1. What is a compound claim? Provide examples.

A compound claim is composed of two or more claims which are attached by a

connective, such as or, if, then, and and. However, it has to be viewed as a single
claim.

Example:
If it rains, then we will not go to the beach today. (Compound claim)
Donald uses public transportation because he does not have a car. (Not a compound
claim)

It is not necessary that if a claim is composed of two claims, it is a compound claim. This
is seen in the example above when the word because is used. This word indicates an
argument and not a claim.

Compound claims have contradictory of those claims. It is also known as negation.

Contradictory of those claims are ones that have the opposite truth-value in all possible
circumstances.

Example:
If it rains, then we will not go to the beach today. (Compound claim)
If it rains, then we will go to the beach today. (Contradictory of the claim)

2. What is a concealed claim? Provide examples.

A concealed claim is a claim made by someone who is trying to convince another person
by the way they say it rather than what they say. As a result, we tend to assume that a
dubious claim is actually true. In short, slanters are used in concealed claims.

Slanter: The usage of words via a literary device that attempts to conceal a dubious claim.

Types of concealed claims:

-

Euphemism
A word or phrase which is used to make something sound better that its original
meaning.
Example: Passed away (instead of died)

Dysphemism
A word or phrase which is used to make something sound worse than its original
meaning.
Example: Bullshit (instead of lies)

Down-player
A word or phrase which is used to minimize the significance of a claim.
Example: I managed to score 100% on my Math test while Danny only achieved
50%.

Up-player
A word or phrase that functions as a hyperbole.
Example: Lina finally paid off her debts

Proof Substitute
A word or phrase that suggests the speaker has a proof when there is no proof actually
offered.
Example: Trust me. I have seen him acting in many television serial dramas.

Innuendo
A thin negative claim that is implied by the speaker.
Example: Z: Where do you live?
H: Ipoh.
Z: Oh, Im sorry.
Concealed claim: You deserve pity for having had to live in Ipoh.

3. Explain the principle of rational discussion in critical thinking.

There are many principle of rational discussion in critical thinking .First and foremost, is
the need to repair arguments arises from our everyday talk in which arguments often are
incomplete. When it is said to repair a person's argument means it is to clarify what he or she
means so that it can be evaluated.
The first principle of rational discussion in effective critical thinking is requires an
individual to have knowledge about a variety of subjects, and is willing to learn new things. One
of the critical thinking book said the most important principle a person should have in order to
carry out a discussion rationally and effectively is knowledge. Critical thinking helps a person on
the way to think but whats the use of us learning the correct method to actually think when we
are have insufficient knowledge on the subject we are discussing about.
The second principle of rational discussion in critical thinking is speaks to the ability and
willingness to reason well. I am convinced 100% that every human being has the ability to
reason well. Every human has their own ability in critical reasoning, but i believe that a person
can develop a better critical reasoning when they have more practice for example in discussion
or more towards a formal talk or discussion. As we all know we all have the ability to think
critically however sometimes we do lack in will to do so. So ,critical thinking can be hard
sometimes especially when you are having a group discussion with others where you tend to
follow someones emotions or to do what others expect .It all depends on us to actually control
ourselves from all this influences and too think critically .
The third principles indicate that it is impossible to have a rational discussion when a
person is lying during the discussion.
So, these are the principles of a rational discussion in critical thinking.