LEVELING Pps

H.U.
MINING ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MAD 256 SURVEYING
LEVELING
PROCEDURES
Equipment
Level
Tripod
Staf
Change plate
Staf bubble
50 m tape measure (sometimes)
What is levelling?
A measurement process whereby the
difference in height between two or
more points can be determined
BS
FS
Diference in height
H=BS-FS
When do we level?
Typical examples include :
To establish new vertical control (BM or TBM)
To determine the heights of discrete points
To provide spot heights or contours on a plan
To provide data for road cross-sections or

volumes of earthworks
To provide a level or inclined plane in the

setting out of construction works
Definitions
Level surface
A surface over which water will not flow

The direction of gravity is always normal to a
level surface
Horizontal surface
A horizontal surface will be tangent to a level

surface
Over short distances (<100 m) the horizontal
surface and the level surface will coincide
Definitions (cont.)
direction of gravity
horizontal
surface
level surface
limit of practical
coincidence (~100 m)
Reading an E-face staf
0.339
0.33
0.3
Collimation error
Occurs when the line of sight (as
defined by the cross-hairs) is not
horizontal
Leads to an incorrect staf reading
t
line of sigh
horizontal line
error
More definitions
Datum
A reference surface to which the heights of

all points in a survey or on a site are referred
May be arbitrary or a national height datum
In Australia we have the Australian Height

Datum (AHD)
The surface which defines the AHD is

(approximately) Mean Sea Level (MSL)
More definitions
Reduced Level (RL)
The height of a point above the datum
Benchmark (BM)
A stable reference point of known RL

Usually used as the starting and finishing point
when levelling
Temporary Bench Mark (TBM)
A point placed (e.g. peg, nail, spike) to provide

a temporary reference point
More definitions
Backsight (BS)
Always the first reading from a new

instrument station
Foresight (FS)
Always the last reading from the current

instrument station
Intermediate sight (IS)
Any sighting that is not a backsight or

foresight
More definitions
Change point (CP)
Location of the staf when the level is

moved
Change points should be...
Stable
Well defined
Recoverable
e.g. sharp rock, nail, change plate, etc...
Rules for levelling

Always commence and finish a level run on
a Benchmark (BM or TBM)
Keep foresight and backsight distances as

equal as possible
Keep lines of sight short (normally < 50m)

Never read below 0.5m on a staf
(refraction)
Use stable, well defined change points
A sample loop
Setup 4
CP 3
BM A
Kerb
Setup 1
Setup 3
Kerb
Setup 2
CP 1
CP 2
Post
Booking the observations

CP 3
BM A
Back
Inter
Fore
BM A
1.32
3.98
Kerb
Setup 1
Kerb
CP 1
CP 2
Post
Point
CP 1

CP 3
BM A
Back
Inter
Fore
1.32
BM A
3.98
2.56
Kerb
Setup 1
Kerb
CP 1
CP 2
Post
CP 1
1.25
Kerb
3.65
Post
0.67
Setup 2
Point
CP 2

CP 3
BM A
Back
Inter
Fore
1.32
Setup 1
BM A
2.56
Kerb
Setup 3
Kerb
3.98
Kerb
3.65
Post
0.67
1.54
CP 2
Post
CP 2
Kerb
2.58
CP 1
CP 1
1.25
3.49
Setup 2
Point
CP 3

Setup 4
CP 3
BM A
Back
Inter
Fore
1.32
Setup 1
BM A
2.56
Kerb
Setup 3
Kerb
3.98
Kerb
3.65
Post
CP 1
CP 2
Post
0.67
2.58
2.64
CP 1
1.25
3.49
Setup 2
Point
CP 2
Kerb
1.54
CP 3
3.79
BM A
Reducing levels (Rise and

Fall)
Back Inter Fore Rise Fall
1.32
Comment
50.00 BM A
2.56
3.98
CP 1
1.25
Kerb
3.65
Post
3.49
0.67
2.58
2.64
RL
CP 2
Kerb
1.54
CP 3
3.79
BM A

Fall)
1.32
Comment
50.00 BM A
2.56
3.98
2.66
47.34 CP 1
1.25
Kerb
3.65
Post
3.49
0.67
2.58
2.64
RL
CP 2
Kerb
1.54
CP 3
3.79
BM A

Fall)
1.32
Comment
50.00 BM A
2.56
3.98
1.25
3.49
2.66
1.31
3.65
47.34 CP 1
48.65 Kerb
Post
0.67
2.58
2.64
RL
CP 2
Kerb
1.54
CP 3
3.79
BM A

Fall)
1.32
Comment
50.00 BM A
2.56
3.98
1.25
3.49
2.66
1.31
3.65
0.67
47.34 CP 1
48.65 Kerb
2.40
2.58
2.64
RL
46.25 Post
CP 2
Kerb
1.54
CP 3
3.79
BM A

Fall)
1.32
Comment
50.00 BM A
2.56
3.98
1.25
2.66
1.31
3.65
3.49
0.67
2.98
47.34 CP 1
48.65 Kerb
2.40
2.58
2.64
RL
46.25 Post
49.23 CP 2
Kerb
1.54
CP 3
3.79
BM A

Fall)
1.32
Comment
50.00 BM A
2.56
3.98
1.25
2.66
1.31
3.65
3.49
0.67
47.34 CP 1
48.65 Kerb
2.40
2.58
2.64
RL
46.25 Post
2.98
49.23 CP 2
0.91
50.14 Kerb
1.54
CP 3
3.79
BM A

Fall)
1.32
Comment
50.00 BM A
2.56
3.98
1.25
2.66
1.31
3.65
3.49
0.67
1.54
3.79
47.34 CP 1
48.65 Kerb
2.40
2.58
2.64
RL
46.25 Post
2.98
49.23 CP 2
0.91
50.14 Kerb
1.04
51.18 CP 3
BM A

Fall)
1.32
Comment
50.00 BM A
2.56
3.98
1.25
2.66
1.31
3.65
3.49
0.67
1.54
3.79
47.34 CP 1
48.65 Kerb
2.40
2.58
2.64
RL
46.25 Post
2.98
49.23 CP 2
0.91
50.14 Kerb
1.04
51.18 CP 3
1.15
50.03 BM A

Fall)
1.32
3.98
1.25
2.66
1.31
3.65
3.49
0.67
1.54
3.79
9.98
47.34 CP 1
48.65 Kerb
2.40
2.58
10.0
1
Comment
50.00 BM A
2.56
2.64
RL
46.25 Post
2.98
49.23 CP 2
0.91
50.14 Kerb
1.04
51.18 CP 3
1.15
50.03 BM A

Fall)
1.32
3.98
1.25
2.66
1.31
3.65
3.49
0.67
1.54
3.79
9.98
(0.03
47.34 CP 1
48.65 Kerb
2.40
2.58
10.0
1
Comment
50.00 BM A
2.56
2.64
RL
46.25 Post
2.98
49.23 CP 2
0.91
50.14 Kerb
1.04
51.18 CP 3
1.15
50.03 BM A

Fall)
1.32
3.98
1.25
2.66
1.31
3.65
3.49
0.67
1.54
(0.03
46.25 Post
2.98
49.23 CP 2
0.91
50.14 Kerb
1.04
51.18 CP 3
3.79
9.98
47.34 CP 1
48.65 Kerb
2.40
2.58
10.0
1
Comment
50.00 BM A
2.56
2.64
RL
1.15
6.24
6.21
50.03 BM A

Fall)
1.32
3.98
1.25
2.66
1.31
3.65
3.49
0.67
1.54
(0.03
46.25 Post
2.98
49.23 CP 2
0.91
50.14 Kerb
1.04
51.18 CP 3
3.79
9.98
47.34 CP 1
48.65 Kerb
2.40
2.58
10.0
1
Comment
50.00 BM A
2.56
2.64
RL
1.15
6.24
6.21
(0.03
50.03 BM A

Fall)
1.32
3.98
1.25
2.66
1.31
3.65
3.49
0.67
1.54
(0.03
46.25 Post
2.98
49.23 CP 2
0.91
50.14 Kerb
1.04
51.18 CP 3
3.79
9.98
47.34 CP 1
48.65 Kerb
2.40
2.58
10.0
1
Comment
50.00 BM A
2.56
2.64
RL
1.15
6.24
50.03 BM A
6.21
(0.03 (0.03)

Fall)
1.32
3.98
1.25
2.66
1.31
3.65
3.49
0.67
1.54
(0.03)
46.25 Post
2.98
49.23 CP 2
0.91
50.14 Kerb
1.04
51.18 CP 3
3.79
9.98
47.34 CP 1
48.65 Kerb
2.40
2.58
10.0
1
Comment
50.00 BM A
2.56
2.64
RL
1.15
6.24
50.03 BM A
6.21
(0.03)
(0.03)
Loop misclosure (Error)

Misclosure (Error)
The amount by which the measured height

(RLmeasured) difers from the known height
(RLknown) of the starting and finishing
benchmarks
Misclosure (Error) = RLmeasured RLknown
Error = 50.03 50.00 = 0.03 m
or
Error = Back Fore = 10.01-9.98 = 0.03 m
Error = Rise Fall = 6.24-6.21 = 0.03 m
An acceptable misclose?
Small misclosures in closed level loops are
expected because of the accumulation of
errors
If the misclosure is small, it can be adjusted

If the misclosure is large, the loop (or part
of it) must be repeated
Misclosures can also result from errors in

published BM levels and from BM instability
Testing the misclose

The amount of misclosure we are
prepared to accept depends on the
accuracy we are hoping to achieve
For routine levelling, the third order

levelling standard is adopted
misclosure 12k mm
where k is the length of the loop in km
Continuing the example

The misclosure is +30 mm (0.03 m)
The length of the loop is 0.7 km
The misclosure limit is
12(0.7) = 10 mm
The misclosure of +30 mm is too big

The loop must be repeated (or find the error)
Adjusting the misclose

Adjustment is carried out to ensure that
the measured and known RLs of the
closing benchmark agree
The misclosure is linearly distributed

according to the number of set-ups
The adjustment per set-up for the

example is
Correction=(-0.03/4)

Measured
RL
Point
50.00
BM A
47.34
CP 1
48.65
Kerb
46.25
Post
49.23
CP 2
50.14
Kerb
51.18
CP 3
50.03
BM A
Correction
Corrected
RL

Measured
RL
Point
Correction
Corrected
RL
50.00
BM A
0.000
50.000
47.34
CP 1
-0.008
47.332
48.65
Kerb
46.25
Post
49.23
CP 2
50.14
Kerb
51.18
CP 3
50.03
BM A
=1*(0.03/4)

Measured
RL
Point
Correction
Corrected
RL
50.00
BM A
0.000
50.000
47.34
CP 1
-0.008
47.332
48.65
Kerb
-0.015
48.635
46.25
Post
-0.015
46.235
49.23
CP 2
-0.015
49.215
50.14
Kerb
51.18
CP 3
50.03
BM A
=2*(0.03/4)

Measured
RL
Point
Correction
Corrected
RL
50.00
BM A
-0.000
50.000
47.34
CP 1
-0.008
47.332
48.65
Kerb
-0.015
48.635
46.25
Post
-0.015
46.235
49.23
CP 2
-0.015
49.215
50.14
Kerb
-0.023
50.117
51.18
CP 3
-0.023
51.157
50.03
BM A
=3*(0.03/4)

Measured
RL
Point
Correction
Corrected
RL
50.00
BM A
0.000
50.000
47.34
CP 1
-0.008
47.332
48.65
Kerb
-0.015
48.635
46.25
Post
-0.015
46.235
49.23
CP 2
-0.015
49.215
50.14
Kerb
-0.023
51.18
CP 3
-0.023
=4*(0.03/4)
50.03
BM A
-0.030
50.000

Measured
RL
Point
Correction
Corrected
RL
50.00
BM A
-0.000
50.000
47.34
CP 1
-0.008
47.332
48.65
Kerb
-0.015
48.635
46.25
Post
-0.015
46.235
49.23
CP 2
-0.015
49.215
50.14
Kerb
-0.023
50.117
51.18
CP 3
-0.023
51.157
50.03
BM A
-0.030
50.000
Errors in levelling
Collimation
Parallax
Change point instability
Instrument instability
Staf instability
Benchmark instability
Refraction
Errors in levelling
Staf reading and interpolation errors
Staf verticality
Instrument shading
Temperature on staf
Booking errors (e.g. using just 1 benchmark)
Earth curvature
Magnetic field efects on auto level
Applications of levelling
Point heights (relative to a datum)
Height diferences (independent of
datum)
Longitudinal sections and cross sections
Data for volume calculations
Contouring
Setting out
Establishing a new point

New point
Benchmark
RLNEW
RLBM
Datum
Measuring height
diferences
H3
H2
Benchmark
H1
RLBM
Datum
Profiles and cross-sections
Benchmark
RLBM
Datum
Plotting contours
2.510
C
2.905
The RLs for points A, B and C have been

determined by levelling. We are now
required to determine the location of the
contours using a 0.5 m contour interval.
1.100
Plotting contours
2.510
LINE AB
DHAB = 2.51 - 1.10 =
1.410
DAB = 10 m
For the 1.5 m contour:
D = 10*(1.5 1.1)/1.41 = 2.84
For the 2.0 m contour :
D = 10*(2.0 - 1.1)/1.41 = 6.38

D = 10*(2.5 - 1.1)/1.41 = 9.93
0.9
A
1.100
0.4
2.84
6.38
10 m
1.4
9.93
1.41
Plotting contours
2.510
C
2.905
LINE AC
DHAC = 2.905 - 1.100 = 1.805
DAC = 14.14 m
D = 14.14*(1.5 - 1.1)/1.805 = 3.13
D = 14.14*(2.0 - 1.1)/1.805 = 7.05
1.100

D = 14.14*(2.5 - 1.1)/1.805 = 10.97
Plotting contours
2.510
C
2.905
LINE BC
DHBC = 2.905 - 2.510 = 0.395
DBC = 10 m
no contours cross this line
1.100
Plotting contours
2.510
C
2.905
B
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.100

LEVELING Pps

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LEVELING Pps

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H.U.

MINING ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

To establish new vertical control (BM or TBM)

To determine the heights of discrete points

To provide spot heights or contours on a plan

To provide data for road cross-sections or

To provide a level or inclined plane in the

A surface over which water will not flow

A horizontal surface will be tangent to a level

Reading an E-face staf

A reference surface to which the heights of

May be arbitrary or a national height datum

In Australia we have the Australian Height

The surface which defines the AHD is

The height of a point above the datum

A stable reference point of known RL

Temporary Bench Mark (TBM)

A point placed (e.g. peg, nail, spike) to provide

Always the first reading from a new

Always the last reading from the current

Intermediate sight (IS)

Any sighting that is not a backsight or

Location of the staf when the level is

Rules for levelling

Keep foresight and backsight distances as

Keep lines of sight short (normally < 50m)

Use stable, well defined change points

Booking the observations

Booking the observations

Booking the observations

Booking the observations

Reducing levels (Rise and

Reducing levels (Rise and

Reducing levels (Rise and

Reducing levels (Rise and

Reducing levels (Rise and

Reducing levels (Rise and

Reducing levels (Rise and

Reducing levels (Rise and

Reducing levels (Rise and

Reducing levels (Rise and

Reducing levels (Rise and

Reducing levels (Rise and

Reducing levels (Rise and

Reducing levels (Rise and

Loop misclosure (Error)

The amount by which the measured height

If the misclosure is small, it can be adjusted

Misclosures can also result from errors in

Testing the misclose

For routine levelling, the third order

where k is the length of the loop in km

Continuing the example

The misclosure of +30 mm is too big

Adjusting the misclose

The misclosure is linearly distributed

The adjustment per set-up for the

Adjusting the misclose

Adjusting the misclose

Adjusting the misclose

Adjusting the misclose

Adjusting the misclose