Pgr01 U B de I TLPL I Pgr01: Urban and Environmental Planning

PGR01 Urban
PGR01:
U b and
dE
Environmental
i
t l Pl
Planning
i
Dr. Elisabete A. Silva
Lecture 1 Introduction,
Introduction Rationales of Planning,
Planning Planning History
Introduction to the course. The meaning of urban and

planning,
g, scales,, actors. The first
environmental p
developments of modern Planning as a result of
Government action
PGR01 Lecture 1 Introduction, Rationales of Planning, Planning History

Elisabete Silva: 2015/2016
Why do we need Planning?

What is Planning?
What are the action areas of Planning?
Who
Who are the experts of Planning and what do they do?
What is the p
process of Planning?
g
The concepts;
The Agencies of Planning in the UK;
The Plans in the UK;
The Ethics and Deontology of the planning profession.
profession

What is planning??????
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vAt-LwbLf5A

Why
y do we need p
planning?
g
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
______________interaction of sector policies ____________________________
_________________________________________________________________
____________________ complexity of societies __________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_____multifunctional_______________________________________________
_____________________________high demands from citizens_______________
_________________________________________________________________
____________changing societies______________________________________
________________________________________changing business__________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

Where is planning?
p
g
Land use planning and urban growth;
Transportation
T
t ti Planning;
Pl
i
Real Estate Planning;
Metropolitan Planning;
Economic Development;
Regional Planning;
g;
Site Planning;
Infrastructure Planning;
Housing;
Regeneration;
Regeneration;
Urban Design;
Community Planning.
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
urban
environment
people

What is Planning?
A New Vision for Planning The Royal Town Planning
A
Association
i ti
(RTPI)
The RTPI Council has p
published a New Vision for Planning.
g The
New Vision is built around the core ideas of a planning that is:
Spatial
S
ti l - dealing
d li with
ith th
the unique
i
needs
d and
d characteristics
h
t i ti off places;
l
Sustainable - looking at the short, medium and long term issues;
Integrative
g
- in terms of the knowledge,
g , objectives
j
and actions
involved;
Inclusive - recognising the wide range of people involved in planning.
http://www rtpi org uk/

http://www.rtpi.org.uk/
To AESOP the word "planning"

planning is a tool to promote and
manage change with a spatial approach. It is also a
tool for the p
preservation of the environment and our
cultural heritage.
The core of this task is to conduct planning activities
in such a way that society benefits and that economic,
environmental, social and other goals are met.
Association of European Schools of Planning (AESOP)

www.aesop-planning.com

What is spatial planning?

Spatial planning relates development to real physical places at the
local national and international level
local,
level. It recognises that places
present both opportunities and constraints within which
development must work. At the same time it carefully considers
how choices about development will impact on places and the
people who live there.
Spatial planning understands that development in one area will
affect
ff t another
th area. It works
k to
t ensure that
th t decisions,
d i i
made
d about
b t
the use and development of land are not taken in isolation, and
that all relevant policies and services work together effectively
effectively.
A. Faludi Why is spatial planning important?
http://vimeo.com/49011828

Wh does
Why
d
planning
l
i matter?
tt ?
Planning
Pl
i h
helps
l make
k th
the place
l
we lilive iin, a b
better
tt place
l
ffor allll off th
the
community. At its best planning, enables different parts of the community to
put forward their vision of the future, and come to an agreement on the way
everyone wishes to live, that is inclusive and equitable. Without planning
cities and the countryside would be chaotic and polluted - unable to produce
strong and
d sustainable
i bl communities.
ii
Perhaps one of the best examples of the way that planning matters is the
passionate arguments that appear in the media about planning decisions.
From preserving the environment and historical buildings, to new airport
d
developments
l
and
dh
hospitals,
i l the
h press iis constantly
l expressing
i a wide
id
range of views that reflects the different concerns and priorities of society.
Out of this multitude of opinions
opinions, a consensus needs to be reached and
often hard decisions taken. Planning is the tool by which society decides on
what will and will not be developed.

10
The Planning Process

Why process
Wh
? Why
Wh planning
l
i
requires
i
a process (or
( multiple
lti l
processes)?
The planning process is constrained by the socio-economic context and
by the theoretical background developed in planning and other
sciences.
sciences
At this moment it is possible to identify three models (they are included
in the group of theories called process oriented theories):
Model 1 - The Rational Model (blue print+ synoptic)
Model 2 - The Incremental Model (Lindblom);
These models tend to

generate different cities
Model 3 - The Mix-scanning models (Etzioni);

Model 4 - Transactive planning;
Theories
Model 5 - Advocacy planning;
of
g
g model;;
Model 6 - Bargaining
Planning
Model 7 - Communicative planning;

Model 8 Complexity in Planning
Planning.
11
The Family Tree of Planning

Frederick Law Olmsted
Phil Allmendinger
All
di
Lewis Mumford
Le Courbusier
Pattrick Geddes
Frank Llloyd Wright
Jane Jacobs
Peter Calthorpe
Paul Davidoff
Peter Hall
Sherry Arnstein
Patsy Healey
Edward Soja
John Forrester
Michael Porter
L
Leonine
i Sandercock
S d
k
David Harvey
Ann Forsyth
Saskia Sassen
Mike Batty
y
Kevin Lynch
12
Model 1 The Rational Model

The rational model has been the most used model during the last
decades.
It defends that the planning process must be as much rational and
systematic
i as possible.
ibl IIt suggests a set off methodological
h d l i l steps:
1. Define the problem;
2 Clarify values;
2.
3. Select generic goals;
4. Formulate plans and programs;
5 Si
5.
Simulate
l
the
h consequences off the
h d
developed
l
d plans
l
and
d programs;
6. Evaluate and select from alternative options;
7 Development of detailed plans for the selected alternative;
7.
8. Re-evaluate options as the moment of implementation.
M d l 2 The
Model
Th incremental
i
l model
d l
- Is a result of the opposition to the rational model;
- All the 8th methodology points are criticized;
- Charles Lindblom criticizes the rational model and emphasizes the
importance of the values and the incremental process.
13
What model to select????? Incremental or Rational????

Rational Model
Incremental Model
- When we have the right theory;

- When we have human and financial
resources;
- Time is not a problem;
- The relationship between sector
policies is clear;
- The set of projects and policies has a
eas political acceptance
easy
acceptance.
- Proper theory hasnt been developed;

- Limited resources;
- Time
Ti
b
between analysis
l i and
d proposals
l
is limited;
- Articulations with other policies are
narrow and hard to establish;
- Options and political reality doesnt
j tapose
juxtapose.

14
M d l 3 Mix
Model
Mi Models
M d l (Mix
(Mi scanning)
i )
Was proposed as a consensus to the extremes of the previous models.

There isnt one model but multiple mix-models being proposed.
One of the most famous models is called, mixed-scanning
developed by Amitai Etzioni
Etzioni.
Amitai Etzioni defends the existence of a two-phase processes:
-> 1st phase: a general evaluation and scanning (goal to have a general
view of what we need to study
y and the understanding
g of its major
j
elements/characteristics to be selected in a more detailed study)
-- this first analysis are required for a efficient management of time/cost
(an answer to the problems of the rational model)
model).
-> 2nd phase: a zoom in of the elements that are required to be detailed but..
with a feedback to the general scale in order to came back to the
overall view followed by another zoom in to detail further analysis.
15
P
Process
iin Planning:
Pl
i
Top-Down?????
Bottom-up?????
Position
P
iti off the
th Planner
Pl
in
i this
thi Process????
P
????
(i.e Advocacy of Planning)

16
Who are the planning specialists ?

_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Who are the p
planning
g agents?
g
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Some planning styles:

1 Th
1.
The planner
l
as a public
bli servant;
t
2. The planner as a consensus
builder;
3 The planner as a entrepreneur;
3.
4. The planner as an advocate
(lawyer);
5 The planner as a radical agent of
5.
change;
6. __________________
7. __________________

17
http://www.ifhp.org/ifhp-blog/interview-sir-peter-hall

18
Concepts
Space
Order
Municipality
Ethics
Pl
Plan
U
Use
M t
Metropolis
li
Deontology
Project
Settlement
Justice
________________
Multidisciplinary
City
Accountability
________________
Management
Periphery
Scenarios
________________
Monitoring
Satellite
Territory-land
________________
Implementation
CBD
Works
________________
Citizen
Heritage
Operational
________________
Participation
Ri k
Risks
Tacit
________________
y
Policy
Finance
g
Strategic
19

Projects
Programs
Operational
Real time
Tacit
Seconds
Hours
Years
Policies
Strategic
Decades
Other examples
_______
Local Plans (site plans)
_______
Regional Plans
Big Scale
1:1
1:500
_______
National Plans & EUplans

Small Scale
1 25000
1:25000
1 250000
1:250000
1:100000000000
1 1000000
1:1000000

20
RTPI Code of Conduct

The Chartered Object
j
of the Royal
y Town Planning
g Institute is to advance the science
and art of town planning for the benefit of the public. It is the purpose of this Code to
ensure that in all their professional activities members of the Royal Town Planning
Institute:
(a) shall act with competence, honesty and integrity;
(b) shall fearlessly and impartially exercise their independent professional judgement to the
best of their skill and understanding;
(c) shall discharge their duty to their employers, clients, colleagues and others with due care
and diligence in accordance with the provisions of this Code;
((d)) shall not discriminate on the g
grounds of race,, sex,, sexual orientation,, creed,, religion,
g ,
disability or age and shall seek to eliminate such discrimination by others and to promote
equality of opportunity;
((e)) shall not bring
g the p
profession or the Royal
y Town Planning
g Institute into disrepute.
p
To this end the Council has drawn up the undermentioned numbered clauses which spell out in
more detail the requirements of this Code. These requirements shall apply notwithstanding any
permission or agreement to the contrary by or with the client or body employing or consulting
any member.
IIn this
hi C
Code
d the
h word
d ''member'
b ' means every corporate member,
b non-corporate member,
b
honorary member and student of the Institute. Words importing the singular number include
the plural and vice versa.
( remaining code provided during lecture)
21
Planners are:
Aware of history;
Present context;
Future strategies;
And wise when advising decision-making.
Elisabete A. Silva, Cambridge, Michaelmas 2006

22
References:
RTPI, shaping the future
RTPI
future. Manifesto for Planning
Planning. 2010
2010. RTPI library series:
http://www.rtpi.org.uk/media/6237/RTPI-Manifesto-for-Planning-2010-full.pdf
Healey, Patsy (2010) The
The Planning Project
Project (pp.1 22) in Healey, Patsy. Making Better
Places: The Planning Project in the Twenty-First Century, Palgrave Macmillan
y ((2009)) Britains New Towns ((Garden Cities to Sustainable
Alexander, Anthony
Communities). Routledge.
Hall, P. (2002) Cities of Tomorrow: An Intellectual History of Urban Planning and Design in
the Twentieth Century. Blackwell. Chapter 1
Silva, Healey, Harris, Broeck (2014) Research Inquiry in the spatial planning field
(with Patsy Healey, Heil Harris, Pieter Van den Broeck). In: The Routledge Handbook
of Planning , (Eds. Elisabete A. Silva, Patsy Healey, Neil Harris and Pieter van den
Broeck), Routledge
Le Gates, R. and Stout, F. (2002) The city reader. Rutledge.
Alexander, Anthony (2009) Britains
Alexander
Britain s New Towns (Garden Cities to Sustainable
Communities). Routledge.
Allmendinger P.
P (2002) PlanningTheory
PlanningTheory. Palgrave Macmillan
Macmillan. pp.
pp 1
1-29
29
23

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PGR01 Urban

Introduction to the course. The meaning of urban and

PGR01 Lecture 1 Introduction, Rationales of Planning, Planning History

Why do we need Planning?

PGR01 Lecture 1 Introduction, Rationales of Planning, Planning History

PGR01 Lecture 1 Introduction, Rationales of Planning, Planning History

PGR01 Lecture 1 Introduction, Rationales of Planning, Planning History

PGR01 Lecture 1 Introduction, Rationales of Planning, Planning History

http://www rtpi org uk/

To AESOP the word "planning"

Association of European Schools of Planning (AESOP)

PGR01 Lecture 1 Introduction, Rationales of Planning, Planning History

What is spatial planning?

A. Faludi Why is spatial planning important?

PGR01 Lecture 1 Introduction, Rationales of Planning, Planning History

PGR01 Lecture 1 Introduction, Rationales of Planning, Planning History

The Planning Process

These models tend to

Model 3 - The Mix-scanning models (Etzioni);

Model 5 - Advocacy planning;

Model 7 - Communicative planning;

The Family Tree of Planning

Model 1 The Rational Model

What model to select????? Incremental or Rational????

- When we have the right theory;

- Proper theory hasnt been developed;

PGR01 Lecture 1 Introduction, Rationales of Planning, Planning History

Was proposed as a consensus to the extremes of the previous models.

PGR01 Lecture 1 Introduction, Rationales of Planning, Planning History

Who are the planning specialists ?

Some planning styles:

PGR01 Lecture 1 Introduction, Rationales of Planning, Planning History

PGR01 Lecture 1 Introduction, Rationales of Planning, Planning History

PGR01 Lecture 1 Introduction, Rationales of Planning, Planning History

Local Plans (site plans)

National Plans & EUplans

PGR01 Lecture 1 Introduction, Rationales of Planning, Planning History

RTPI Code of Conduct

PGR01 Lecture 1 Introduction, Rationales of Planning, Planning History

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