Ip Routing

IP Addressing
Nokia Siemens Networks
TG70113EN02GLA1
Properties of the Internet Protocol (IP)
IP is a connectionless protocol
Layer 3 protocol Network Layer
The IP protocol offers
no reliability
no flow control
no error recovery.
IP packets may arrive

out of order
may be lost
best-effort service
Further requirements:
Integrity: Delivery to the correct destination
Quality of Service: Sometimes best effort is not enough
Transport Layer
TCP
UDP
Addressing of higher
layer protocols
Addressing of stations
IP
Network Layer
Frag
Data Link Layer
Ethernet
men
802.5
SIEME NS
NI XDORF
tation
X.25
SIEMENS
NI XDORF
IP Header
32 Bits
0
Version
8
LEN
16
Type of Service
Identification
IP
Header
Time to Live (TTL)
31
Total Length
D M
F F
Protocol
Fragment Offset
Header Checksum
Source IP Address
Destination IP Address
Padding
Options
Data
IP Trace Example
Problem: MAC addresses are distributed randomly all over

the network, there is no logical structure.
MAC
MAC
MAC
L2-Switch
MAC
L2-Switch
MAC
L2-Switch
L2-Switch
MAC
MAC
MAC
L2-Switch
MAC
MAC
MAC
Solution: Network addresses. They have a logical structure

and can be used for the delivery of data in big networks
Network address
Network address
MAC address
MAC address
Network address
Network address
Router
MAC address
Router
Network address
Router
Router
MAC address
Every station
has a MAC address and
a network address
MAC address
Router
Network address
MAC address
Structured addresses
Network:
Netz USA.x.x.x
usa.x.x.x
Network:
Netz Europe.x.x.x
europe.x.x.x
Router
Router
Router
Network:
Netz Europe.France.x.x
europe.france.x.x
Router
Network:
Netz USA.Texas.x.x
usa.texas.x.x
Router
Network:
Netz Europe.France.Paris.x
europe.france.paris.x
Network:
Netz USA.Texas.Houston.x
usa.texas.houston.x
Computer 1
Network address:
usa.texas.houston.host_1
Computer 2
Network address:
europe.france.paris.host_1
Decimal and binary notation of IP addresses
Byte
Byte
Byte
Dotted Decimal
Notation
85
11
117
Binary
Notation
01010101
00001011
01110101
Byte
4
00000100
32 Bit IP Address
Network
Network
The
Thenetwork
networkpart
partofofthe
theaddress
address
identifies
identifiesaacertain
certainnetwork
network
Router
10
Host
Host
The
Thehost
hostpart
partofofthe
theaddress
address
identifies
a
certain
identifies a certainhost
host
within
the
network
within the network
Router
Class based IP addressing

Class A
N H H H
0 7 Bits
24 Bits
Range: (1-126)
Class B
N N H H
10
14 Bits
16 Bits
Range: (128-191)
Class C
N N N H
110
21 Bits
Range: (192-223)
11
8 Bits
Class A
Bit#
7 8
0 1
31
0
NetworkPrefix
Host-Number
Class B
Bit#
15 16
31
10
Network-Prefix
Host-Number
Class C
Bit#
23 24
31
110
Network-Prefix
12
HostNumber
Reserved IP Addresses
host number all 0s
a certain network ID
host number all1s
broadcast, directed broadcast
Class A address:
127.x.x.x
loopback address
0.0.0.0
source address (this host in this network)

or
default route (in the routing table)
255.255.255.255
local broadcast address
13
Application
Destination
127.0.0.1
TCP
IP
Data Link Layer
SIE MENS
NIXD OR F
DA=201.3.3.255
DA=201.3.3.255
Directed
Directed Broadcast
Broadcast to
to
network
network 201.3.3.0
201.3.3.0 by
by default
default disabled
disabled
192.16.1.1
192.16.1.1
Router
Network
Network addr.
addr. 192.16.1.0
192.16.1.0
DA=255.255.255.255
DA=255.255.255.255
14
2 32 (4,294,967,296) IP addresses
126 (27 -2)

Class A
networks
.
10
15
0
.
0
0.
16,384 (214)
Class B
0
.
networks
0
.
6
1
.
.0
2
0
.
7
1 2.31
17
192
19 .16
2.1 8.0
.0 68
21)
2,097,152
(2
.25
5.0
Class C
Address Range
Networks
Address Class
10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255
16
192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255
256
These addresses will not be

forwarded by public routers!
16
Allocation of IP addresses
via
Dynamic
Host
Configuration
Protocol
(DHCP)
17
Class Based / Classless IP Addressing

Class
Start
Bits
NetID
HostID
Smallest
IP Address
Largest
IP Address
Purpose
7 bits
24 bits
0.0.0.0
127.255.255.255
Large Networks
10
14 bits
16 bits
128.0.0.0
191.255.255.255
Medium Networks
110
21 bits
8 bits
192.0.0.0
223.255.255.255
Small Networks
1110
NA
NA
224.0.0.0
239.255.255.255
Multicasting
1111
NA
NA
240.0.0.0
255.255.255.255
Reserved
32 bits
Network ID (Net ID)
n bits
18
Host ID
32-n bits
Class Based / Classless IP Addressing
Example: Class A address

0
0
8
Orignal
Network part
16
24
Host part
Subnetwork part
19
31
Host part
Subnet ID
Net ID
Host ID
Host Number
Subnet Number
IP Address
Subnet
Router
SIEME NS
NI XDORF
Subnet
Host
Routers are used to
connect subnet
Router
Router
Subnet
Each interface requires

a specific subnet address
20
The subnet structure

may only be visible
within the network.
Subnet Mask
Is used to:
discriminate the host number from the network number.
indicate the number of bits in the prefix.
Must have:
a contiguous string of ones at the more significant end,
a contiguous string of zeros at the less significant end, and
no intervening bits.
21
Subnet Mask
IP Address
132 76 250 55
10000100010011001111101000110111
Subnet Mask
255255192 0
11111111111111111100000000000000
Prefix Notation
/18
Network Part
of the Address 132
22
76 192 0
10000100010011001100000000000000
Router
Router
Therouter
routerisislinked
linkedtotoall
allsubnets
subnets
The
and,ininthis
thisinstance,
instance,also
alsoisisthe
the
and,
defaultgateway
gatewayfor
forboth
bothnetworks
networks
default
Subnet 132.76.192.0 /18
nextrouter
router
next
Router
132.76.192.1
85.128.0.3
132.76.192.1
Router
85.64.0.1
132.76.128.1
132.76.128.1
132.76.192.2
originalClass
ClassBB
original
network
network
132.76.0.0
132.76.0.0
132.76.250.55
Subnet 132.76.128.0 /18
132.76.128.2
23
132.76.128.3
24
Net ID
Net ID
Host ID
Subnet Number
Host Number
IP Address
? ?
how many subnets ?

...today?
...in the future?
Subnet
Router
SIEME NS
NI XDORF
Subnet
Host
Router
Router
how many hosts ?

...today?
...in the future?
25
Subnet
An organization has been assigned the network number 195.1.1.0 /24

and it needs to define six subnets.
The largest subnet is required to support 25 hosts.
1. Number of subnets
2. Establishing the
necessary bits
1 1 1 (3Bits) because 2 =8 possibilities
3. Set to most
significant digit
11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000

Convert into decimal format
4. Subnet mask
26
255
255
255
224
Subnet mask
255 .
255
. 255
. 224
1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1110 0000
Subnet 0
Subnet 1
Subnet 2
Subnet 3
Subnet 4
Subnet 5
Subnet 6
Subnet 7
00000000 =
00100000 =
01000000 =
01100000 =
10000000 =
10100000 =
11000000 =
11100000 =
0
32
64
96
128
160
192
224
Subnet address 195 . 1 . 1 . X / 27
27
OriginalNetwork
Network
Original
195.1.1.0
195.1.1.0
195.1.1.0
Internet
28
Router
195.1.1.0 /27
195.1.1.32 /27
195.1.1.64 /27
195.1.1.96 /27
195.1.1.128 /27
195.1.1.160 /27
195.1.1.192 /27
195.1.1.224 /27
Defining Host Addresses for Subnet #2

(195.1.1.0 is original class C )
Subnet
Subnet #2:
#2: 11000011.00000001.00000001.010
11000011.00000001.00000001.010 00000
00000 == 195.1.1.64
195.1.1.64 /27
/27
Host
Host #1:
#1: 11000011.00000001.00000001.010
11000011.00000001.00000001.010 00001
00001 == 195.1.1.65
195.1.1.65 /27
/27
Host
Host #2:
#2: 11000011.00000001.00000001.010
11000011.00000001.00000001.010 00010
00010 == 195.1.1.66
195.1.1.66 /27
/27
Host
Host #3:
#3: 11000011.00000001.00000001.010
11000011.00000001.00000001.010 00011
00011 == 195.1.1.67
195.1.1.67 /27
/27
..
..
Host
Host #28:
#28: 11000011.00000001.00000001.010
11000011.00000001.00000001.010 11100
11100 == 195.1.1.92
195.1.1.92 /27
/27
Host
Host #29:
#29: 11000011.00000001.00000001.010
11000011.00000001.00000001.010 11101
11101 == 195.1.1.93
195.1.1.93 /27
/27
Host
Host #30:
#30: 11000011.00000001.00000001.010
11000011.00000001.00000001.010 11110
11110 == 195.1.1.94
195.1.1.94 /27
/27
Broadcast
Broadcast #2:
#2: 11000011.00000001.00000001.010
11000011.00000001.00000001.010 11111
11111 == 195.1.1.95
195.1.1.95 /27
/27
Subnet
Subnet #3:
#3: 11000011.00000001.00000001.011
11000011.00000001.00000001.011 00000
00000 == 195.1.1.96
195.1.1.96 /27
/27
29
ISP example
1st Octet
ISP
2nd Octet
3rd Octet
Net ID allocated to ISP
4th Octet
ISPs Host IDs
Net ID 10.2.112.0
00000110
00000010
0111
0000
0000
0000
Mask 255.255.240.0
11111111
11111111
1111
0000
0000
0000
Net ID allocated by ISP to Client

ISPs Client
30
Net ID allocated to ISP
ISP Subnet
Host id
Net ID 10.2.116.16
00000110
00000010
0111
0100
0001
0000
Mask 255.255.255.240
11111111
11111111
1111
1111
1111
0000
Example: VLAN and Subnetting

1
11
11
2
12
13
11
13
12
13
12
13
VLAN is Layer 2 technology

For each VLAN a subnet is
required
Subnet is created by Router
configuration
Port with assigned VLAN
12
2
Port with several assigned VLANs

(Trunk Port)
1213
11
2
User in assigned Subnet (VLAN)
Ethernet Frame without tag

Ethernet Frame with tag
31
Example: Router configuration

IEEE 802.1q
VLAN ID
FE 0/0.11
encapsulation dot1q 11
ip address 192.168.11.254 /24
FE 0/0.12
ip address 192.168.12.254 /24
FE 0/0.13
ip address 192.168.13.254 /24
32
Default Gateway address

for Hosts in this subnet
VL
AN
VLA
ID
N ID
11
12
VLAN ID 13
virtual
interface
physical
interface
.11
FE 0/0
Fast-Ethernet 0/0
Tagged Interface
(Trunk)
33
Number of
Subnets
Required
Bits
Subnet
Mask
Number of Hosts
per Subnet
255.128.0.0
2(8+8+7)-2 = 8.388.606
255.192.0.0
2(8+8+6)-2 = 4.194.302
255.224.0.0
2(8+8+5)-2 = 2.097.150
16
255.240.0.0
2(8+8+4)-2 = 1.048.574
32
255.248.0.0
2(8+8+3)-2 = 524.286
64
255.252.0.0
2(8+8+2)-2 = 262.142
128
255.254.0.0
2(8+8+1)-2 = 131.070
256
255.255.0.0
2(8+8+0)-2 =
65.534
Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM)

Different prefix lengths are used in the network
IP address space is used more efficiently
VLSM requires classless routing protocols
VLSM results in a hierarchical address structure
/26
/30
/25
/30
/30
/26
34
/24
/30
/30
/26
VLSM Technique
10.0.0.0/8
/16
-0-
-1-
-2-
-3-
10.1.0.0/16
- 253 - - 254 - - 255 -
10.254.0.0/16
/19
/24
-0-0-
-1-
- 254 -
-1-
-6-
-7-
10.254.192.0/19
- 255 -
10.1.254.0/24
Remark:
/27
/x
-0-
-1-
10.1.254.32/27
35
-6-
-7-
application of a
= network prefix
with length x
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)

CIDR eliminates the concept of Class A, B and C networks
and replaces these with a generalised prefix
CIDR allocates addresses a bit at a time
A CIDR format : Net ID address followed by a prefix
e.g. addresses 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
become 172.16.0.0 / 12 (172.16/12)
CIDR is a variation of Subnetting so it is interoperable with systems using
Class based addressing
36
Route Aggregation
37
Example: Service Provider requires 2000 IP addresses

Assigned the following contiguous Class C addresses:
192.128.192.0 = 11000000 10000000 11000 000 00000000
192.128.193.0 = 11000000 10000000 11000 001 00000000
192.128.194.0 = 11000000 10000000 11000 010 00000000
192.128.195.0 = 11000000 10000000 11000 011 00000000
192.128.196.0 = 11000000 10000000 11000 100 00000000
192.128.197.0 = 11000000 10000000 11000 101 00000000
192.128.198.0 = 11000000 10000000 11000 110 00000000
192.128.199.0 = 11000000 10000000 11000 111 00000000
Addresses can be summarised as 192.128.192 / 21
Network Address = 192.128.192.0
Network Mask = 255.255.248.0
Fragmentation
data
Router
Router
Fragment Offset
38
header
Fragmentation
# of the first byte in the data field
32 Bits
0
Version
8
LEN
16
Type of Service
Identification
IP
Header
Time to Live (TTL)
31
Total Length
D M
F F
Protocol
Fragment Offset
Header Checksum
Source IP Address
Destination IP Address
Padding
Options
Data
LEN...internal header length unit: 4 bytes

Total Length ........................unit: 1 bytes
Fragment Offset...................unit: 8 bytes
39
Original IP Packet
bit
Version
Version
8
LEN
LEN == 55
16
Total
Total Length=1300
Length=1300
TOS
Identification=1748
Identification=1748
IP
Header
Time
Time to
to Live
Live (TTL)
(TTL)
31
00 00 00
Protocol
Protocol
Fragment
Fragment Offset=0
Offset=0
Header
Header Checksum
Checksum
Source
Source IP
IP Address
Address
Destination
Destination IP
IP Address
Address
Data
Fragmentation Control
40
Total Packet Length
First Fragment
bit
Version
Version
8
LEN
LEN == 55
16
Total
Total Length=532
Length=532
TOS
Identification=1748
Identification=1748
IP
Header
Time
Time to
to Live
Live (TTL)
(TTL)
31
00 00 11
Protocol
Protocol
Fragment
Fragment Offset=0
Offset=0
Header
Header Checksum
Checksum
Source
Source IP
IP Address
Address
Destination
Destination IP
IP Address
Address
512 Octets of Data
41
Total Packet Length
Second Fragment
bit
Version
Version
8
LEN
LEN == 55
16
Total
Total Length=532
Length=532
TOS
Identification=1748
Identification=1748
IP
Header
Time
Time to
to Live
Live (TTL)
(TTL)
31
00 00 11
Protocol
Protocol
Fragment
Fragment Offset=64
Offset=64
Header
Header Checksum
Checksum
Source
Source IP
IP Address
Address
Destination
Destination IP
IP Address
Address
512 Octets of Data
42
Total Packet Length
Third Fragment
bit
Version
Version
8
LEN
LEN == 55
16
Total
Total Length=276
Length=276
TOS
Identification=1748
Identification=1748
IP
Header
Time
Time to
to Live
Live (TTL)
(TTL)
31
00 00 00
Protocol
Protocol
Fragment
Fragment Offset=128
Offset=128
Header
Header Checksum
Checksum
Source
Source IP
IP Address
Address
Destination
Destination
IP
Address
DestinationIP
IPAddress
Address
256 Octets of Data
43
Total Packet Length

Ip Routing

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IP Addressing

Nokia Siemens Networks

Properties of the Internet Protocol (IP)

IP packets may arrive

Nokia Siemens Networks

Quality of Service: Sometimes best effort is not enough

Data Link Layer

Nokia Siemens Networks

Time to Live (TTL)

Nokia Siemens Networks

Nokia Siemens Networks

Problem: MAC addresses are distributed randomly all over

Nokia Siemens Networks

Solution: Network addresses. They have a logical structure

Nokia Siemens Networks

Nokia Siemens Networks

Decimal and binary notation of IP addresses

Nokia Siemens Networks

Nokia Siemens Networks

Class based IP addressing

Nokia Siemens Networks

Nokia Siemens Networks

host number all 0s

host number all1s

broadcast, directed broadcast

source address (this host in this network)

local broadcast address

Nokia Siemens Networks

Nokia Siemens Networks

126 (27 -2)

Nokia Siemens Networks

These addresses will not be

Nokia Siemens Networks

Nokia Siemens Networks

Class Based / Classless IP Addressing

Network ID (Net ID)

Nokia Siemens Networks

Class Based / Classless IP Addressing

Example: Class A address

Nokia Siemens Networks

Each interface requires

Nokia Siemens Networks

The subnet structure

Nokia Siemens Networks

132 76 250 55

Nokia Siemens Networks

Subnet 132.76.192.0 /18

Nokia Siemens Networks

Nokia Siemens Networks

how many subnets ?

how many hosts ?

Nokia Siemens Networks

An organization has been assigned the network number 195.1.1.0 /24

1 1 1 (3Bits) because 2 =8 possibilities

11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000

Nokia Siemens Networks

Subnet address 195 . 1 . 1 . X / 27

Nokia Siemens Networks

Nokia Siemens Networks

Defining Host Addresses for Subnet #2

Nokia Siemens Networks

Net ID allocated to ISP

ISPs Host IDs