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I. I NTRODUCTION
The growth of electricity demand is increasing rapidly. DG
is one of the better alternatives to full this ever growing
energy demand. Moreover, it reduces system energy loss,
alleviates transmission congestion, improves voltage prole,
enhances reliability and provides lower operating cost. Because of small size compared with conventional generation
units, DG is more exible to install in terms of investment and
time. As a result, integration of Distributed Energy Resources
(DER) with distribution network offers a promising solution;
therefore, an intensive level of research is needed to understand
the impacts of distributed resources on Distribution System.
Before operating distributed and dispersed generation in power
system, different technical, environmental, commercial and
regulatory issues should be analysed properly. Most signicant
technical barriers are protection, power quality, stability and
islanding operation. However, there are some other issues
which should be analysed before to maximize these technical
benets. From previous studies, it has been seen that different
penetration level and various placement of DER will impact
the distribution system differently [1]. Moreover, improper
DG size and inappropriate allocation of DER may lead to
higher power loss than when there is no dispersed generation
in the system at all [2]. Therefore, detail and exact analysis
method is required to determine the proper location and size
of DG more accurately and precisely. In distribution system,
Adnan Anwar and H. R. Pota are with the School of Engineering and Information Technology (SEIT), The University of New South Wales at Australian
Defence Force Academy (UNSW@ADFA), Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia.
E-mail:Adnan.Anwar@student.adfa.edu.au and h.pota@adfa.edu.au.
(1)
Vj Iji
(2)
Sji =
Where, Vi and Vj are the voltages at node i and j respectively. The line current Iij which is measured at bus i in the
positive direction of i to j and Iji which is measured at bus j
in the positive direction of j to i. Therefore, power loss in any
line between node i and j can be written as the algebraic sum
of power ows determined from (1) and (2) [8].
SLij = Sij + Sji
(3)
n
SL (k)
(4)
k=1
PL1
PL3
PL2
PDG1
PDG2
PDG3
Size of DG (kW)
(5)
(6)
Start
300
280
260
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
0
no
9. Check
whether all
sensitive buses
have been
analysed?
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
DG Size (kW)
Fig. 3. Power loss prole with the variation of DG size (for 34 Node test
system)
95
Actual
Approximate
90
200
85
80
75
70
65
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
yes
10. Find the bus which has min power loss
11. Find corresponding DG size
12. Print optimum DG size and location
End
Fig. 2.
result obtained from repeated load ow. For the other two test
systems, IEEE 13 Node test system and IEEE 34 Node test
system, we have obtained optimum DG size and location using
exhaustive search and proposed method. Results obtained from
simulation are shown in table I. For all of the three test
systems, results from our proposed method are quite similar
with repeated load ow approach but our method is quite
faster.
TABLE I
C OMPARISON OF THE RESULTS OF TWO METHODS
Test
System
13 Bus
34 Bus
123 Bus
Repeated load ow
Optimum
Optimum
Size (MW)
Location
1.28
Bus 675
1.10
Bus 844
1.32
Bus 76
Proposed Method
Optimum
Optimum
Size (MW)
Location
1.29
Bus 675
1.15
Bus 844
1.32
Bus 76
1.1
1.05
1
0.95
0.9
0.85
0.8
Phase3
Phase2
Phase1
For 123 bus test system, before adding any DG, total system
power loss was 95.3 kW. Adding an additional DG of optimum
size on the optimum location, this loss becomes 65.3 kW.
Therefore, active power loss is reduced by 31.5%. Therefore,
overall system efciency improves. Using optimum size and
location, active power loss reduction for the three systems are
summarized in table II.
1.1
TABLE II
ACTIVE P OWER LOSS REDUCTION IN DIFFERENT TEST SYSTEMS
1.05
1
0.95
0.9
0.85
Test
System
13 Bus
34 Bus
123 Bus
0.8
PLR
Phase1
22.6%
53.9%
31.5%
Phase2
Voltage variation at three phases of bus 844
Phase3
1.1
1
0.95
0.9
0.85
0.8
Phase1
Phase2
Voltage variation at three phases of bus 76
Phase3
X. C ONCLUSION
The impact of proper allocation and sizing of DG is
very signicant. Power Loss of distribution system increases
overall system cost and has a major impact in power system
management. From our analysis, we can come to know that,
improper DG size and inappropriate DG allocation may cause
a greater system loss than the loss without DG. DG should
be allocated in those locations where they provide higher
reduction of losses. Although DG is usually consumers
property, nevertheless, it is the interest of utilities and
engineers to determine the appropriate size and location for
safe, reliable and stable operation of the distribution system.
Our analysis method identies this sizing and location issues
accurately and precisely in a faster manner. To understand the
impact of proper allocation and size of DG properly, more
1.05
A PPENDIX
Fig. 6.
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
Fig. 7.
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
[24]
Fig. 8.
R EFERENCES
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publication,
distributed
generation
in
liberalized
electricity
market,
2002.
(page-19).
[Online].
Available:
http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2000/distributed2002.pdf
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