AP X | BIOLOGY

Sample Paper 1 Solution

AP State Board
Class X Biology
Sample Paper 1 Solution
SECTION I
1.
(a) Chloroplasts are oval or discoid. Each chloroplast has two membranes on its outer
rim. Within these membranes is present another membrane-like structure present
in the form of stacks called grana. Grana are embedded in the fluid called stroma.
Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place in the grana, whereas lightindependent reactions of photosynthesis take place in the stroma.
Chlorophyll is a key photosynthetic pigment which is present in the chloroplasts in
grana. Chloroplast also contains its own DNA.

OR
(b) The epiglottis is a muscular flap-like valve present at the end of the pharynx. Its
function is to direct the air and food in the wind pipe and food pipe, respectively.
The epiglottis covers the trachea in a manner to prevent the entry of food. It is
partly closed when food is being swallowed.
The diaphragm is the floor on which the two lungs rest. When the diaphragm
contracts, it becomes flat and the chest cavity increases thus allowing the entry of
air inside the lungs.
On the other hand, when the diaphragm relaxes, it forms a dome-shape curve
towards the chest cavity, thus decreasing its area. As a result, the air from the lungs
is pushed out. Thus, the diaphragm helps in breathing.

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AP X | BIOLOGY
Sample Paper 1 Solution

2.
(a) Root hair are fine thread-like structures present on roots. As the concentration of
salts present in soil is much diluted as compared to the concentration of salts in the
cytoplasm of root hair, water can move out of root hair. To prevent this, water is
stored in the vacuole in the cytoplasm of root hair. This water enters the cells of the
roots by osmosis.
As the water enters a cell, it becomes diluted as compared to its neighbouring cell.
Thus, the water enters the neighbouring cells and the process continues till the
water enters the xylem vessels.
OR
(b) Plants do not have special or specific organs for excretion alone. Excretory products
of plants include oxygen, carbon dioxide, excessive water and metabolic wastes.
a. Oxygen is a photosynthetic waste product which is released out of plants
through the stomata of leaves and the lenticels of stems.
b. Carbon dioxide and water are respiratory waste products. They are also released
through stomata and lenticels.
c. Excess of water is removed from the plants through transpiration or guttation.
d. Metabolic waste products of plants are stored in leaves, bark or fruits. When
dead leaves or bark or ripe fruits fall off from the plant, the waste products are
removed with them.

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AP X | BIOLOGY
Sample Paper 1 Solution

3.
(a) Different stages of cell division (mitosis) observed are
a. Prophase
b. Metaphase
c. Anaphase
d. Telophase
Stage
(a)Prophase

1.
2.
3.
4.

(b) Metaphase

1.

(c) Anaphase

2.
1.

(d) Telophase

1.
2.
3.

4.

Description
Chromosomes contract, spiral and become visible
even with a light microscope.
Chromosomes split lengthways to form chromatids,
connected by centromeres.
The nuclear membrane breaks down.
Centrosome, containing rod-like centrioles, divides
and forms ends of a spindle.
Chromosomes move to the spindle equator, and
centromeres attach to the spindle fibres.
Centromeres split, separating the chromatids.
Spindle fibres attached to centromeres contract,
pulling chromatids towards the poles.
Chromatids elongate and become invisible, (replicate
at this stage to become chromosomes).
Nuclear membranes form round daughter nuclei.
Cell membrane pinches in to form daughter cells
(animals) or new cell wall material is laid down
across the spindle equator (plants).
The nucleus divides into two, and division of the
cytoplasm starts.
OR

(b)
Vitamin
Vitamin A (Retinol)

Vitamin D (Calciferol)
Vitamin E (Tocoferol)
Vitamin K
(Phylloquinone)

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Sources
Leafy vegetables, carrot,
tomato, pumpkin, egg, milk,
meat, papaya
Liver, egg, butter, sun rays
Fruits, vegetables, sprouts,
meat, egg, sunflower oil
Green leafy vegetables, milk

Deficiency diseases
Eyes and skin
diseases
Rickets
Fertility disorders
Blood clotting

AP X | BIOLOGY
Sample Paper 1 Solution

4.
(a) The following experiment helps to demonstrate that green plants release oxygen
when exposed to light.
a. Make two sets of the apparatus as shown in the diagram.
b. Put water plants such as Hydrilla in the inverted funnel and keep it in the beaker
containing water.
c. Invert a test tube full of water on the stem of the inverted funnel.
d. Take care that the water level in the beaker is above the height of the stem of the
funnel.
e. Place one set of apparatus in the Sun (Set A) and the other in the dark (Set B) for
23 hrs.
f. After 23 hrs, compare the water level in the test tubes in both the apparatuses.
g. In Set A, the water level has fallen, whereas in Set B, it is still as it is.
h. This indicates that gas has collected in the set kept in the Sun.
i. Carefully remove the test tube and insert a glowing matchstick or incense stick.
j. It will burst into flames, confirming the presence of oxygen in the gas.

OR
(b) The following experiment helps to understand the action of saliva on flour:
a. Take a test tube half filled with water.
b. Add a pinch of flour to it and mix it well.
c. Take two drops of this on a watch glass and add few drops of tincture iodine.
d. A blue-black colour is formed.
e. This indicates the presence of starch in flour.
f. Divide the flour solution in halves in two test tubes.
g. Add a teaspoon of saliva in one tube and nothing in the other.
h. Wait for about 4550 mins.
i. Add tincture iodine to both the tubes.
j. The tube containing saliva does not show any blue-black colouration, whereas
the tube where nothing was added shows blue-black colouration.
k. This indicates that saliva resulted in the breaking down of starch present in the
flour.
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AP X | BIOLOGY
Sample Paper 1 Solution

SECTION II
5. Variations are the differences in characters within very closely related groups
of organisms. Examples: Humans show variations in height, colour of eye balls, colour of
skin, colour of hair
6. Process of sexual reproduction in plants:

7. Endocrine glands secrete chemical substances called hormones. The hormones are
secreted within the body of an organism for proper functioning of different systems or
in response to an external stimulus. For example, thyroxine is a hormone secreted by
the thyroid gland for the proper growth and metabolic activity in humans.
8. Valves present in the veins help in one-way movement of the blood towards the heart. If
the valves in the veins of the legs fail to stop the flow of blood, the blood accumulates in
the veins and can cause the veins to swell. This is called varicose veins. It can cause mild
to moderate pain in the legs, blood clots or even skin ulcers.

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AP X | BIOLOGY
Sample Paper 1 Solution

9. It is exhilarating and exciting to see how a tiny, cute, delicate, little stem of a creeper
winds itself around the support. It also gives the appearance of scenic natural beauty.
10. The aorta is the largest artery in the body. It carries blood from the heart to different
parts of the body. It has to withstand the pressure of blood pumped from the heart, and
thus, it is big.
SECTION III
11. Alveoli are globular and single cell thick. This helps in maximum and easy exchange of
gases with the capillaries which surround it.
12. If we keep on increasing CO2 concentration in the air, then the rate of photosynthesis
also increases.
13. To collect gum from trees, an incision is made in the bark of the tree. Then a wooden
bucket is tied to the tree just below the incision. The gum oozes out of the incision and
gets collected in the bucket. This exudate is then collected from the bucket.
14. Hunger pangs are contractions which occur in the stomach due to hunger-generating
signals that reach the brain when the stomach is empty.
15.

16. Respiration is a process which serves to be the lifeline of the human body. It is a
matchless, intricate process which ensures the survival of each cell of the body.

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AP X | BIOLOGY
Sample Paper 1 Solution

17. Sensation of taste from food material to brain:

SECTION IV
18. Valves
Valves prevent the backflow of blood in the veins.
19. Alveolus
Alveolus is the smallest unit of the lungs through which the exchange of gases takes
place.
20. Mitochondria
Mitochondria are called powerhouses of the cell as they store and release energy in the
form of ATP.
21. Cerebrum
The cerebrum is the seat of thinking, memory, reasoning, perception speech and
emotions.
22. Water
Water forms 96% of urine.
23. Bowmans capsule
Malpighian body which consists of the Bowmans capsule and glomerulus arises from
the cortex of the kidney.

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AP X | BIOLOGY
Sample Paper 1 Solution

24. Pyloric sphincter

The pyloric sphincter relaxes and allows the passage of partially digested food into the
duodenum.
25. Fossil evidences
The study of fossils is called palaeontology.
26. Mining
Mining procedures release a large amount of toxic chemicals in the surrounding
environment causing damage to the ecosystem.
27. Producer
The producer is the one which utilises energy from the Sun and prepares food, some of
which can be passed to the other organisms in the food chain.

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