05 Eurocodes Steel Workshop SIMOES

DesignofMembers
RuiSimes
DepartmentofCivilEngineering
UniversityofCoimbra
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Contents
Introduction
Designofcolumns
Designofbeams
Designofbeamcolumns
Brussels,16 17October2014
INTRODUCTION
Main internal forces and
combinations
Bending+Shear
Compression+Bending+Shear
Tension/Compression
Torsion less common

Building master example (Cardington - UK)
INTRODUCTION
Member design:
i) resistance of cross sections;
ii) member buckling resistance.
RESISTANCE OF CROSS SECTIONS
Cross section classification - Class 1; Class 2; Class 3 and Class 4.
Clause 6.2 of Eurocode 3, part 1.1 provides different
Vz
My
approaches, depending of cross section shape, cross section

class and type of internal forces (N, M+V, N+M+V,.):
elastic criteria (clause 6.2.1(5));

x , Ed
fy M 0

z , Ed

fy M 0
NEd
My,Ed

x , Ed

fy M 0

z , Ed
f y M 0
3 Ed
fy M 0
INTRODUCTION
linear summation of the utilization ratios class 1/2/3 (clause 6.2.1(7));
M y , Ed
M z , Ed
N Ed
1
N Rd
M y , Rd
M z , Rd
nonlinear interaction formulas class 1/2 (clause 6.2.1(6)).
Section properties gross section, net section

(deduction for holes) or effective section (class 4 or shear
lag effects) (clause 6.2.2 of EC3-1-1).
MEMBER BUCKLING RESISTANCE

Buckling resistance (clause 6.3 of Eurocode 3,
part 1.1) must be checked in all members
submitted to compressive stresses, which are:
members under axial compression N;
members under bending moment M;
or under a combination of both (M+N).
DESIGNOFCOLUMNS
Column cross sections and applications
Rolled open or closed
sections, welded sections or built-up sections The
objective is to maximize the second moment of area in the relevant buckling

plan in order to maximize the buckling resistance.
DESIGNOFCOLUMNS
NEd
Compression resistance (clause 6.2.4 of EC3-1-1)

NEd
1.0
Nc , Rd
NEd is the design value of the axial compression;
fy
Nc,Rd is the design resistance to axial compression,

given by the minimum of:
i) Plastic resistance
N c , Rd A f y M 0
(class 1, 2 or 3)
N c , Rd Aeff f y M 0
(class 4)
Aeff - effective area
ii) Buckling resistance Nb,Rd, in general the flexural buckling
resistance, which is analysed hereafter.
DESIGNOFCOLUMNS
Column Buckling
Flexural buckling is in general the buckling mode, which govern the design of
a member in pure compression. For this mode in a pinned column, the elastic
critical load Ncr, defined as the maximum load supported by the column, free
from any type of imperfections, is given by the well known Eulers formula:
N
EI
d 2y
dx 2
Ny 0
Ncr
L
x
Ncr
y(x)
y(x)
(z)
0
N
Buckling in a bending mode
2 E I
L2
E I Bending stiffness
L Buckling length
(LE for other support conditions)
In specific cases (e.g. members with cruciform cross sections) buckling may
occur in other modes: torsional buckling or flexural-torsional buckling.
DESIGNOFCOLUMNS
Column Buckling
Ncr
2 E I
LE
cr
2 E I
A LE
2 E
2
Slenderness
Critical stress
2 E
f y 1
12
cr
E
fy
LE
i
fy
N
A
Af y
Ncr
Non-dimensional
slenderness
1.0
Eulers curve
I
A
Radius of gyration
fy
Eulers curve
E fy
2 E
2
1.0
L
E
i
Imperfections or real columns (geometrical

imperfections and material imperfections).
DESIGNOFCOLUMNS
Buckling Resistance
(clause 6.3.1 of EC3-1-1)
N b.Rd A f y M1
(Class 1, 2 or 3)
Theoretical behaviour
N b.Rd Aeff f y M1
(Class 4)
is the reduction factor for the

relevant buckling mode

1
2
but 1.0
2
0.5 1 0.2
Neglect BUCKLING if:

0.2
or
NEd Ncr 0.04
DESIGNOFCOLUMNS
Buckling Resistance
Flexural buckling
A fy Ncr
Lcr 1
i 1
Aeff fy Ncr
1
Lcr
i
(Class 1, 2 or 3)
Aeff A
E f y 93 .9
(Class 4)
235 f y
Torsional or flexural-torsional buckling

T
A f y Ncr
Aeff fy Ncr
(Class 1, 2 or 3)
(Class 4)
- buckling in flexural buckling mode about z

axis
DESIGNOFCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 1
Safety verification of a column member of the building represented in the
figure.
A
A
C
B
4
6.00 m
3
4.50 m
2b
2.50 m
2a
2.00 m
6.00 m
1
4.00 m
4.50 m 4.50 m
4.00 m
Building master example
i) The inner column E-3 represented in the figure, at base level, is selected. This member has
a length of 4.335 m and is composed by a section HEB 340 in steel S 355.
In this column the bending moments (and the shear force) may be neglected; the design
axial force (compression) obtained from the previous analysis is given by NEd = 3326.0 kN.
DESIGNOFCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 1
ii) Cross section classification section HEB 340 in pure compression.
Geometric characteristics: A = 170.9 cm2, b = 300 mm, h = 340 mm, tf = 21.5 mm,
tw = 12 mm, r = 27 mm, Iy = 36660 cm4, iy = 14.65 cm, Iz = 9690 cm4, iz = 7.53 cm.
Mechanical properties of the steel: fy = 355 MPa and E = 210 GPa.
Web in compression (Table 5.2 of EC3-1-1)

c (340 2 21.5 2 27)
20.25 33
t
12
(class 1)
33 0.81 26.73
Flange in compression (Table 5.2 of EC3-1-1)

c 300 2 12 2 27
5.44 9 9 0.81 7.29

21.5
t
(class 1)
HEB 340 cross section, steel S 355, in pure compression is class 1.
DESIGNOFCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 1
iii) Cross section verification - class 1 in pure compression.
N Ed 3326 . 0 kN N c , Rd
A fy
M0
170 . 9 10 4 355 10 3
6067 . 0 kN .
1 .0
iv) Buckling resistance.

Buckling lengths Assuming that the design forces were obtained by a second order
structural analysis, the buckling lengths are considered (conservatively) equal to the real
lengths (mid-distance between floors), given by:
Buckling in the plan x-z (around y)
LEy 4.335 m
Buckling in the plan x-y (around z)
LEz 4.335 m
Determination of the slenderness

coefficients
1
210 106
3
355 10
76.41
y
z
LEy
iy
4.335
14.65 102
29.59
LEz
4.335
57.57
iz
7.53 10 2
y
0.39
1
z
0.75
1
DESIGNOFCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 1
Calculation of the reduction factor min

h 340
1.13 1.2
b 300
and
flexural buckling around y curve b ( 0.34)

flexural buckling around z curve c ( 0.49).
As z 0.75 y 0.39
and
tf 21.5 mm 100mm
curve c
min z
curve b
340
y
300
HEB 340
DESIGNOFCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 1
z 0.5 1 z 0.2 z
z 0.5 1 0.49 0.75 0.2 0.752 0.92
1
2
0.92 0.92 0.75
z 0.69
0.69
min z 0.69
v) Safety verification
z 0.75
Nb,Rd z A fy M1 0.69 170.9 104 355 103 1.0 4186.2 kN
As, NEd 3326.0 kN Nb,Rd 4186.2 kN

safety is verified with the cross section HEB 340 in S 355 steel.
DESIGNOFBEAMS
Beam cross sections and applications
A beam may be defined as a member subjected
essentially to bending and shear force.
Castellated beams
Hot-rolled sections (IPE, HEA or HEB, RHS,.)
Welded sections
Welded sections in non-uniform beams
DESIGNOFBEAMS
Cross section resistance
Uniaxial bending (clause 6.2.5 of EC3-1-1)
M Ed
1 .0
M c.Rd
Class 1 or 2
Mc.Rd Wpl fy M 0
Class 3
Mc.Rd Wel. min fy M0
Class 4
Mc.Rd Weff .min fy M0
Bi-axial bending (clause 6.2.9 of EC3.1.1)

M y , Ed
M pl , y.Rd
M z , Ed
M pl , z.Rd
1 .0
I or H 2; 5 n
CHS
RHS
but 1
1.66
2
1 1.13 n
but
6
n NEd N pl , Rd
DESIGNOFBEAMS
VEd
1.0
Vc,Rd
Shear (clause 6.2.6 of EC3-1-1)

PLASTIC RESISTANCE Vpl.Rd
Vpl.Rd Av fy
ELASTIC RESISTANCE
3 M0
Ed
VEd
Av Shear area
fy
6.2.6 (3) of EC3-1-1 or

from tables of profiles).
M0
Vz
Av
(obtained from clause
1.0
My
Ed
VEd S
It
e. n. a.
f
z
Shear stresses -
Shear buckling for webs without stiffeners should be verified in accordance with EC3-1-5, if:
hw
72
tw
235 / fy
hw and tw are the height and thickness of the web and is in
accordance with EC3-1-5.
DESIGNOFBEAMS
My,V.Rd
Bending and Shear Interaction
Vz

My
VEd 50% Vpl , Rd
NO REDUCTION
VEd 50 % Vpl , Rd
REDUCED MOMENT
fyr 1 fy
fy
y
hm
tw
fyr
fyr
(M y)
+
fy
(Vz )
2 VEd Vpl.Rd 12
For I and H cross sections of equal flanges, with bending about the major axis y, the
bending moment resistance My,V,Rd is given by (clause 6.2.8 of EC3-1-1):
M y ,V .Rd
Aw 2
Wpl , y
4 tw
f
y M
y , c , Rd
M0
AW hw tw
DESIGNOFBEAMS
Lateral-Torsional Buckling
Instability phenomenon characterized by the occurrence of large transversal
displacements and rotation about the member axis, under bending moment
about the major axis (y axis).
This instability phenomenon involves lateral bending (about z axis) and torsion of
cross section.
z
My
y
DESIGNOFBEAMS
In the study of lateral-torsional buckling of beams, the Elastic Critical Moment Mcr
plays a fundamental role; this quantity is defined as the maximum value of bending
moment supported by a beam, free from any type of imperfections.
For a simple supported beam with a double symmetric section, with supports prevent
lateral displacements and rotation around member axis (twist rotations), but allowing
warping and rotations around cross section axis (y and z), submitted to a uniform
bending moment My (standard case), the elastic critical moment is given by:
My
My
C
B
z
a) Elevation
Mcr
2 E IW
G IT E I z 1 2
L
L G IT
Which depend mainly of:

Loading and support conditions;
Length between lateral braced sections (L);
Lateral bending stiffness (E Iz);
Torsional stiffness (G IT);
Warping stiffness (E Iw).
DESIGNOFBEAMS
CG
Elastic critical moment
Mcr
E I z k z
C1
2 k
k z L w
IW k z L2 G IT
C2 z g C3 z j
2 E Iz
Iz
2
z g z a z s
0.5
C2 z g C3 z j
Mcr,1>Mcr
Mcr
Mcr,2<Mcr
P
z j z s 0 .5 y 2 z 2 z dA I y
C
P
P
C
- applicable to member with symmetric and mono-symmetric cross sections,

- include the effects of the loading applied below or above the shear centre;
- several degrees of restriction to lateral bending (kz) and warping (kw);
- several shapes of bending moment diagram (C1, C2 and C3 in the next tables).
DESIGNOFBEAMS
Elastic critical moment

- Publication n 119 do ECCS
(Boissonnade et al. 2006).
- LTBeam software
http://www.cticm.com
DESIGNOFBEAMS
Lateral-torsional buckling resistance (clause 6.3.2 of EC3-1-1)
M Ed
1 .0
M b.Rd
Mb.Rd LT Wy fy M1
Wy = Wpl.y Class 1 and 2;

Wy = Wel.y Class 3;
Wy = Weff.y Class 4.
LT is the reduction factor for lateral-torsional buckling, which can be calculated
by one of two methods, depending of member cross section.
DESIGNOFBEAMS
i) General method
LT
1
2
LT LT LT
2 0.5
LT 1.0
LT 0 .5 1 LT LT 0 .2 LT
LT Wy fy Mcr 0.5
Mcr - Elastic critical moment
Table 6.4 -
DESIGNOFBEAMS
ii) Alternative method (rolled sections or equivalent welded sections)
LT
LT LT LT
2 0.5
LT 1.0
LT 1 LT 2
LT 0 .5 1 LT LT LT ,0 LT
LT Wy fy Mcr 0.5
Mcr - Elastic critical moment
Table 6.5 -
LT ,0 0.4
0.75
(may be specified in National
Annexes of Eurocode 3)
DESIGNOFBEAMS
LT ,mod
LT
LT ,mod 1.0
2
f 1 0.5 1 k c 1 2.0 LT 0.8
f 1.0
Neglect LTB if:
LT LT ,0
M Ed M cr LT ,0
DESIGNOFBEAMS
EXAMPLE 2
Safety check of a beam of the building illustrated in the figure (along line E). The beam is composed by a
IPE 600 with 9 m length at the central span; the lateral spans with 6 m length (the governing spans) are
composed by a section IPE 400 in steel S 355. For the lateral buckling check, two cases are considered:
a) a beam with 6 m length, laterally braced only at the end support sections;
b) a beam with 6 m length, laterally braced at the end support sections and at mid-span section.
A
A
The geometrical and mechanical properties of
6.00 m
3
A = 84.46 cm2, b = 180 mm, h = 400 mm,

iy = 16.55 cm, Iz = 1318 cm4, iz = 3.95 cm,
the section IPE 400 in S 355 steel are:

tf = 13.5 mm, tw = 8.6 mm, Iy = 23130 cm4,
4.50 m
2b
2.50 m
2a
2.00 m
IT = 51.08 cm4 ; Iw = 490x103 cm6;

fy = 355 MPa and E = 210 GPa.
6.00 m
1
4.00 m
4.50 m 4.50 m
Building plan master example
4.00 m
DESIGNOFBEAMS
EXAMPLE 2
139.1 kN
a) Beam laterally braced at supports

i) The internal forces (neglecting the
axial force) are represented in the figure.
Vz,Ed
70.7 kN
The design values are MEd = 114.3 kNm
71.6 kN
140.1 kN
and VEd = 75.9 kN.
255.7 kNm
93.7 kNm
ii) Cross section classification
246.3 kNm
111.4 kNm
99.2 kNm
109.7 kNm
My,Ed
Web (an internal part) in bending:

c
331
38 .49 72 72 0 .81 58 .32

t
8 .6
Flange (outstand part) in compression:

(180 2 21 8 .6) 2
c
4 .79 9 9 0 .81 7 .29

13 .5
t
The cross section is class 1
75.2 kN
75.9 kN
114.3 kNm
113.6 kNm
163.0 kNm
DESIGNOFBEAMS
EXAMPLE 2
iii) Cross section verification
Bending resistance:
MEd 114.3 kNm Wpl,y fy M0 1307 106 355 103 1.0 464.0 kNm
Shear resistance:
VEd 75.9 kN Vpl , Rd
Av fy
M0 3
42.69 10 4 355 103

1.0 3
875.0 kN
hw
373 .0
0 .81
43 .4 72 72
58 .3
8 .6
1 .0
tw
So, it is not necessary to verify the shear buckling resistance.

Bending + Shear:
VEd 75.9 kN 0.50 Vpl,Rd 0.50 875.0 437.5 kN
So, it is not necessary to reduce the bending resistance to account for the shear force.
Cross section resistance is verified.
DESIGNOFBEAMS
EXAMPLE 2
iv) Lateral buckling resistance
Assuming the support conditions of the standard case and the loading
applied at the upper flange level, the elastic critical moment can be
zg=200 mm
400
obtained from the following equation, with L = 6.00 m, kz = kw = 1.0,
CG
IPE 400
C1 1.80 and C2 1.60 (Boissonnade et al., 2006) and zg = 200 mm.

Mcr
E I z k z
C1
k z L2 kw
IW
Iz
k L G IT C z C z 2
z2
2 g
3 j
E Iz
0.5
180
C2 z g C3 z j
3m
Mcr 164.7 kNm
93.7 kNm
(Using LTBeam
> Mcr = 175.64 kNm)
3m
6m
111.4 kNm
My,Ed
114.3 kNm
93.7 111.4 0.84
DESIGNOFBEAMS
EXAMPLE 2
Mcr 164.7 kNm ; Wy Wpl ,y 1307 cm3
LT Wy fy Mcr 0.5
LT 1.68
Table 6.4 -
General method:
Rolled cross section IPE 400 with
h/b=400/180=2.2>2
- Curve b
LT 0.34
LT 2.16
LT 0.28
M b, Rd 0 .28 1307 10 6
LT 0 .5 1 LT LT 0 .2 LT
355 10 3
129 .9 kNm 114.3 kNm
1 .0
So, the safety is verified (utilization ratio = 114.3/129.9=0.88).
LT
1
2
LT LT LT
2 0.5
DESIGNOFBEAMS
EXAMPLE 2
B
b) Beam laterally braced at supports and mid-span

i) Cross section verifications are not changed.
3m
3m
6m
ii) Lateral buckling check:
93.7 kNm
As the beam is laterally braced at mid span cross

section, the critical moment can be evaluated
111.4 kN
93.7 114.3 0.82
My,Ed
with L = 3.00 m and a conservative hypothesis of

kz = kw = 1.0. For the given bending moment
114.3 kNm
shape between lateral braced cross sections,

M
C1 = 2.6 (Boissonnade et al., 2006) .
zj
C3
zg
C2
5
.
0
zj
C3
zg
C2
IT
G Iz
2 E
L
2
kz
IWIz
kzkw
I 2
E Lz
2 k
C1
Mc
Mcr 1778.8 kNm
(Using LTBeam Mcr = 1967.7 kNm)
1.0
2.06
1.000
0.850
0.5
2.15
1.000
0.650
1.0
2.35
1.000
1.3 1.2 f
0.5
2.42
0.950
0.77 f
1.0
2.60
1.000
0.55 f
0.5
2.45
0.850
0.35 f
1.0
2.60
0.5
2.45
0.125 0.7 f
0.125 0.7 f
DESIGNOFBEAMS
EXAMPLE 2
Mcr 1778.8 kNm ; Wy Wpl ,y 1307 cm3
LT Wy fy Mcr 0.5
LT 0.51
Table 6.4 -
General method:
Rolled cross section IPE 400 with
h/b=400/180=2.2>2
- Curve b
LT 0.34
LT 0.68
LT 0.89
M b, Rd 0 .89 1307 10
LT 0 .5 1 LT LT 0 .2 LT
6
355 10 3
412 .9 kNm 114.3 kNm

1 .0
So, the safety is verified (utilization ratio = 114.3/412.9=0.28).
LT
1
2
LT LT LT
2 0.5
DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
Cross section resistance (clause 6.2.9 of EC3-1-1)
Class 1 or 2 Uniaxial bending
MEd MN,Rd
Double-symmetric I or H sections
M N , y , Rd M pl , y , Rd
1n
1 0 .5 a
but
M N , z , Rd M pl , z , Rd
M N , z , Rd
if
n a
M pl , z , Rd 1

1 a
n NEd N pl.Rd
if
MN , y , Rd M pl , y , Rd
n a
N
N pl
Eixo
de about
menor
inrcia
Bending
minor
axis -- zz
1.0
Eixo deabout
maior
inrcia
Bending
major
axis - -y y
n a
a A 2 b t f A 0.50
No reduction if
N Ed 0.25 N pl , Rd
NEd 0.5 hw tw fy M 0
My
HEA
NEd hw tw fy M0 (z axis)
(y axis)
0
0
M pl , y
1.0
, Mz
M pl , z
DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
Cross section resistance (clause 6.2.9 of EC3-1-1)
M
z,Ed
Class 1 or 2 Bi-axial bending

M y , Ed
M N , y.Rd
M z , Ed
M N , z.Rd
I or H
1 .0
Class 3 or 4
2; 5 n but 1
Circular hollow sections
Rectangular hollow sections
d
R
,
l
p
NE
x , Ed
fy
M0
M y,Ed
NEd
x , Ed
N Ed
A
1.66
1 1.13 n2
M y , Ed
Iy
M z , Ed
Iz
Bending, shear and axial force (clause 6.2.10 of EC3-1-1) Similar to bending
and shear interaction.
DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
Member stability
Members with high slenderness subjected to bending and compression, may fail
by flexural buckling or lateral-torsional buckling.
Flexural buckling
cross-section):
and
lateral-torsional
buckling
(doubly-symmetric
My.Ed My , Ed
M z.Ed M z , Ed
NEd
k yy
k yz
1.0 (Eq. 6.61 of EC3-1-1)
y NRk M1
LT My , Rk M1
M z , Rk M1
eN,y NEd (class 4)

M y.Ed M y , Ed
M z.Ed M z , Ed
N Ed
k zy
k zz
1.0 (Eq. 6.62 of EC3-1-1)
z N Rk M1
LT M y , Rk M1
M z , Rk M1
kyy, kyz, kzy and kzz - interaction factors, which are dependent of instability phenomena
and plasticity Annex A of EC3-1-1 (Method 1) or Annex B (Method 2).
DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
Member stability
i) Members with closed hollow sections or open sections restrained to torsion are
not susceptible to torsional deformation.
ii) Members with open sections (I or H sections) are susceptible to torsional
deformation.
Members not susceptible to torsional deformation checking of flexural
buckling against y-axis and z-axis, considering eqs. (6.61) and (6.62) with
LT = 1.0 and interaction factors kyy, kyz, kzy and kzz in members not susceptible to
torsional deformation.
Members susceptible to torsional deformation checking of lateral-torsional
buckling, considering eqs (6.61) and (6.62) with LT according to 6.3.2 of EC3-1-1
and interaction factors kyy, kyz, kzy and kzz in members susceptible to torsional
deformation.
DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
Member stability
Method 2
(Annex B of EC3-1-1)
Interaction factors for members not

susceptible to torsional deformations
(Table B.1 of EC3-1-1).
DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
Member stability
Method 2 (Annex B
of EC3-1-1)
Interaction factors for

members susceptible to
torsional deformations
(Table B.2 of EC3-1-1).
DESIGNOF
BEAMCOLUMNS
Member stability
Method 2
(Annex B of EC3-1-1)
Equivalent factors of
uniform moment Cmi
(Table B.3 of EC3-1-1)
DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 3
Safety check of a beam-column of the first storey of the building illustrated in the figure. The
member, composed by a HEB 320 cross section in steel S 355, has a length of 4.335.
The relevant geometric characteristics of HEB 320 cross

section are: A = 161.3 cm2; Wpl,y = 2149 cm3,
Iy = 30820 cm4, iy = 13.82 cm; Iz = 9239 cm4,
iz = 7.57 cm; IT = 225.1 cm4 and IW = 2069 x 103 cm6.
The mechanical characteristics of the material are:
fy = 355 MPa, E = 210 GPa and G = 81 GPa.
DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 3
The design internal forces obtained through the structure
analysis
(second
combinations
are
order)
for
illustrated
the
in
the
various
figure.
load
z
65.5 kNm
Two
simplification are assumed for the subsequent design

verifications: i) the shear force is sufficient small so can
53.0 kN
201 kN
417 kN
72.3 kNm
29.8 kNm
41.1 kN
58.6 kNm
32.0 kNm
41.1 kN
57.1 kNm
29.3 kNm
40.2 kN
55.9 kNm
27.9 kNm
39.3 kN
53.8 kNm
29.0 kNm
be neglected; ii) the shape of the bending moment

diagram is linear.
Design values are: NEd = 1704 kN; My,Ed = 24.8 kNm
630 kN
841 kN
at the base cross section.

1053 kN
i) Cross section classification
43.2 kN
1262 kN
54.5 kNm
68.6 kNm
As the compression force is high, the cross section is

As the section HEB 320 is a stocky section, even under this
load condition, is class 1.
50.5 kN
1496 kN
classified under compression only (conservative approach).
29.4 kN
1704 kN
NEd
Vz,Ed
10.6 kNm
73.5 kNm
24.8 kNm
My,Ed
DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 3
ii) Cross section resistance
The design internal forces: My,Ed = 24.6 kNm and NEd = 1704 kN (compression).
N pl ,Rd A fy M0 161.3 104 355 103 1.0 5726.2 kN
NEd
My,Ed
As, NEd 1704 kN N pl ,Rd 5726.2 kN, the axial force resistance is verified.
Since, NEd 1704kN 0.25 Npl, Rd 1431.5 kN ,
in accordance with clause 6.2.9.1(4) of EC3-1-1, it is necessary to
reduce the plastic bending resistance (to MN,y,Rd):
M pl ,y ,Rd
Wpl ,y fy
Mo
MN,y , Rd M pl , y , Rd
As,
2149 106 355 103

A 2 b tf
161.3 2 30 2.05
762.9 kNm
a
0.24
1.0
A
161.3
1n
1 0.30
762.9
606.9 kNm
NEd
1704
n
0.30
1 0.5 a
1 0.5 0.24
N pl ,Rd
5726.2
M y , Ed 24 .8 kNm M N , y , Rd 606 .9 kNm , the bending resistance is verified.
DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 3
iii) Verification of the stability of the member
In this example the Method 2 is applied. As the member is susceptible to torsional

deformations (thin-walled open cross section), it is assumed that lateral-torsional buckling
constitutes the relevant instability mode. Since Mz,Ed = 0, the following conditions must be
verified:
My , Ed
NEd
k yy
1.0
y NRk M1
LT My ,Rk M1
M y , Ed
N Ed
k zy
1 .0
z N Rk M1
LT M y , Rk M1
Step 1: characteristic resistance of the cross section
NRk A fy 161.3 10 4 355 103 5726.2 kN
M y , Rk Wpl , y f y 2149 10 6 355 10 3 762 .9 kNm
DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 3
Step 2: reduction coefficients due to flexural buckling, y and z

h 320
1.07 1.2
b 300
and
y
320
tf 20.5 mm 100mm
300
flexural buckling around y curve b ( 0.34)

flexural buckling around z curve c ( 0.49).
HEB 320
Plane xz - LE,y = 4.335 m.
LE,y 1
4.335
1
0.41
iy 1 13.82 102 93.9 0.81
y 0.62
y 0.92
Plane xy - LE,z = 4.335 m
LE , z 1
4.335
1
0.75
2
93.9 0.81
i z 1 7.57 10
z 0.92
z 0.69
0 .5 1 0 .2
1
2
2
0.5
DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 3
Step 3: calculation of the LT using the alternative method applicable to rolled or equivalent
welded sections (clause 6.3.2.3 of EC3-1-1)

The length between braced sections is L = 4.335 m. The critical
5 kNm
10.6 kNm
moment Mcr assuming a linear diagram, in this example obtained

just by LTBeam software, is given by:
Mcr 5045.1 kNm
LT 2149 10
Rolled I or H sections with h b 320 300 1.07 2

curve b, and
LT 0.34
Taking LT ,0 0.4
and
Table 6.4 -
0.75
LT 0 .5 1 0 .34 0 .39 0 .4 0 .75 0 .39 2

0 .56
LT
1
2
0.56 0.56 0.75 0.39
2 0.5
355 10 5045.1
0.99
0.5
0.39
24.8 kNm
My,Ed
DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 3
Step 3: calculation of the LT using the alternative method applicable to rolled or equivalent
welded sections (clause 6.3.2.3 of EC3-1-1)

The correction factor kc, according to Table 6.6 of EC3-1-1, with = 10.6/(-24.8) = - 0.43, is
given by:
kc
1
1
0.68
1.33 0.33 1.33 0.33 (0.43)
2
f 1 0.5 1 kc 1 2.0 LT 0.8
1 0.5 1 0.68 1 2.0 0.39 0.8 0.89

2
The modified lateral-torsional buckling reduction factor is

given by:
LT ,mod 0.99 0.89 1.11 1.00
So, LT ,mod 1.00
must be adopted.
DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 3
Step 4: interaction factors kyy and kzy.
The equivalent factors of uniform moment Cmy and CmLT are obtained based on the bending
moment diagram, between braced sections according to the z direction in case of Cmy and
laterally in case of CmLT. Assuming the member braced in z direction and laterally just at the
base and top cross sections, the factors Cmy and CmLT must be calculated based on the bending
moment diagram along the total length of the member.
Since the bending moment diagram
is assumed linear, defined by:
My,Ed,base= -24.8 kNm;
My,Ed,top = 10.4 kNm, from Table B.3
of EC3-1-1, is obtained:
My,Ed,top My,Ed,base 10.6 24.8 0.43
5 kNm
10.6 kNm
C my C mLT 0.60 0.4 0.43 0.43 ( 0.40)
24.8 kNm
My,Ed
DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 3
Because the member is susceptible to torsional deformations, the interaction factors kyy and kzy
are obtained from Table B.2 of EC3-1-1, through the following calculations:
NEd
1704
k yy C my 1 y 0.2
0.43 1 0.41 0.2
0.46;
0.92 5726.2 1.0
y NRk M1
NEd
k yy 0.46
0.54 , then
As k yy C my 1 0.8
y NRk M1
NEd
0.1z
k zy 1
CmLT 0.25 z NRk M1
0.1 0.75
1704
1
0.82
0.43 0.25 0.69 5726.2 1.0
As k zy 1
NEd
0.1
0.76
C mLT 0.25 z NRk M1
then k zy 0.82
Step 5: Finally, the verification of equations 6.61
and 6.62 of EC3-1-1 yields:

1704
24.8
0.46
0.34 1.0
0.92 5726.2 1.0
1.00 762.9 1.0
1704
24.8
0.82
0.46 1.0
0.69 5726.2 1.0
1.00 762.1 1.0
Section O.K.
Free software for design of steel members in accordance

with EC3-1-1.
Beam-columns design
Design of cellular beams
http://www.constructalia.com
http://www.steelconstruct.com
Thank you for your attention

rads@dec.uc.pt

05 Eurocodes Steel Workshop SIMOES

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DesignofMembers

Torsion less common

approaches, depending of cross section shape, cross section

Section properties gross section, net section

MEMBER BUCKLING RESISTANCE

sections, welded sections or built-up sections The

objective is to maximize the second moment of area in the relevant buckling

Compression resistance (clause 6.2.4 of EC3-1-1)

NEd is the design value of the axial compression;

Nc,Rd is the design resistance to axial compression,

ii) Buckling resistance Nb,Rd, in general the flexural buckling

resistance, which is analysed hereafter.

Buckling in a bending mode

Imperfections or real columns (geometrical

is the reduction factor for the

Neglect BUCKLING if:

NEd Ncr 0.04

Torsional or flexural-torsional buckling

- buckling in flexural buckling mode about z

Building master example

Web in compression (Table 5.2 of EC3-1-1)

Flange in compression (Table 5.2 of EC3-1-1)

5.44 9 9 0.81 7.29

HEB 340 cross section, steel S 355, in pure compression is class 1.

iv) Buckling resistance.

Buckling in the plan x-y (around z)

Determination of the slenderness

Calculation of the reduction factor min

flexural buckling around y curve b ( 0.34)

z 0.5 1 0.49 0.75 0.2 0.752 0.92

0.92 0.92 0.75

Nb,Rd z A fy M1 0.69 170.9 104 355 103 1.0 4186.2 kN

As, NEd 3326.0 kN Nb,Rd 4186.2 kN

essentially to bending and shear force.

Welded sections in non-uniform beams

Mc.Rd Wel. min fy M0

Mc.Rd Weff .min fy M0

Bi-axial bending (clause 6.2.9 of EC3.1.1)

Shear (clause 6.2.6 of EC3-1-1)

6.2.6 (3) of EC3-1-1 or

(obtained from clause

hw and tw are the height and thickness of the web and is in

accordance with EC3-1-5.

Cross section resistance

Bending and Shear Interaction

(clause 6.2.8 of EC3-1-1)

VEd 50% Vpl , Rd

Which depend mainly of:

Elastic critical moment

- applicable to member with symmetric and mono-symmetric cross sections,

Elastic critical moment

Wy = Wpl.y Class 1 and 2;

Neglect LTB if:

The geometrical and mechanical properties of

A = 84.46 cm2, b = 180 mm, h = 400 mm,

the section IPE 400 in S 355 steel are:

IT = 51.08 cm4 ; Iw = 490x103 cm6;

Building plan master example

a) Beam laterally braced at supports

axial force) are represented in the figure.

The design values are MEd = 114.3 kNm

and VEd = 75.9 kN.

ii) Cross section classification

Web (an internal part) in bending: