International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 6, Issue 10, Oct 2015, pp. 176-186, Article ID: IJCIET_06_10_015
Available online at
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=6&IType=10
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
IAEME Publication

THE EFFICIENT OF USING THE CLOSE

RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY TECHNIQUE
INSTEAD OF A PRECISE TERRESTRIAL
SURVEYING TECHNIQUE FOR
DEFORMATION MONITORING IN
UNSTABLE STRUCTURE BUILDINGS
Hossam El-Din Fawzy
Lecturer, Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering,
Kafr El-Sheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, EGYPT
ABSTRACT
Time, cost and accuracy required are the important factors that decide on
the deformation monitoring in unstable structure buildings. Several
methodologies are currently following when a precise determination of
displacements is required. In this paper, close range Photogrammetry is an
alternative method for deformation monitoring. The main objective of this
paper has investigated the use of close range Photogrammetry to calculate the
deformation monitoring instead of Precise terrestrial surveying methods.
Precise terrestrial surveying methods have been insufficient for the
Deformation monitoring in a short time and low cost or in a risk area. This
paper gives also the sequence of the field operations and computational steps
for this task.

Key words: Close Range Photogrammetry, Precise Terrestrial Surveying,

Accuracy, Deformation Monitoring.
Cite this Article: Hossam El-Din Fawzy. The Efficient of Using The Close
Range Photogrammetry Technique Instead of A Precise Terrestrial Surveying
Technique For Deformation Monitoring In Unstable Structure Buildings.
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 6(10), 2015, pp.
176-186.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=6&IType=10

1. INTRODUCTION
In the 2014 plans have been initiated for removing the inclined building in the city of
Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt. The dimension of inclined building is about 16m long, 14m
wide and 41m height as shown in figure 1. In the neighborhood of the construction
site a number of buildings exist, mainly built between 1985 and 2012. Due to possible
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The Efficient of Using The Close Range Photogrammetry Technique Instead of A Precise
Terrestrial Surveying Technique For Deformation Monitoring In Unstable Structure Buildings

ground movements subsequent movements of the buildings can be expected that

could lead to significant damages.

Figure 1 The Inclined Building in The City of Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt.

In order to avoid claims for damages without good reasons, the project leader has
placed orders for extensive evidence control measurements. These should document
the existing damages on buildings before any remove of inclined building work has
been started. This includes all visible damages on interior and exterior parts of the
buildings. Each damage is then measured by special gauges or tools, and documented
by photographs. This work has been carried out by legally authorized experts.
In this work a precise three-dimensional monitoring of the building was required
for studying the structural stability before the any remove of inclined building work
has been started.
Several methodologies are currently following when a precise determination of
displacements is required. In the present case the environment was highly restrictive.
To start with, the work had to be conducted in a closed building where some of the
monitoring points were not intervisible: some points were on the outside walls while
others were on the inside walls. Besides, an extremely high precision of about 1 mm
was demanded for the determination of the possible displacements. Considering these
severe limitations, a review of the adequacy of specific current technologies was
conducted as the initial task.
Precise terrestrial surveying techniques are the classic procedures for the
determination of displacements. They are based on the measurement of geometric
quantities: horizontal or zenith angles by means of a theodolite within an accuracy
that can reach 1", distances by means of an electronic distance meter (EDM) within a
usual accuracy of 3 to 5 mm/km, and differences of height by geometric levelling
within an accuracy of some tenths of a millimeter for a single measure. Precise
terrestrial surveying techniques have been used for very precise coordinate
determinations in particular for slope deformation monitoring and also for structural
studies. These techniques are able to connect non-intervisible monitoring points.[11]
Close range photogrammetry is one of the main techniques currently used for the
restoration of buildings. Its main capability is to attach the visual information to the
geometry under study with a potential accuracy of submillimeter. A benefit of close
range photogrammetry is that a photo record is kept of all the data that are measured,
which allow the measurements to be checked in the future. [11]
Global Positioning System techniques are widely used in surveying and geodesy.
They track the signals transmitted by the NAVSTAR satellite constellation and

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Hossam El-Din Fawzy

provide a relative accuracy of 5 mm 1 mm/km. Although Global Positioning System

technique has been used for restoration works, it was unsuitable for a closed building
since the satellite signals cannot be tracked from the inside. [11]
Laser scanning-based surveying techniques are also able to provide a centimeter
level accuracy and therefore are becoming increasingly interesting for restoration
works. However, the submillimetre accuracy required is beyond its capabilities. [11]
Finally, it was decided to use close range photogrammetry technique for a precise
three-dimensional monitoring of the building and check of result by precise terrestrial
surveying technique. This paper gives also the sequence of the field operations and
computational steps for this task by two methods (close range photogrammetry and
precise terrestrial surveying techniques).

2. CLOSE RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY TECHNIQUE

Close range Photogrammetry is a three-dimensional measurement technique which
uses central projection imaging as its fundamental mathematical model often
associated with a simple device called the pinhole camera. Three elements are
sufficient to fully describe the perspective of a pinhole camera: the focal distance and
the two coordinates of the point where the optical axis intersect the image plane
(Interior Orientation), referring to a specific frame on the image plane. The camera
calibration procedure retrieves perspective elements, known as Interior Orientation
(IO) parameters, together with the radial and decentring lens distortion parameters,
known as Additional Parameters (AP). Close range Photogrammetry is able to get
three dimensional (3D) data of an object from images in a way that is very similar to
theodolite survey techniques, since it is based on the intersection between two or more
optical rays (redundancy) called collinearity straight lines in photogrammetric
terminology. Within the perspective model, the object point, perspective center and
image point lie on the same collinearity straight line. The image acquisition stage
consists in taking photographs of the object from different view positions, ensuring
good intersection between collinearity straight lines. The photogrammetric process is
strictly linked to marking some homologous object points on the images to determine
both camera positions and orientations, called Exterior Orientation (EO), as well as
3D point coordinates. The recognition of the same object point on two or more images
(image correspondences) requires the object surface to have enough texture
information (such as natural points and/or edges, etc.). If no features are visible on the
images, then artificial targets must be positioned and/or synthetic patterns must be
projected or painted on the object surface. For some applications, i.e. For high
automation and accuracy purposes, circular coded targets should be positioned on the
object to automatically recognize image correspondences.[4]
While IO establishes the geometric characteristics of a bundle of rays, the EO
establishes its position and orientation with respect to the object space coordinates
system. Each bundle requires six independent parameters: three for position and three
for orientation. These parameters can be calculated either through the knowledge of at
least three object point coordinates (single image orienting or resection method) or by
marking the same object points (at least five) on two or more images (image pairs
orienting or relative orientation method). Once the approximate values for exterior
orientation parameters have been computed or estimated, a least square evaluation by
means of a bundle adjustment process (multi image orienting) is performed in order to
improve accuracy. [4]

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The Efficient of Using The Close Range Photogrammetry Technique Instead of A Precise
Terrestrial Surveying Technique For Deformation Monitoring In Unstable Structure Buildings

Once the exterior orientation parameters have been computed, different kinds of
3D measurements are possible (points, segments and/or straight lines, planar
geometric shapes, solids, etc.). Generally, a rough approximation of accuracy
achievable with photogrammetric measurements can be derived directly from
uncertainty in marking the imaged geometric primitives.
Figure 2 illustrates the model presented for reconstruction of a light rays uses two
sets of coordinates, where (x, y) represents the position of an observed point
projection in a photograph.

Figure 2 Relation between object and photograph point

Reconstruction of an optical straight-line consists in establishing a functional
relation between the object and image coordinates. This model is sufficient for
considering a measurement in the plane with two unknown values of the object
coordinates X and Y, (Z = 0), and they can be calculated using two equations of image
coordinates (x, y). [4]
Abdel Aziz and Karara proposed a simple method for close range
photogrammetric data reduction with non- metric cameras; it establishes the Direct
Linear Transformation (DLT) between the two-dimensional coordinates, and the
corresponding object - space coordinates. [1]
The Direct Linear Transformation (DLT) between a point (X, Y, Z) in object
space and its corresponding image space coordinates (x, y) can be established by the
linear fractional equations [1]:
L1 X L2Y L3 Z L4
L9 X L10Y L11Z 1
L X L6Y L7 Z L8
g y y 5
L9 X L10Y L11Z 1
f x x

(1)

Where:
L1, L2, L3L11 are the transformation parameters
X, Y and Z are the object space coordinates

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Hossam El-Din Fawzy

x x ( k1 r 2 k2 r 4 k3 r 6 ) p1 ( r 2 2x 2 ) 2 p2 x y
y y ( k1 r 2 k2 r 4 k3 r 6 ) 2 p1 x y 2 p2 ( r 2 2 y )

(2)

Where:
x- = x xo

y- = y yo

r2 = (x xo)2 + (y yo)2

x, y are image coordinates

p1 and p2 are two asymmetric parameters for decentring distortion
k1 , k2 and k3 are three symmetric parameters for radial distortion
r is the radial distance from the principal point.[2],[3]
A 3D measurement includes three unknown values of object coordinates X , Y ,Z .
Two equations of image coordinates are not enough for calculation of three
coordinates. Additional equations of image coordinates are necessary to solve the
problem. The object point has to be recorded from another position, which gives two
additional equations. The system of the equations is predefined. The optical
measurement techniques for calculation of a point position in space are based on
stereoscopic effect. A 3D position of a point is determined by triangulation, as shown
in Figure 3.

Figure 3 Triangulation principle

The position of a point is determined from an intersection of straight lines. The
lines are defined by a point P and its projection points P1\ and P2\ on photographs. It is
necessary to set up additional equations in order to record the point from another
camera position and make a redefinition of the system, i.e. a larger number of
equations than unknowns possible. The system of nonlinear equations redefined in
this way is solved iteratively by an error minimization method, and the outputs of this
analysis are 3D coordinates of measuring points and other parameters of the
mathematical model.[4]

3. PRECISE TERRESTRIAL SURVEYING TECHNIQUE

In precise terrestrial surveying technique, the deformation monitoring was divided
into two parts: planimetry and altimetry. The instrumentation, measurement
methodology and monitoring marks should then be established consequently. [11]
For the altimetric study, five benchmarks were located far from the inclined
building and the neighborhood building in order to be free from possible
deformations. They define the height origin after having been interconnected by

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The Efficient of Using The Close Range Photogrammetry Technique Instead of A Precise
Terrestrial Surveying Technique For Deformation Monitoring In Unstable Structure Buildings

digital level measurements so as to represent a stable reference frame even in case of

the disappearance or displacement of a small number of them.
Other height monitoring marks were located in the outside and inside walls of the
inclined building and the neighboring building. It was impossible to measure the
benchmarks located over the walls by geometric levelling. The benchmark was very
high in these monitoring points, making it impossible to set up the levelling staffs.
Therefore trigonometric levelling was used jointly with geometric levelling.
The planimetric monitoring was conducted by means of angle measurements and
at least one distance (to fix the scale of the network) only in the space over the vaults
for the same monitoring marks as used for the altimetry. The angle measurements
with the theodolite were obtained within an accuracy of about one second of arc
which for the distances involved represents of mm. The widespread total stations in
use today rarely measure to better than 1 mm even when taking precise measurements
of temperature, pressure and humidity.

4. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
In 2014, as part of remove the inclined building in the city of Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt,
many observations were carried using close range photogrammetry and precise
terrestrial surveying techniques to determine the displacements.
In close range photogrammetry techniques, A professional software for 3D
modeling and measurement (PhotoModeler software) was used to collect the image
data from the test specimens. Before the image acquisition, 12 photographs of the
calibration grid, which provided by the software supposed to be taken from twelve
different positions and angles, and then be imported to the software to finish the
calibration process.[10]
A normal 14.2 mega pixels Digital Camera Nikon D 3100 (Figure 4) was used in
this application for the image acquisition [7]. When processing the photographs, some
selected points need to be marked and then be cross-reference in photographs taken
from various angles. Compared to the conventional photogrammetric procedures,
PhotoModeler allows even greater reduction of time and costs for the production of
models, since it does not require positioning and measuring of targets and stereoscopy
to produce suitable photographic documents.[5]

Figure 4 The Nikon D 3100 digital camera

It has been shown that the method of measuring facades with the PhotoModeler
software is efficient when having common points easily identifiable at least on 3 or 4
photographs, and this was sometimes impossible depending on the kind of object
being measured and the characteristics of its surface and materials. The present
experience has shown that the use of clearly identified and well-distributed high
resolution targets over the facades was recommended.[10]

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Therefore, when for taking photographs after the calibration process, each selected
point must be visible at least in two photographs that have been taken at an angle
larger than 45 degrees to the object. And it is well acknowledged that more
photographs with the same points make more accurate results. Ideal lighting
conditions had been arranged for a uniform light scene during the image acquisition
process, thus for not producing hard shadows which make points difficult to mark and
reference.[4]
All photographs were well focused. Once a good number of points have been
marked, they need to be cross-referenced. The points in the proposed order are
supposed to be selected in the second photograph, following the prompts in the first
photograph. After the referencing of all points needed, the model can be processed
into a 3D model, where the surfaces can be added between points or lines. When the
surfaces exist in the model, the textures could be mapped onto the surfaces to make
the model looks exactly the same as the reality. [4]
The final photogrammetric model is able to be exported into many different
formatted files and to be used in various engineering programs. For instance, it can be
exported as a .dxf file which can be used in AutoCAD, or a .igs file which will be
used in ANSYS, in which the processing and post processing would be
performed.[10]
In precise terrestrial surveying techniques, the five remote altimetric origin
benchmarks were connected to the ten height monitoring marks on the outer walls of
the building under monitoring by means of precise geometric levelling, and then 24
marks along the inner walls of the building under monitoring. Typical precisions were
estimated to be some tenths of mm.
The geometric levelling was conducted with a Sokkia power level SDL 30 and
provides a reading by estimation to 2 decimals when measuring mode is tracking. The
Sokkia power level SDL 30 used is shown in Figure 5.[9] The trigonometric levelling
was conducted with a Sokkia Reflector less Total Station (SET330RK) as shown in
Figure 6. The observations with the Sokkia Reflector less Total Station provided all
automatic determinations with a submillimetre accurate.[8]

Figure 5 The Sokkia power level SDL30

Figure 6 The Sokkia Reflector less Total

Station (SET330RK)

Three independent distances between the benchmarks were measured by Sokkia

Reflector less Total Station (SET330RK). The observations with the Sokkia Reflector
less Total Station provided all altimetric determinations with submillimetre accuracy.

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The Efficient of Using The Close Range Photogrammetry Technique Instead of A Precise
Terrestrial Surveying Technique For Deformation Monitoring In Unstable Structure Buildings

All of the 136 visible horizontal directions with the theodolite mode were
measuring the angles in two faces), also all of the 136 visible zenith angles with the
theodolite mode (in two faces).

5. ASSESSMENT OF ACCURACY
There are two different methods can be used to evaluate accuracy: one can evaluate
accurately by using check measurements and determining from these check
measurements the value of appropriate accuracy criteria; and one can use accuracy
predictors. In this study, check measurements will be used to evaluate the accuracy.
In this study, we consider checking points in the studied object that is points
whose true coordinates Xit, Yit and Zit are known by using a precise terrestrial
surveying technique before any remove of inclined building work. Then Xic, Yic and
Zic are the coordinates of the check points after removing the four floors of the
inclined building by two techniques (close range Photogrammetry technique and
precise terrestrial surveying technique), an estimation of the MRXYZ spatial residual
is[6]:

MRXYZ

(Yic X it )2 (Yic X it )2 ( Zic Zit )2

(3)

Analogous quantities can be estimated for three axes:

The X- direction:

MRX (Yic X it )2

The Y-direction:

MRY

The Z-direction:

MRZ ( Zic Zit )2

(Yic X it )2

6. THE RESULTS
The deformation result of the 3-D point positioning of the monitoring mark with both
techniques (close range Photogrammetry technique and precise terrestrial surveying
technique) after removing the four floors of the inclined building as shown in Figure 7
and summarized in table 1.

Figure 7 the inclined building after removing the four floors

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Hossam El-Din Fawzy

Table 1 Statistics for the deformation result of 3-D point positioning in mm of the monitoring
mark with both techniques (close range Photogrammetry technique and precise terrestrial
surveying technique) after removing the four floors of inclined building

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34

Close range Photogrammetry

MRX
MRY
MRZ
MRXYZ
0.1763
0.1638
0.3577
0.4311
1.5693
0.4696
0.6646
1.7678
0.7831
1.4249
0.3049
1.6542
0.6067
0.3349
0.7551
1.0249
1.5511
1.5880
0.4771
2.2706
0.0378
0.2519
0.8134
0.8523
0.5609
1.3370
1.3297
1.9673
0.5902
0.4835
1.0100
1.2658
1.4985
0.3471
0.5391
1.6299
1.5625
0.4507
0.1049
1.6296
0.2163
0.7312
0.3700
0.8475
0.9651
0.7051
1.3456
1.7998
3.6093
2.8200
1.2284
4.7422
2.8658
3.8096
3.7354
6.0563
3.1220
2.5971
2.5523
4.7965
3.4471
2.5390
4.4028
6.1411
0.3924
1.1704
0.1499
1.2435
1.3021
0.4801
0.5692
1.5000
1.1741
1.2532
0.1874
1.7275
0.3186
0.8763
1.6869
1.9275
0.1970
0.4257
0.0064
0.4691
0.5162
0.8508
1.2149
1.5705
1.7747
0.1487
0.8793
1.9862
0.6583
0.0723
0.9156
1.1300
0.9825
0.8415
0.1293
1.3000
0.3934
0.9536
0.7113
1.2530
1.3096
1.6357
0.5026
2.1548
0.3552
0.1630
0.9040
0.9849
0.8376
0.8566
0.6768
1.3760
0.8187
0.7975
1.3381
1.7598
1.5199
0.0225
0.1840
1.5312
0.9898
0.6605
0.3527
1.2412
0.6988
0.2509
0.1691
0.7615
0.1450
0.9044
0.2441
0.9479

Precise terrestrial surveying

MRX
MRY
MRZ
MRXYZ
0.0971
0.1493
0.3112
0.3586
0.8235
0.2575
0.5285
1.0118
0.6948
0.8407
0.1656
1.1032
0.3171
0.2543
0.6020
0.7264
0.9502
0.8143
0.2630
1.2787
0.0344
0.2435
0.6541
0.6988
0.4387
0.9293
0.6892
1.2374
0.3816
0.3500
0.7482
0.9098
0.7655
0.1966
0.4505
0.9098
0.7952
0.2511
0.0838
0.8381
0.1869
0.6160
0.2290
0.6833
0.4898
0.4733
0.9133
1.1393
3.1191
2.4616
1.0666
4.1141
2.5853
3.3233
3.3033
5.3516
2.8375
2.3411
2.1534
4.2625
3.0187
2.1989
3.9845
5.4612
0.2760
0.9172
0.0782
0.9610
0.6797
0.2858
0.4427
0.8600
0.6551
0.7572
0.1067
1.0069
0.1626
0.7537
0.9619
1.2328
0.1190
0.3804
0.0046
0.3986
0.4984
0.5678
0.7749
1.0823
0.9597
0.0759
0.8173
1.2629
0.3404
0.0540
0.8687
0.9346
0.5853
0.5308
0.0844
0.7946
0.2238
0.7792
0.3998
0.9039
0.7513
0.9340
0.2599
1.2265
0.2551
0.1299
0.8001
0.8497
0.5060
0.5688
0.4314
0.8750
0.6991
0.4694
0.9106
1.2403
0.8909
0.0119
0.1818
0.9094
0.9593
0.3371
0.2638
1.0505
0.5472
0.1622
0.1455
0.5890
0.1386
0.7943
0.1361
0.8177

Using insight into Table 1 some interesting points are noted:

There have not been significant displacements except for the points (13, 14, 15 and
16 at the neighboring building in the north direction of inclined building) in the
which have subsided a detectable amount of 4 mm
In the X, Y and Z direction, the best accuracy has been obtained, when the precise
terrestrial surveying technique is used
According to the obtained results, The average accuracy of the photogrammetric
measurement technique amount 1 mm but the average measuring accuracy of the

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The Efficient of Using The Close Range Photogrammetry Technique Instead of A Precise
Terrestrial Surveying Technique For Deformation Monitoring In Unstable Structure Buildings
terrestrial surveying technique amounts to 0.1mm for precise leveling and also 0.1mm
for 3-D point determinations using the theodolite system.

7. CONCLUSIONS
The close range Photogrammetry technique and precise terrestrial surveying
technique have been used in a precise three-dimensional monitoring of the building
and the obtained accuracy is discussed and presented. From all of the above
discussions, the following conclusions can be drawn:

The close range Photogrammetry technique is easier to implement and faster than the
precise terrestrial surveying technique.
The close range Photogrammetry technique has a great reduction of time and cost
than the precise terrestrial surveying technique.
The accuracy of the precise terrestrial surveying technique can be given good results
in comparison with The close range Photogrammetry technique.

Based on the experimental results, it can be seen that the numeric results show the
stability for most of the benchmarks. The initial results, however, also show a possible
instability of points 13, 14, 15 and 16 in the neighboring building in the north
direction of inclined building. Future campaigns will have to confirm or disprove
these. Seasonal displacements were observed with a high level of confidence for
points (13, 14, 15 and 16) at locations where some structure weakness is suspected.
Additional measurement campaigns are suggested for the next years in order to obtain
a more reliable monitoring modelisation.

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