Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Prepared by
Dr. Hong-ming Ku
Chemical Engineering Practice School Program
King Mongkuts University of Technology Thonburi
Copyright April, 2003-2013 use with permission from the author only
plug flow?
CSTR?
Black Box
Output variables
Process Unit
In SMA, a unit module is self-contained, i.e. independent of other modules.
SMA is most efficient for acyclic flowsheet: only 1 pass is needed.
Unit 1
Unit 2
Unit 3
Equation-Oriented Approach
Equation-Oriented Approach (EOA)
Process = Set of linear/nonlinear equations => Solve them!
So no modules!!!
Solve all equations simultaneously
Advantage of EOA:
- Efficient because there are no loops
Disadvantages of EOA:
1. Requires large number of estimates
e.g. 2000 variables to solve => 2000 initial estimates
5
S2
REACTOR
HEATX
S9
S7
S2
REACTOR
HEATX
S9
S7
S6
x0 (S6)
x1 (S6)
Numerical methods
S6
S3
B1
S5
S4
B2
B3
B4
S2
S8
Minimum # of tear streams = 2, namely S6 and S7.
14
S6
S3
B1
S5
S4
B2
B3
B4
S2
S8
Minimum # of tear streams = ?
Computational sequence = ?
In conclusion: # of recycle streams > minimum # of tear streams
15
17
HEATX
FLASH
S8
FC
18
19
20
Partitioning Algorithm
Path Tracing algorithm by Sargent and Westerberg (1964)
- A simple algorithm for tracing unit outputs
- Basically, one traces from one unit to the next through the unit
output streams, forming a string of units.
22
23
List
K
J
24
EIL
Delete M
6. A
EIL
List
K
J
EILD
M
C
B
A
26
G
H
GH
M
K
EILD
J
List
K
J
EILD
M
C
B
A
GH
F
27
Conclusions
1. There are two convergence loops in this flowsheet, and we
know their their relative order.
2. But we still dont know the minimum number of tear
streams in each loop and what their locations are.
3. All we know is that the tear streams in each loop
must be converged simultaneously!
28
locations.
1. Find minimum # of tear streams using
Barkley and Motards (B & M) algorithm
2. Find all loops using
Loop Finder algorithm by Forder-Hutchison
29
3
5
Arc
Node
30
7
1
4
6
Transformation:
- Nodes become arcs.
- Arcs become nodes.
- Direction of arc is from
input to output.
Note that all process inputs and
outputs have been deleted.
8
31
33
Node
Precursors
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
7
1, 8
2, 5
3
4, 6
2, 5
2, 5
3
35
Precursors
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
7
7, 3
2, 5
3
3, 6
2, 5
2, 5
3
36
2, 7
5, 6
2, 3
3, 5
2, 3, 5
7, 2, 3
3, 5, 6
Node
Precursors
2
7, 3
3
2, 5
5
3, 6
6
2, 5
7
2, 5
so that nodes 3, 6, and 7 have single precursor.
38
Precursors
3
5
5
3, 6
5 self-loop
6
5
7
5
So stream 5 is another tear stream.
Tear streams are Stream 2 and Stream 5.
The computational sequence is: C --> D --> E --> A --> B
39
40
41
42
Loop
1
2
3
4
5
6
S1 S2 S3 S4
1
1
1
1
1 1 1 1
S5 S6 S7 S8
1
1
1
1
1
45