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TheoreticalPracticalGuide
NDICE
INTRODUCTION
Partsofthespeech4
Exercises.6
Thephrase..8
Nounphrase...9
Verbphrase.9
Prepositionalphrase..10
Adverbialphrase.11
Adjectivephrase..11
Exercises..12
Clauses.13
Mainclauses.13
Subordinateclauses14
Exercises....14
Typesofclauses...14
Exercises15
Identificationofcomplements.15
Transitivepattern..16
Copulapattern..16
Ditransitivepattern...16
Exercises...16
Typesofsentences.17
Compoundsentences.17
Complexsentences.18
ComplexCompoundsentences18
Exercises19
Exercises19
Bibliographicreferences..22
TheoreticalPracticalGuide
INTRODUCTION
The following guide theoretical and practical, is designed for English
languagelearnersbasedonlessonsfromthesecondquarterofMicroMision
SimonRodriguezinthecourseSyntax.Highlightingitsimportance,because
thiscourseisbasedonthesetofrules,principles,andprocessesthatgovern
the structure of sentences in a language, in this case English language. In
otherwords,syntaxisanimportantruletowriteandspeakcorrectly.
This guide is made of a dynamic, simple way and adapted to the
demands and needs of the English students. Our intention is produce a
practicalmaterialforthedevelopmentofwrittenandreadingskills.
This guide contains parts of the speech, types of clauses, type of
phrasesandtypesofsentences.
TheoreticalPracticalGuide
PARTSOFSPEECH
Partsofthespeechconsiderthewordsasthesmallestelementsthat
havedistinctivemeanings.Thereforeitisabsolutelynecessarytodistinguish
them to use the language properly. They can be exemplified for English as
follow:
TheoreticalPracticalGuide
Exercises:
1) Identifythenouninthefollowingsentences
Thisismydog.Helivesinmyhouse.WeliveinBarquisimeto
NNN
Wehadabreakfastatacafneartherailstation.
NNN
2) Identifythepronouninthefollowingsentences
Ihelpedhimcarryit.
Pron
TheteachertoldusthatwearethebestteamatMicroMision
PronPron
Danystoldherboyfriendbecarefulwhenyougooutwithyourfriends.
PronPron
3) Identifytheverbsinthefollowingsentences
Englishisawebsite.IlikeEnglishClub
VV
Wehavetoknow,clearlyourvalues
VV
Wewillselectourcareer
V
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4) Identifyadjectivesinthefollowingsentences
Shewantsabigcarforherbluegarage
AdjAdj
Thepinkhouseatthecornerisbeautiful
AdjAdj
Thequietstudentsareveryintelligent
AdjAdj
5) Identifyadverbsinthefollowingsentences
Theoldmanwalkedslowly
Adv
Igotothegymfrecuently
Adv
Mydogeatsveryquickly
Adv
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6) Identifythedeterminersinthefollowingsentences
Thatbagisthemostbeautifulinthestore
DetDetDet
ThisisJuanheismyfriendfromCalabozo
DetDet
Thosecatarehispets
DetDet
7) Identifytheprepositionsinthefollowingsentences
WewenttoschoolonMonday
PrepPrep
Thereisamouseunderneaththepiano.
Prep
Thekeysareonthetableathome
PrepPrep
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8) Identifytheconjuctionsinthefollowingsentences
IlikedogsandIlikecats
Conj
Heisindietbutheeatsicecreameveryweek
Conj
Sheboughtnewshoesbecauseshehasanewwork
Conj
9) Identifytheinterjectionsinthefollowingsentences
Oops!Ididitagain
Interj
Ouch!Thathurts
Interj
Ooh!Youaresobeautifultoday
Interj
ThePhrase.
Aphraseistwoormorewordsthatdonotcontainthesubjectverbpair
necessarytoformaclause.Phrasescanbeveryshortorquitelong.Hereare
twoexamples:
Afterlunch
Afterlunchwellgotowork.
TheoreticalPracticalGuide
Certainphraseshavespecificnamesbasedonthetypeofwordthat
beginsorgovernsthewordgroup:nounphrase,verbphrase,prepositional
phrase,adjectivesphraseandadverbialsphrase.
NounPhrases
A noun phrase includes a nouna person, place, or thingand the
modifierseither before or afterwhich distinguish it. The pattern looks like
this:
OptionalModifier(s)+Noun+OptionalModifier(s)
Herearesomeexamples:
Theshopliftedpairofjeans
Pair=nounthe,shoplifted,ofjeans=modifiers.
Acatthatrefusedtomeow
Cat=nouna,thatrefusedtomeow=modifiers.
YrisisgreatEnglishteacher
Teacher=nouna,great,English=modifiers.
VerbPhrases
Sometimesasentencecancommunicateitsmeaningwithaoneword
verb.Othertimes,however,asentencewilluseaverbphrase,amultiword
verb,toexpressmorenuancedactionorcondition.Averbphrasecanhave
uptofourparts.Thepatternlookslikethis:
AuxiliaryVerb(s)+MainVerb+VerbEndingWhenNecessary
Herearesomeexamples:
Hadcleaned
Had=auxiliaryverbclean=mainverbed=verbending.
Shouldhavebeenwriting
TheoreticalPracticalGuide
Should,have,been=auxiliaryverbswrite=mainverbing=verbending.
Mustwash
Must=auxiliaryverbwash=mainverb.
Herearetheverbphrasesinaction:
MomhadjustcleanedtherefrigeratorshelveswhenLawrenceknockedover
thepitcheroforangejuice.
Sarahshouldhavebeenwritingherresearchessay,butshecouldn'tresist
anothershortchapterinherStephenKingnovel.
Ifguestsarecomingfordinner,wemustwashoursmellydog!
PrepositionalPhrases
Attheminimum,aprepositionalphrasewillbeginwithaprepositionandend
withanoun,pronoun,gerund,orclause,the"object"ofthepreposition.
Theobjectoftheprepositionwilloftenhaveoneormoremodifierstodescribe
it.Thesearethepatternsforaprepositionalphrase:
Preposition+Noun,Pronoun,Gerund,orClause
Preposition+Modifier(s)+Noun,Pronoun,Gerund,orClause
Herearesomeexamples:
Ontime
On=prepositiontime=noun.
Underneaththesaggingyellowcouch
Underneath=prepositionthe,sagging,yellow=modifierscouch=noun.
Fromeatingtoomuch
From=prepositioneating=gerundtoo,much=modifiers.
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TheoreticalPracticalGuide
Adverbialphrase
Adverbialphraseisthetermfortwoormorewordswhichplaytheroleof
anadverb.Lookattheseexamples:
x
Iwillsitquietly.
(normaladverb)
Iwillsitinsilence.
(adverbialphrase)
Iwillsitlikeamonkmeditates.
(adverbialclause)
(Whenthemultiwordadverbcontainsasubjectandaverb(likeinthis
example),itisanadverbialclauseasopposedtoanadverbialphrase.)
Intheexamplesabove,alltheadverbstellushowthepersonwillsit.They
arealladverbsofmanner.Whenusedtomodifyaverb,anadverb(including
anadverbialphraseandanadverbialclause)willusuallydescribewhen,
where,orhowsomethinghappens.
Adjectivephrase
Anadjectivephrase(oradjectivalphrase)isaphrasethattellsus
somethingaboutthenounitismodifying.Thehead(principal)wordinan
adjectivephrasewillbeanadjective.Intheexamplesbelow,theadjective
phraseisshadedandtheheadword(i.e.,theadjective)isinbold:
x
Thenearbymotelofferscheapbutcomfortablerooms.
(Inthisexample,theheadadjectivestartstheadjectivephrase.)
Theseareunbelievablyexpensiveshoes.
(Inthisexample,theheadadjectiveendstheadjectivephrase.)
Sarahwasfairlyboredwithyou.
(Inthisexample,theheadadjectiveisinthemiddleoftheadjective
phrase.)
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TheoreticalPracticalGuide
Likeanormaladjective,anadjectivephrasecanbeusedbeforethenounitis
modifying(likeinthefirsttwoexamplesabove)orafterthenounitis
modifying(likeinthelastexample).
Exercises:
1. Identifythenounphraseinthefollowingsentences:
Thetallboythrewtheblueballwithgreatforce.
NPNPNP
IramforgotVanessasbirthday.
NP
2. Identifyverbphraseinthefollowingsentences:
Iamstudying
VP
TheyareplayingDomino
VP
3. Identifyprepositionalphraseinthefollowingsentences:
ThemanfromBarinasboughtanewsuit.
P.P
Luisahidherbooksunderthebed
P.P
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TheoreticalPracticalGuide
4. Identifyadverbialphraseinthefollowingsentences:
Infrontofthehouse,thecarstopped
AdvP
Vanessaspokewithconviction
AdvP
5. Identifyadjectivephraseinthefollowingsentences:
Themoviewasnottooterriblylong
AdjP
Thenewoutfitwasverypriceybutreallybeautiful
AdjPAdjP
Clauses
Aclauseisagroupofrelatedwordsusuallycontainingasubjectanda
verb.
E.g.Samuelgoeshome
SubjectVerb
Clauses are classified as main clause (Independent clause) and
subordinateclauses(dependentclause)
Main clause: Express a complete thought and may constitute a
sentence
E.g.:Closethedoor
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TheoreticalPracticalGuide
Typeclauses
They are classified as adjective clause, adverb clause and relative
clause.
Adjectiveclause:followsthenounorpronounthatitmodifies.Youcan
recognizethembecauseitcontainswho,whichorthat.
E.g.Sheisapersonwholikesexpensivethings
MainclauseAdjectiveclause
AdverbClause:appearsjustbeforeorjustafterthemainclause.
E.g.Ifyoupageyourbills,youwillhaveagoodcreditscore
AdverbclauseMainclause
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TheoreticalPracticalGuide
Identifythetypeofclauseinthefollowingsentences.
SinceIdon'thavethebook,Icouldnotdothereport.
S.CM.C
Thewellknownpoet,whowasimmortalized,isEdgarAllenPoe.
M.CS.C
Iris,whoisagirlinroom18,willrunforrepresentative.
S.CM.C
Identificationofcomplements
Manyverbsrequirecomplementstomakesense:
Josemade
GabrielayValeriaare
These verbs need something more that answer the question what?
Andthisisknownlikecomplements.
E.g.Josemadethelunch
GabrielayValeriaarebeautiful
Intransitivepattern:donothaveanobjectreceivingtheaction.
E.g.Mariawalk
S+V
SubjectVerb
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TheoreticalPracticalGuide
Transitivepattern:areactionverbsthathaveanobject(Directobject)
toreceivethataction.
E.g.Hetookthetrain
S+V+O.D
SubjectVerbComplement
Coppulapattern(likingverbs):ittellswhatsomethingis,was,willbe.It
candescribeandtoshowanattributeofthesubject.
E.g.VanessaisIntelligent
S+V+CS/S+V+Adj.
SubjectverbAdj.
Ditransitivepattern:Ithastwoobjects:Indirectobjectanddirectobject.
E.g.Hetoldastorytohismother
SubjectverbO.D.O.I.
Identify the type of the verbs and its objects in the following
sentences.
Rimapassed(T)thebook(OD)toIram.
LuisaandVanessasang(I)attheschoolconcert.
Shelooks(LV)fine
IrisfoundDany(OI)anoutofshoestore(OD)
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TheoreticalPracticalGuide
Typesofsentences
Compoundsentences
Acompoundsentenceisasentencethathasatleasttwoindependent
clauses joined by a comma, semicolon or conjunction. Anindependent
clauseisaclausethathasasubjectandverbandformsacompletethought.
Anexampleofacompoundsentenceis,'Thishouseistooexpensive,
andthathouseistoosmall.'Thissentenceisacompoundsentencebecause
ithastwoindependentclauses,'Thishouseistooexpensive'and'thathouse
istoosmall'separatedbyacommaandtheconjunction'and.'
When independent clauses are joined withcoordinators(also called
coordinating conjunctions) commas and semicolons, they do more than just
jointheclauses.Theyaddmeaningandflowtoyourwriting.Firstlet'slookat
thecoordinatorsyoucanusetojoinindependentclauses.Theyare:
x
For
And
Nor
But
Or
Yet
So
NotethattheyformthehandymnemonicFANBOYS.Thethreeyouwilluse
mostoftenare'and,''but'and'or.'
E.X: I love chocolate, andI love eating chocolate. Two or more
independentclauses.
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TheoreticalPracticalGuide
Complexsentence
Acomplex sentenceis a sentence that combines one independent
clausewithatleastonedependentclause.Aclauseisagroupofwordsthat
has both a subject and a verb. Anindependent clauseforms a complete
thought. Adependent clause, also called asubordinating clause, does not
form a complete thought and is dependent upon an independent clause for
meaning.
E.X: I love chocolatebecause its decadent. One independent clause and
oneormoredependentclauses
ComplexCompoundsentence
Acompoundcomplex sentencecombines the compound and the
complex sentence. The 'compound' part means that it has two or more
complete sentences. The 'complex' part means that it has at least one
incompletesentence.
E.X: I love chocolatebecause its decadent, andI love eating
chocolatebecauseitsdelicious.Twoormoreindependentclausesandone
ormoredependentclauses.
Identifydetypesofsentenceinthefollowingsentences:
AlthoughIliketogocamping,Ihaven'thadthetimetogolately,andI
M.CI.C
haven'tfoundanyonetogowith.(CompoundComplexSentece)
I.C
Everyonewasbusy,soIwenttothemoviealone.(CompoundSentence)
M.CM.C
Because my coffee was too cold,I heated it in the microwave. (Complex
Sentence)
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TheoreticalPracticalGuide
I.CM.C
Now,putthelearnedinpractice.Identifypartsofthespeech,type
ofphrases,typeoftheclauseandkindofverbsanditsobjectsifthey
haveinthefollowingsentences.
1) Vanessahasacar
S
Subj.Pred.
NPVP
Noun
VanessaV(T)OD
hasNP
Det.N
acar
2) Ihelpedmynephewwithhishomework
S
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Subj.Pred.
NPVP
Pron
IV(DT)OIOD
helpedNPPP
Det.NPNP
mynephewwith
Det.N
hishomework
3) Luisaishappy
S
Subj.Pred.
NPVP
ProperN
LuisaV(LV)CS
is
A
happy
4) Rimabringsusfood
S
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SubjPred
NPVP
V(DT)OIOD
Brings
PronN
usfood
BIBLIOGRAPHICREFERENCES
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TheoreticalPracticalGuide
http://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/
http://study.com/
https://learningnerd.wordpress.com/
http://www.englishgrammar.org/clausesexercise/
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