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Cognitive radio

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A cognitive radio is a transceiver which automatically detects available channels in wireless spectrum and accordingly changes its transmission or reception parameters so
more wireless communications may run concurrently in a given spectrum band at a place. This process is also known as dynamic spectrum management. A cognitive radio, as
defined by the researchers at Virginia Tech, is "a software defined radio with a cognitive engine brain".[1]

Contents
1 Description
2 History
3 Terminology
4 Technology
4.1 Functions
4.2 Cognitive radio (CR) versus intelligent antenna (IA)
5 Applications
6 Future plans
7 See also
8 References
9 External links

Description
In response to the operator's commands, the cognitive engine is capable of configuring radio-system parameters. These parameters include "waveform, protocol, operating
frequency, and networking".[2] It functions as an autonomous unit in the communications environment, exchanging information about the environment with the networks it
accesses and other CRs.[2] A CR "monitors its own performance continuously", in addition to "reading the radio's outputs"; it then uses this information to "determine the RF
environment, channel conditions, link performance, etc.", and adjusts the "radio's settings to deliver the required quality of service subject to an appropriate combination of user
requirements, operational limitations, and regulatory constraints". These processes have been described as "reading the radio's meters and turning the radio's knobs".[1]

History
The concept of cognitive radio was first proposed by Joseph Mitola III in a seminar at KTH (the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm) in 1998 and published in an
article by Mitola and Gerald Q. Maguire, Jr. in 1999.[3] It was a novel approach in wireless communications, which Mitola later described as:

The point in which wireless personal digital assistants (PDAs) and the related networks are sufficiently computationally intelligent about radio resources and related
computer-to-computer communications to detect user communications needs as a function of use context, and to provide radio resources and wireless services
most appropriate to those needs.[4]
Cognitive radio is considered as a goal towards which a software-defined radio platform should evolve: a fully reconfigurable wireless transceiver which automatically adapts its
communication parameters to network and user demands.
Regulatory bodies in the world (including the Federal Communications Commission in the United States and Ofcom in the United Kingdom) found that most radio frequency
spectrum was inefficiently utilized.[5] Cellular network bands are overloaded in most parts of the world, but other frequency bands (such as military, amateur radio and paging
frequencies) are insufficiently utilized. Independent studies performed in some countries confirmed that observation,[6][7][8] and concluded that spectrum utilization depends on
time and place. Moreover, fixed spectrum allocation prevents rarely used frequencies (those assigned to specific services) from being used, even when any unlicensed users
would not cause noticeable interference to the assigned service. Therefore, regulatory bodies in the world have been considering whether to allow unlicensed users in licensed
bands if they would not cause any interference to licensed users.[9] These initiatives have focused cognitive-radio research on dynamic spectrum access.
The first phone call over a cognitive-radio network was made on Monday, 11 January 2010 in the Centre for Wireless Communications at the University of Oulu using CWC's
cognitive-radio network, CRAMNET (Cognitive Radio Assisted Mobile Ad Hoc Network), which was developed by CWC researchers.[10][11]

Terminology
Depending on transmission and reception parameters, there are two main types of cognitive radio:
Full Cognitive Radio (Mitola radio), in which every possible parameter observable by a wireless node (or network) is considered.[12]
Spectrum-Sensing Cognitive Radio, in which only the radio-frequency spectrum is considered.[13]
Other types are dependent on parts of the spectrum available for cognitive radio:
Licensed-Band Cognitive Radio, capable of using bands assigned to licensed users (except for unlicensed bands, such as the U-NII band or the ISM band. The IEEE
802.22 working group is developing a standard for wireless regional area network (WRAN), which will operate on unused television channels.[14][15]
Unlicensed-Band Cognitive Radio, which can only utilize unlicensed parts of the radio frequency (RF) spectrum.[citation needed] One such system is described in the
IEEE 802.15 Task Group 2 specifications,[16] which focus on the coexistence of IEEE 802.11 and Bluetooth.[citation needed]
Spectrum mobility: Process by which a cognitive-radio user changes its frequency of operation. Cognitive-radio networks aim to use the spectrum in a dynamic manner
by allowing radio terminals to operate in the best available frequency band, maintaining seamless communication requirements during transitions to better spectrum.
Spectrum sharing: Provides a fair spectrum-scheduling method; a major challenge to open-spectrum usage. It may be regarded as similar to generic media access
control (MAC) problems in existing systems.

Technology

Although cognitive radio was initially thought of as a software-defined radio extension (full cognitive radio), most research work focuses on spectrum-sensing cognitive radio
(particularly in the TV bands). The chief problem in spectrum-sensing cognitive radio is designing high-quality spectrum-sensing devices and algorithms for exchanging
spectrum-sensing data between nodes. It has been shown that a simple energy detector cannot guarantee the accurate detection of signal presence,[17] calling for more
sophisticated spectrum sensing techniques and requiring information about spectrum sensing to be regularly exchanged between nodes. Increasing the number of cooperating
sensing nodes decreases the probability of false detection.[18]
Filling free RF bands adaptively, using OFDMA, is a possible approach. Timo A. Weiss and Friedrich K. Jondral of the University of Karlsruhe proposed a spectrum pooling
system,[8] in which free bands (sensed by nodes) were immediately filled by OFDMA subbands. Applications of spectrum-sensing cognitive radio include emergency-network
and WLAN higher throughput and transmission-distance extensions. The evolution of cognitive radio toward cognitive networks is underway; the concept of cognitive
networks is to intelligently organize a network of cognitive radios.

Functions
The main functions of cognitive radios are:[19][20]
Spectrum sensing: Detecting unused spectrum and sharing it, without harmful interference to other users; an important requirement of the cognitive-radio network to
sense empty spectrum. Detecting primary users is the most efficient way to detect empty spectrum. Spectrum-sensing techniques may be grouped into three categories:
Transmitter detection: Cognitive radios must have the capability to determine if a signal from a primary transmitter is locally present in a certain spectrum. There
are several proposed approaches to transmitter detection:
Matched filter detection
Energy detection
Cyclostationary-feature detection
Cooperative detection: Refers to spectrum-sensing methods where information from multiple cognitive-radio users is incorporated for primary-user detection[21]
Interference-based detection
Power Control: Power control is used for both opportunistic spectrum access and spectrum sharing CR systems for finding the cut-off level in SNR supporting the
channel allocation and imposing interference power constraints for the primary user's protection respectively. In [22] a joint power control and spectrum sensing is
proposed for capacity maximization.
Spectrum management: Capturing the best available spectrum to meet user communication requirements, while not creating undue interference to other (primary) users.
Cognitive radios should decide on the best spectrum band (of all bands available) to meet quality of service requirements; therefore, spectrum-management functions are
required for cognitive radios. Spectrum-management functions are classified as:
Spectrum analysis
Spectrum decision

The practical implementation of spectrum-management functions is a complex and multifaceted issue, since it must address a variety of technical and legal requirements. An
example of the former is choosing an appropriate sensing threshold to detect other users, while the latter is exemplified by the need to meet the rules and regulations set out for
radio spectrum access in international (ITU radio regulations) and national (telecommunications law) legislation.[23][24]

Cognitive radio (CR) versus intelligent antenna (IA)


An intelligent antenna (or smart antenna) is an antenna technology that uses spatial beam-formation and spatial coding to cancel interference; however, it requires an intelligent
multiple- or cooperative-antenna array. On the other hand, cognitive radio allows user terminals to sense whether a portion of the spectrum is being used to share spectrum
with neighbor users. The following table compares the two:
Point
Principal goal

Cognitive radio (CR)


Open spectrum sharing

Interference processing Avoidance by spectrum sensing


Key cost

Spectrum sensing and multi-band RF

Challenging algorithm Spectrum management tech

Intelligent antenna (IA)


Ambient spatial reuse
Cancellation by spatial pre/post-coding
Multiple- or cooperative-antenna arrays
Intelligent spatial beamforming/coding tech

Applied techniques

Cognitive software radio

Generalized dirty-paper and Wyner-Ziv coding

Basement approach

Orthogonal modulation

Cellular based smaller cell

Competitive technology Ultra-wideband for greater band utilization Multi-sectoring (3, 6, 9, so on) for higher spatial reuse
Summary

Cognitive spectrum-sharing technology

Intelligent spectrum reuse technology

Applications
CR can sense its environment and, without the intervention of the user, can adapt to the user's communications needs while conforming to FCC rules in the United States. In
theory, the amount of spectrum is infinite; practically, for propagation and other reasons it is finite because of the desirability of certain spectrum portions. Assigned spectrum is
far from being fully utilized, and efficient spectrum use is a growing concern; CR offers a solution to this problem. A CR can intelligently detect whether any portion of the
spectrum is in use, and can temporarily use it without interfering with the transmissions of other users. According to Bruce Fette, "Some of the radio's other cognitive abilities
include determining its location, sensing spectrum use by neighboring devices, changing frequency, adjusting output power or even altering transmission parameters and
characteristics. All of these capabilities, and others yet to be realized, will provide wireless spectrum users with the ability to adapt to real-time spectrum conditions, offering
regulators, licenses and the general public flexible, efficient and comprehensive use of the spectrum".[25]

Future plans
The success of the unlicensed band in accommodating a range of wireless devices and services has led the FCC to consider opening further bands for unlicensed use. In

contrast, the licensed bands are underutilized due to static frequency allocation. Realizing that CR technology has the potential to exploit the inefficiently utilized licensed bands
without causing interference to incumbent users, the FCC released a Notice of Proposed Rule Making which would allow unlicensed radios to operate in the TV-broadcast
bands. The IEEE 802.22 working group, formed in November 2004, is tasked with defining the air-interface standard for wireless regional area networks (based on CR
sensing) for the operation of unlicensed devices in the spectrum allocated to TV service.[26]

See also
Channel allocation schemes
Channel-dependent scheduling
Cognitive network
Cooperative wireless communications
Link adaptation
LTE Advanced
OFDMA
Radio resource management (RRM)
Ultra Wideband
Wipro Technologies

References
1. ^ a b home [CWT Cognitive Radios] (http://www.cognitiveradio.wireless.vt.edu/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=home)
2. ^ a b "Software-Defined Radio. White Paper. A Technology Overview.(2002, August). pp 110." (http://www.broadcastpapers.com/whitepapers/WiproSDRadio.pdf?
CFID=1289733&CFTOKEN=d39ad02d46e2f73c-652340C5-F32E-4237-83D81F2959FF7406) . Wipro Technologies.
http://www.broadcastpapers.com/whitepapers/WiproSDRadio.pdf?CFID=1289733&CFTOKEN=d39ad02d46e2f73c-652340C5-F32E-4237-83D81F2959FF7406.
3. ^ IEEE Xplore Login (http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/98/17080/00788210.pdf?tp=&arnumber=788210&isnumber=17080)
4. ^ http://web.it.kth.se/~maguire/jmitola/Mitola_Dissertation8_Integrated.pdf
5. ^ IEEE Spectrum: The End of Spectrum Scarcity (http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/mar04/3811)
6. ^ Vclav Valenta et al., Survey on Spectrum Utilization in Europe: Measurements, Analyses and Observations (http://hal.archivesouvertes.fr/docs/00/49/20/21/PDF/paper9220_valenta.pdf)
7. ^ IEEE Xplore Login (http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/9626/30419/01399240.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1399240&isnumber=30419)
8. ^ a b IEEE Xplore Login (http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/35/28504/01273768.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1273768&isnumber=28504)
9. ^ [ http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308596112001267]
10. ^ http://www.cwc.oulu.fi/home/files/news/CRAMNET_1.pdf
11. ^ http://www.cwc.oulu.fi/home/files/news/CRAMNET_3.pdf
12. ^ J. Mitola III and G. Q. Maguire, Jr., "Cognitive radio: making software radios more personal," IEEE Personal Communications Magazine, vol. 6, nr. 4, pp. 1318, Aug. 1999
(http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/srchabstract.jsp?
arnumber=788210&isnumber=17080&punumber=98&k2dockey=788210@ieeejrns&query=%28%28mitola%29%3Cin%3Eau+%29&pos=5&access=no)

13. ^ S. Haykin, "Cognitive Radio: Brain-empowered Wireless Communications", IEEE Journal on Selected Areas of Communications, vol. 23, nr. 2, pp. 201220, Feb. 2005
(http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/srchabstract.jsp?
arnumber=1391031&isnumber=30289&punumber=49&k2dockey=1391031@ieeejrns&query=%28haykin+%3Cin%3E+metadata%29+%3Cand%3E+%2849+%3Cin%3E+punum
ber%29&pos=0&access=no)
14. ^ IEEE 802.22 (http://ieee802.org/22/)
15. ^ Carl, Stevenson; G. Chouinard, Zhongding Lei, Wendong Hu, S. Shellhammer & W. Caldwell (2009-01). "IEEE 802.22: The First Cognitive Radio Wireless Regional Area
Networks (WRANs) Standard = IEEE Communications Magazine". IEEE Communications Magazine (US: IEEE) 47 (1): 130138. doi:10.1109/MCOM.2009.4752688
(http://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2FMCOM.2009.4752688) .
16. ^ IEEE 802.15.2 (http://ieee802.org/15/pub/TG2.html)
17. ^ http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/wireless/posters/WFW05_cognitive.pdf
18. ^ http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/4234/30631/01413630.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1413630&isnumber=30631
19. ^ Ian F. Akyildiz, W.-Y. Lee, M. C. Vuran, and S. Mohanty, "NeXt Generation/Dynamic Spectrum Access/Cognitive Radio Wireless Networks: A Survey," Computer Networks
(Elsevier) Journal, September 2006. [1] (http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/bwn/surveys/radio.pdf)
20. ^ Cognitive Functionality in Next Generation Wireless Networks (http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/scc41/files/Communications_Magazine_article_on_SCC41.pdf)
21. ^ Z. Li, F.R. Yu, and M. Huang, A Distributed Consensus-Based Cooperative Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radios (http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?
arnumber=5229125) , IEEE Trans. Vehicular Technology, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 383393, Jan. 2010.
22. ^ F. Foukalas et. al Joint optimal power allocation and sensing threshold selection for SU's capacity maximisation in SS CRNS (http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?
tp=&arnumber=5593979&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fiel5%2F2220%2F5593945%2F05593979.pdf%3Farnumber%3D5593979)
23. ^ CEPT Report 159 on technical and operational requirements for Cognitive Radio operation in TV White Spaces
(http://www.erodocdb.dk/Docs/doc98/official/pdf/ECCREP159.PDF)
24. ^ European Research project on spectrum access policies for Cognitive Radio (http://www.cost-terra.org)
25. ^ Dr.Bruce.Fette. (2004, October). Cognitive Radio Shows Great Promise.COTS Journal, [online].pp.15. Available:http://www.cotsjournalonline.com/articles/view/100206
26. ^ Carlos Cordeiro, Kiran Challapali, and Dagnachew Birru. Sai Shankar N. IEEE 802.22: An Introduction to the First Wireless Standard based on Cognitive Radios JOURNAL OF
COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 1, NO. 1, APRIL 2006

External links
IEEE DYSPAN Standards Committee (Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks), formerly IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 41 (SCC41) (http://www.dyspansc.org/)
Cognitive Functionality in Next Generation Wireless Networks (http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/scc41/files/Communications_Magazine_article_on_SCC41.pdf)
A very rich collection of Cognitive Radio and Software-Defined Radio references (http://wcsp.eng.usf.edu/cognitive_radio_links.html) WCSP Group University of
South Florida (USF)
Berkeley Wireless Research Center Cognitive Radio Workshop (http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/Research/MCMA/) first workshop on cognitive radio; its focus was
mainly on research issues in topic
Wimax and Cognitive Radio Research Group (http://www.cmpe.boun.edu.tr/WiCo/doku.php?id=research)
Center for Wireless Telecommunications (CWT), Virginia Tech (http://www.cognitiveradio.wireless.vt.edu)
Cognitive Radio Information Center (http://www.scc41.org/crinfo) SCC41 Reference Page
Cognitive Radio Technologies Proceeding of Federal Communications Commission (http://www.fcc.gov/oet/cognitiveradio/) Federal Communications Commission
rules on cognitive radio

CrownCom International Conference on Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks and Communications (http://www.crowncom.org/)
IEEE COMSOC TCCN The Technical Committee on Cognitive Networks of IEEE Communications Society (http://www.eecs.ucf.edu/tccn/)
IEEE DySPAN Conference (http://www.ieee-dyspan.org/)
European COST Action IC0905 TERRA on Techno-Economic Regulatory Framework for Cognitive Radio/Software Defined Radio (COST-TERRA)
(http://www.cost-terra.org/)
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Categories: Radio technology Wireless networking Radio resource management Radiofrequency receivers Telecommunications engineering
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