certain time in the past.(
).
At nine oclock I was listening to the radio.
At midnight they were studying hard for their exams.

I was washing my car from three to four.

(while = )

:
1. .
2. .

1. John cut himself while he was washing the dishes.

2. John was cooking and I was cleaning.

.
was/were + ing .
: while = , When = .

5.Simple Future ( )
Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

I will / Shall go

I wont / Shant go

Shall / will I go?

You will go

You wont go

Will / you go?

He will go

He wont go

Will he go?

She will go

She wont go

Will she go?

It will go

It wont go

Will it go?

We will / shall go

We wont / Shant go

Shall / will we go?

You will go

You

Will you go?

They will go

They wont go

Examples
What shall / will we drink?

wont go

Will they go?

Shall / will I see you later?

What shall / will I do?
I dont think youll win at cards tonight.
Thats the phone. Ill answer it.
Good bye. Ill see you on Friday.
Hell be twenty one next month.
Where will you be at six oclock?
I shant / wont be back until ten.

Other future forms:

Present continuous
Were leaving tomorrow afternoon.
What are you doing tomorrow morning.
Im meeting Susan tonight.
Simple present
The new supermarket opens next month.
Schools open earlier this year.
(to be + going to + verb)
Theyre going to buy a flat in Oxford.
Im going to meet him at the station at 6 o

.
Will .
.
,
. Will
: I am going to.. ..

:
He will go to see his father tomorrow. .
Will he buy a new car? () ?
He will not (wont) travel with us. = () .

6.Future Continuous ( )
(will/shall + be + present participle)
Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

I will / Shall be working

I wont/Shant be working

Shall / will I be working?

You will be working

You wont be working

Will / you be working?

He will be working

He wont be working

Will he be working?

She will be working

She wont be working

Will she be working?

It will be working

It wont be working

Will it be working?

We will / shall be working

We wont/Shant be
working

Shall / will we be working?

You will be working

You

Will you be working?

They will be working

They wont be working

wont be working

Will they be working?

Use
For the action happening at a certain time in the future.
At this time tomorrow. Ill be driving to London.
When we get back theyll be having lunch.
At ten oclock Ill be sleeping.
The future continuous I sometimes used instead of:
a) The simple Future Tense.
b) The going to form.
Ill be seeing him tomorrow.
Shell be leaving in a few days.

Well be having dinner in half an hour.

General Note
Dont use will/shall after: if when*, unless, by the time, before, after, while,
as soon as, as long as, until.
If I go Ill tell her.
Well go out when my uncle comes.
Ill visit you before leave for America.
Jane will be Studying while her brother is sleeping.
Well leave as soon as we are ready.
Ill have done my homework by the time you come back.
We wont go unless you finish your work.
*when = at or during the time that..

. to
be ing.
,
.
:
Tomorrow at seven oclock he will be watching TV.
( 7:00 7:00
).
Will you be travelling next year?
She wont be watching TV tonight.

7.Simple Present Perfect ( )

(have/has + past participle)
Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

I have worked/left

I havent worked/left

Have I worked/left?

You have worked/left

You havent worked/left

Have you worked/left?

He has worked/left

He hasnt worked/left

Has he worked/left?

She has worked/left

She hasnt worked/left

Has she worked/left?

It has worked/left

It hasnt worked/left

Has it worked/left?

We have worked/left

We havent worked/left

Have we worked/left?

You have worked/left

You havent worked/left

Have you worked/left?

They have worked/left

They havent worked/left

Have they worked/left?

Use
past action when the exact time is not mentioned
Ive lost my glasses.
He has found his pen.
Theyve bought a very nice car.
With just
Ive just finished
Mary has just gone out
The plane has just landed
But: I saw him just now
Note these:
I havent heard from her for two months. (Not: I have to..)
He hasnt been to the theatre since last Christmas. (Not: He has to.)
It hasnt rained for four months. (Not: it has to..)

They havent visited us since September. (Not: They have to..)

For
period of time till now------- since: a point of time until now.
For: two hours, three days, six months, many years, a long time, etc.
Since: yesterday, last week, last month, last year, September, Christmas etc.
EXAMPLES:
I have lived in Athens all my life ( ).


. .
Have = (past participle).
: I have gone = .
:
I have finished my homework = .
Have you finished your homework = .
He has not finished his homework = .


.
a) Just = . I have just finished my homework =
.
b) Almost = . I have almost finished my homework =
.
c) Yet = . ( ) I have not finished my homework
yet. .
d) Already = . I have already finished my homework =
.
(b) (c) .
(a) (
). (d)
.

8. Present Perfect continuous ( )

(have/has + been + past participle)
Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

I have been sleeping

I havent been sleeping

Have I been sleeping?

You have been sleeping

You havent been sleeping

Have you been sleeping?

He has been sleeping

He hasnt been sleeping

Has he been sleeping?

She has been sleeping

She hasnt been sleeping

Has she been sleeping?

It has been sleeping

It hasnt been sleeping

Has it been sleeping?

We have been sleeping

We havent been sleeping

Have we been sleeping?

You have been sleeping

You havent been sleeping

Have you been sleeping?

They have been sleeping

They havent been sleeping

Have they been sleeping?

Use
The action began in the past and is still going on
He has been sleeping for three hours (He is still sleeping)
Theyve been watching television for over an hour. (Theyre still watching it)
Theyve been cleaning the house since morning. (Theyre still cleaning it)
Ive living here since 1980. (Im still living here)
Present result action finished just now
Why are your hands dirty? Have you been digging in the garden?
Why are you late? Have you been shopping?
Someone has been using my pen. Therere finger marks all over it.
Who has been sitting in my chair?

Look at these

We have known each other for a long time. (Not: we have been knowing)
How long have you known that? (Not: .have you been knowing)
I have had this dress for two years. (Not: I have this..)
He has had this car since 1975. (Not: He has this..)
Not these
Ive been working* for this company since last Christmas
Or: Ive worked for this company since last Christmas
Theyve been living* in London for ten years.
Or: Theyve lived in London for ten years.
*sometimes either the present perfect continuous or the simple present perfect
may be used with some verbs, without any difference in the meaning. Some of
these verbs are: work, live, learn, sleep, sit, rain, snow, stand, study, teach,
wait.

. Have
ing . : I have been waiting ing
wait = . :
Has.
:
I have been waiting for you for two hours = .
Have you been waiting for me for a long time? = .
He has not been waiting for me for many hours =
.

.
for . for
.
Since
Since .

 :
I have been waiting for you for five hours =
. ( )
I have been waiting for you since nine oclock =
( )
9. Simple past perfect ( )
(had + past participle)
Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

I had worked/left

I hadnt worked/left

Had I worked/left?

You had worked/left

You hadnt worked/left

Had you worked/left?

He had worked/left

He hadnt worked/left

Had he worked/left?

She had worked/left

She hadnt worked/left

Had she worked/left?

It had worked/left

It hadnt worked/left

Had it worked/left?

We had worded/left

We hadnt worded/left

Had we worked/left?

You had worked/left

You hadnt worked/left

Had you worked/left?

They had worked/left

They hadnt worked/left

Had they worked/left?

Use
Action completed before a past moment
We had cleaned the house before the guest came.
She had studied English before she came to England.
He went out to play after he had done his homework.
When she arrived home her parents had already left.
When we got to the theatre the play had begun.
In indirect speech.
Direct speech: he said. I have seen this film.
Indirect speech: he said he had seen that film.

Direct speech: she said, I saw this play last week.

Indirect speech: she said she had seen that play the previous week.

.

.

.
Have .
:
I had gone = .
Had you gone? = ?
He had not gone = ?
had
. When you
came to see me I had left = .
.

10. past perfect continuous( )

(had been + past participle)
Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

I had been sleeping

I hadnt been sleeping

Had I been sleeping?

You had been sleeping

You hadnt been sleeping

Had you been sleeping?

He had been sleeping

He hadnt been sleeping

Had he been sleeping?

She had been sleeping

She hadnt been sleeping

Had she been sleeping?

It had been sleeping

It hadnt been sleeping

Had it been sleeping?

We had been sleeping

We hadnt been sleeping

Had we been sleeping?

You had been sleeping

You hadnt been sleeping

Had you been sleeping?

They had been sleeping

They hadnt been sleeping

Had they been sleeping?

Use
Duration of an action up to certain time in the past.
I had been living in London for ten months before he arrived.
She had been studying English for years before she came to England.
They had been walking for hours before they came to the hotel.
When I saw him, he had been waiting for over an hour.
Past result
Why were your clothes dirty? Had you been digging in the garden?
Why were you late? Had you been shopping?
She looked tired because she had been cleaning the house all day.
The boys had been playing football. Thats why they were so hot

.
.
had been ing
: .
:
I had been waiting for you for two hours before I left. =
. (
).
Had you been waiting for many hours yesterday? =
?

11. Simple Future perfect ( )

(will/shall have + past participle)
Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

I will/shall have worked/slept

I wont/shant have worked/slept

Shall/will I have worked/slept?

You will have worked/slept

You wont have worked/slept

Will you have worked/slept?

He will have worked/slept

He wont have worked/slept

Will he have worked/slept?

She will have worked slept

She wont have worked/slept

Will she have worked/slept?

It will have worked/slept

It wont have worked/slept

Will it have worked/slept?

We will/shall have
worked/slept

We wont/shant have
worked/slept

Shall/will we have worked/slept?

You will have worked/slept

You wont have worked/slept

Will you have worked/slept?

They will have worked/slept

They wont have worked/slept

Will they have worked/slept?

Use
Action completed before a future moment
He will have come by the time you finish cooking
Ill have finished the work by the time you repair by bicycle.
Shell have read all these mystery books by Christmas.
Well have done the exercises by seven oclock
Dont use until with the simple future perfect.
By the time, by or before.
Ill have finished it by the time you get there.
Ill have finished it by 7 oclock/tomorrow
Ill have finished it before you get there/before 7 oclock/before tomorrow.
:
1.
.
.
2. .
, .
Will have .
:
(1)

By the end of this week I will have painted my house =

. (
.
. ).
(2)
It is 12 oclock. They will have arrived by now. = 12 .
. ( ).

.
Will you have finished your homework by 5 oclock? =
.
He will not have finished his homework by 5 oclock. = ()
.

12. Future perfect continuous ( )

(will/shall have been + past participle)
Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

I will/shall have been sleeping

I wont/shant have been sleeping

Shall/will I have been sleeping?

You will have been sleeping

You wont have been sleeping

Will you have been sleeping?

He will have been sleeping

He wont have been sleeping

Will he have been sleeping?

She will have been sleeping

She wont have been sleeping

Will she have been sleeping?

It will have been sleeping

It wont have been sleeping

Will it have been sleeping?

We will/shall have been

sleeping

We wont/shant have been

sleeping

Shall/will we have been

sleeping?

You will have been sleeping

You wont have been sleeping

Will you have been sleeping?

They will have been sleeping

They wont have been sleeping

Will they have been sleeping?

Use

Duration up to certain time in the future.

At nine oclock tomorrow morning he will have been sleeping for seven hours.
By next Christmas well have been living here for twelve years
By the end of the month Ill have been studying for ten years
At ten oclock Mr Wood will have been teaching six hours.
( )
.
( )
. :
will have been ing .
.
:
By the end of this month, I will have been working here for two months =
. (
,
).
Will you have been working here for two months? =
.
He will not have been working here for two months. =
.

.
going to . =
:
a. I will buy a car = . (
).
b. I am going to buy a car. = (
)

 :

.
: dont worry Anne. I will fix it tomorrow.
.
, ,
. .

. : I know. Im going to fix it tomorrow.
going to
.
I have been to London = .
I have gone to London = .
(Go/went/gone/been)

.
am leaving tomorrow morning = .