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PROJECT REPORT
BY
GROUP LEADER
GROUP MEMBERS
I
II
EFFECTS OF PGF2α AND GnRH ON REPRODUCTIVE
PERFORMANCE OF RED SINDHI CATTLE IN DISTRICT
TANDO MUHAMMAD KHAN.
BY
GROUP LEADER
GROUP MEMBERS
III
IV
DEDICATION
TO
Almighty ALLAH,
Our Respected Parents
And
Teachers
V
TABLE OF CONTENTS
RESEARCH CERTIFICATE II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IV
LIST OF TABLE V
ABSTRACT VI
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4
4 RESULTS 16
5 DISCUSSION 19
LITERATURE CITED 22
SYNOPSIS 27
VI
EFFECTS OF PGF2α AND GnRH ON THE REPRODUCTIVE
PERFORMANCE OF RED SINDHI CATTLE IN DISTRICT
TANDO MUHAMMAD KHAN.
By
Group Leader
Members
SUPERVISOR
7
DEPARTEMENT OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
FACULTY OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND VETERINARY SCIENCES,
SINDH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY, TANDO JAM.
RESEARCH CERTIFICATE
It is Certified that the research work presented in this project report entitled
“EFFECTS OF PGF2α AND GnRH ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF
RED SINDHI CATTLE IN DISTRICT TANDO MUHAMMAD KHAN” has been
carried out by Mr. SARFARAZ NAWAZ, SAJID AZIZ, HYDER RAZA, MUSHTAQUE
ALI, NABI BUX AND AIJAZ HUSSAIN, under my supervision and guidance in
connection with partial fulfillment of the requirements for the seminar of final Prof DVM
and I confirmed that the work is original.
8
SINDH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY TANDO JAM
9
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
group members to complete one of our life’s academic urges. I express my real thoughts and
Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University Tando jam, for his courteous professional advises,
thesis transcript checking and its improvement, motivation, fruitful suggestions and
Hamzo Khan Otho and Dr. Abdul Gaffar Otho for their precious guidance, help, and
valuable suggestions during research work and during management of the manuscript.
Special thanks are extended to Haji Dr. Abdul Jabbar Otho, veterinary
laboratory technician at Red Sindhi Cattle Breeding and Research farm district Tando
Muhammad Khan Dr Dildar Hussain Kalhoro and Dr Irshad Korejo, and Mr Rab Nawaz
Sanjrani for their help and cooperation in conducting research work. Special thanks are
offered to Dr. Sajid Aziz Samo for his cooperation and help in thesis management and his
Co-workers Mr. Rashid Mehdi Samo, for computerizing the manuscript with great care and
zeal.
10
LIST OF TABLES
5. Research Pictures
11
AN ABSTRACT OF THE PROJECT REPORT OF
used for present investigations during the month of November 2007- December 2007. The
animals were divided into 3 groups. Group-A (control), group-B (PGf2α) and group-C
(GnRH) and the occurrence of estrus was recorded in all the groups.
animals within 3-6 days followed by group A (40%) within 6-35 days and group B (20%)
within 9-15 days after treatment. The intensity of estrus signs was also of the same order it
indicates that highest percentage of estrus signs were observed in group C, followed by
It was found that the treatment group C (GnRH) was better in showing estrus
signs. The number of services per conception recorded was 1.29, 1.33 and 1.26 for groups A,
B and C respectively. The higher conception rate was found in group-C (40%) followed by A
(20%), and B (0%) groups. The over all mean conception rate was found to be 39%.
reduced service period, produced prominent estrus signs and increased conception rate in
post partum anestrous Red Sindhi Cattle. Administration of GnRH treatment was useful
12
CHAPTER -I
INTRODUCTION
of animals breed in these regions of the globe. Several factors affect postpartum anestrous,
including suckling and maternal-offspring bond, and pre- and postpartum nutritional status.
The short duration of estrus and the tendency to show estrus during the night, greatly affect
and hormonal treatments have been used to induce ovulation and cyclicity in postpartum
inconsistent results, probably due to the variable number of cows in anestrous. Treatments
using P4 devices and EB have resulted in apparently more consistent results than Ovsynch
programs in B. indicus cattle; however, pregnancy rates are low in herds presenting high
anestrous rates and moderate to low body condition. The addition of an eCG treatment at the
time of device removal, which increases plasma progesterone concentrations and pregnancy
The most important factors causing increased calving interval are poor
detection of the estrus, silent heat sign, delayed estrus and anestrous. After parturition, repeat
breeding and seasonal influence on reproduction which results in long calving interval
13
(Lindell et al. 1980). Postpartum anestrous causes long calving interval. It is due to
ovarian cyclicity (Jainudeen and Wahab, 1987) and causes reduced fertility in cattle’s true
anestrous 58% and silent anestrous 32% (Samad et al, 1984). The incidence of postpartum
anestrous was reported 31-69%. It has been found that hormonal treatment can effectively
reduce the interval to first ovulation, and synchronize of estrous. The presence of C.L, PGF2
alpha brings animal in heat within 6 days (Smith et al, 1998). Administration of
the release of both FSH and LH (Foster et al, 1980), and improves fertility in repeat
Administration of GnRH hormone during early postpartum period causes reduced calving
interval especially in problem animals. Prostagalandin and its analogue have a positive
effect on uterine tone, and it may shorten the interval from parturition to complete involution
overcome the anestrous problems and produces a number of other advantages like reduce
calving interval, efficient management, seasonal attracts of the marketing and profitable
dairy business. In developing countries, like Pakistan the veterinary extension services are
lacking and farmers are not familiar with management of reproductive problems particularly
the anestrous cases. The induction of estrous in anestrous cattle can be attempted by
enucleating of corpus luteum within the use of PGF2 alpha. Therefore this research work is
14
OBJECTIVES
Sindhi cattle.
15
CHAPTER-II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
prostaglandin F (2 alpha) (PGF (2 alpha)) during the early postpartum period and to describe
their ovarian and hormonal responses according to ovarian status. In conclusion, a 7-day
GnRH-PGF (2 alpha) synchronization protocol can effectively induce dairy cows to ovulate
device (CIDR) removal and second gonodotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) administration
and CIDR removal by 12 h, or timing of the second GnRH by 16 h, did not affect pregnancy
at the time of insemination and 12 days later increases conception rates. in high producing
16
Alnimer. (2005). In his study, A total of 226 out of 245 postpartum lactating
dairy cows in a commercial dairy farm were allocated in two groups of estrous
treated with oestradiol benzoate (ODB) and PGF2alpha on day 10 of the estrous cycle with
insemination at the detected estrus, the second group underwent the Ovsynch (OVS)
protocol (GnRH + PGF2alpha + GnRH) with timed AI. The results indicate that pregnancy
rates for first AI were similar, but overall pregnancy rates up to the fourth AI tended to be
higher for OVS than EPE cows, while days open was tended to be lower for OVS than EPE
cows.
Ahuja et al. (2005). In this study anestrous and lactating Bos Taurus by Bos
indicus crossbred cows with minimum body condition were studied to determine the
pregnancy rate during the months of the year when temperatures are greater. The Ovsynch
and CO-Synch protocols resulted in greater pregnancy rates compared with the Select Synch
protocol in Bos Taurus/Bos indicus cows with minimum body condition that were anestrous
Angus and Bos indicus x Bos Taurus (BI) heifers. In conclusion, treating yearling BI heifers
with split treatments of PGF2alpha (given on two consecutive days) improves estrous
17
Bartolome et al. (2005). The objective of this study was to compare
pregnancy rates to resynchronization and timed AI (TAI) protocols in lactating dairy cows
that received GnRH at 23 d and were diagnosed not pregnant at 30 d after the pre-enrollment
AI. In addition, there were no differences in pregnancy losses. For cows without a CL,
GnRH on day 0 increased the proportion of cows with a CL on days 7 and 17 and plasma P4
concentration on day 17 in cows with ovarian cysts but not for cows in proestrus. The CIDR
insert increased pregnancy rate in cows with ovarian cysts but reduced pregnancy rate for
cows in proestrus.
Dalton et al. (2005). The objective of this study was to compare conception
rates of cows exhibiting spontaneous estrus and receiving artificial insemination (AI) before
completion of a timed AI protocol with cows that did not display estrus spontaneously, but
45 d after AI by palpation per rectum of uterine contents. Nearly 11% of all cattle exhibited
spontaneous estrus and received immediate AI. Herd did not influence the percentage of
cows detected in estrus and inseminated. Conception rates did not differ among treatments.
Conception rates differed between herds, but no interaction of herd x treatment was
detected. No differences were detected between herds for days in milk, milk production, AI
at the most beneficial time of the estrous cycle (days 5-9), and determine if this would
improve pregnancy rate (PR). Therefore, the ML test indicated luteolysis with sufficient
18
precision to time the initiation of the Ovsynch protocol between days 5 and 9 of the cycle,
however, this did not alter PR compared to starting the protocol randomly throughout the
cycle. Initiating the Ovsynch protocol between days 5 and 9 of the cycle increased PR, and
reproductive management protocol based on induction of estrus after rectal palpation using
PGF2alpha. Quality of estrus as accessed by the AI technician did not reveal a relationship
Santos et al. (2004). Investigated the estrus detection rate after PGF2alpha
tended to be lower in multiparous cows receiving bST, and bST reduced returns to estrus in
nonpregnant cows. Pregnancy loss was similar for cows inseminated following ED or the
Ovsynch protocol. There was a positive impact of bST on fertility of cyclic cows
inseminated at fixed time or at detected estrus, but effective resynchronization protocols are
developed for use in lactating dairy cows using PGF (2alpha), GnRH, and oestradiol
cypionate (ECP). The PGP protocol increased the number of cows that ovulated after the
first PGF (2alpha) injection and produced a more mature dominant follicle at the time of the
second PGF (2alpha) injection. Adding ECP to PGP (PGPE (1)) enhanced the expression of
estrus and increased ovulation percentage. The combination of PGP and ECP is potentially a
19
DeJarnette et al. (2003). Investigated the effects of two pre-synchronization
However, the numeric shift towards reduced pregnancy rates in Co synch-treated cows
suggests the 12h interval between GnRH and AI may be important to optimize conception
Although the Co synch protocol facilitates more efficient labor utilization, numeric trends
ovulation, apparent early pregnancy and pregnancy rates were studied using logistic mixed
models. There was no significant difference In conclusion, although pregnancy rates were
beef cows induced a lower rate of ovulation than treatment with PRID+PGF2alpha,
heat-stressed dairy cattle. Estrous cycles of Holstein cows were synchronized using the
OvSynch protocol and cows were artificially inseminated. The treatment of heat-stressed
dairy cows with GnRH post insemination (Day 5 or 11) results in the appearance of more CL
tissue, increased serum concentrations of P (4) and a tendency toward greater pregnancy
rates.
20
Cavalieri et al. (2002). In their investigation administration of GnRH was
Treatment with GnRH reduced the proportion of cows detected in estrus following
treatment. This may offer advantages to the way AI is managed by enabling insemination at
Richardson et al. (2002). In this study, our objectives were to determine the
progesterone (P4), GnRH, or both, and to examine the variability of estrual characteristics in
heifers before first and second AI. In dairy heifers, conception and pregnancy rates were
opposite was observed among treatments in beef heifers. Administration of P4 without the
preceding injection of GnRH produced the lowest pregnancy rates in beef heifers.
estrus detection rate, precision of estrus, and reproductive performance of postpartum beef
cows synchronized to estrus using GnRH and PGF2alpha was evaluated. The pretreatment
21
with GnRH tended to increase pregnancy rates during a 6-d synchronization period,
primarily through enhanced conception rates of cows bred by TAI. In contrast to our
hypothesis, GnRH pretreatment did not increase the percentage of animals detected in estrus
Martínez et al. (2000). In this research work determined the estrous response
and pregnancy rate in beef cattle given a controlled internal drug release (CIDR-B) device
releasing hormone (GnRH). There were no differences among groups for estrous rates or
conception rates. In cattle given a CIDR-B device and estradiol plus progesterone, treatment
with either EB or E-17 beta effectively synchronized estrus and resulted in acceptable
cows at calving to receive either 100 micron of GnRH or saline 13 or 14 d postpartum (PP).
The treatment of normal cows with GnRH had no significant effects on the first estrus or the
first estrous cycle PP, on services per conception, days open, or any other reproductive trait
measured. Treated abnormal cows were equivalent to the control normal cows. Thus, GnRH
system, but with no other clinical problems, seems to assist in promoting rapid normal
Momcilovic et al. (1998). This study was done to determine the reproductive
performance of lactating dairy cows treated with GnRH and/or PGF2a for synchronization
of estrus and ovulation. There was a significant effect of time of year on pregnancy rate and
22
days from calving to conception, there was no effect of body condition score and lactation
Stolla et al. (1998). Showed that estrus detection has a tremendous impact on
the reproductive efficiency in dairy farms. Recently the systematic use of hormones for
synchronization of estrus and ovulation has been propagated. These programs are designed
to facilitate estrus detection and/or increase its efficiency. Prostaglandin programs are used
to improve estrus detection and reproductive management in dairy operations. All cows are
treated up to three times in weekly or biweekly intervals at the end of the voluntary waiting
period. Treatment with GnRH will induce a new follicular wave and provide a dominant
follicle in a defined growth phase at the time of PG administration seven days later.
concentrations were measured in suckled beef cows treated during the postpartum period
with prostaglandin F2alpha and then gonadotropin releasing hormone. PGF2α may exert a
and ovulation response. In addition, cows with subnormal luteal phases had GnRH-induced
LH surges of less area and peak amplitude than cows with normal luteal phases.
23
Table-1: Indicates summary of reviews
S. No
Author Year Parameter Particulars used Results
Increased
3. Lopez et al. 2006 Conception rate GnRH
conception rate
OBD, PGF2alpha,
Reproductive ovsynch Higher pregnancy
4. Alnimer 2005
performance (GnRH+PGF2alph rate for OVS
a+GnRH)
Induction of estrus Ovsynch and CO- Greater pregnancy
5. Ahuja et al. 2005
and ovulation Synch rate
Increased
9. Kieth et al. 2005 Pregnancy rate Ovsynch protocol
pregnancy rate
24
PGF2alpha, GnRH
Increased estrus
1 Estrus and and
Borman et al. 2003 expression and
2. ovulation ECP(oestradiol
ovulation %.
cypionate)
1 Dejarnette et GnRH, PGF2alpha Reduced
2003 Pregnancy rate
3. al. and TAI conception rate
Ovsynch protocol
1 Reproductive Greater pregnancy
Willard et al. 2003 and progesterone
5. performance rate
(P4)
1 Occurrence of
Cavalieri et al. 2002 ODB and GnRH Reduced estrus
6. Estrus
Increased
1 Richardson Estrus, conception GnRH, PGF2alpha
2002 conception and
7. et al. and pregnancy rate and Progesterone
pregnancy rate
Reduced premature
1 Dejarnette et PGF2alpha and estrus and
2001 Estrus occurrence
8. al. GnRH improved
conception rate
Occurrence of
1 Dejarnette et GnRH and
2001 estrus and duration No effect
9. al. PGF2alpha
of estrus
Occurrence of PGF2alph, GnRH
2 Increase Estrus and
Martinez et al. 2000 estrus and and CIDR-B
0. conception rate
pregnancy rate removal
Estrus cycle, Increased estrus
2
Foote and Riek 1999 services per GnRH cycle and
1.
conception conception rate
25
CHAPTER-III
Fifteen apparently healthy cattle of Red Sindhi cattle breed showing no estrus
and repeat breeding problem were selected at random and included in this study.
The animals were divided into three treatment groups. Comprising five
EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL
Group A. The cows received 2ml of normal saline on day 1st of experiment, observed for
Group B. The animals of this group received 2ml synthetic analogue of prostaglandin f2α
estrus.
Group C. The animals of this group received single dose of 2ml (GnRH) Dalmarline
All the animals were observed twice a week (morning and evening) for
occurrence of estrus.
26
The following parameters were recorded in each group.
1. Signs of estrus
2. Occurrence of estrus
Natural service was provided and no any palpation was done for pregnancy
Statistical analysis
software (MSTATC). The mean and percentage of occurrence of estrus, number of services
27
CHAPTER-IV
RESULTS
The study was conduct to determine the effect of PGf 2α and GnRH on
fertility rate in postpartum anestrus of Red Sindhi Cattle. The results are presented as under.
presented in Table-1. The percentage of the animals found 40%, 20% and 60% respectively,
indicating that the treatment regime C, in which administration of GnRH was found to be
Table -1. Effect of PGF2α & GnRH on the occurrence of estrus in Red Sindhi Cow.
Total number of
Treatment No. of animals
Animals in Percentage (%)
groups observed in estrus
groups.
A. Normal Saline 5 2 40% (21 days)
Mean 05 02 40%
28
Frequency of estrus signs in Red Sindhi Cattle
The estrus sign and frequency of estrus were most observed in group C
treated with GnRH as compared to B treated with PGF 2 alpha. The frequent urination,
nervous and excitable, mucous discharge, bellowing, stand to be ridden & mounting were
common signs followed by A. B. & C groups. The main estrus signs shown by the animals
of group C (71.43%) followed by group A (57%) and group B (14.28%). (Table-2) indicates
the estrus signs shown by animals with little variation in intensity were in group C (stand to
be ridden, 67%; mounting, 33%; frequent urination, 33%; nervous and excitable, 100%;
mucous discharge, 100%; bellowing, 100% and others, 67%), followed by group B (stand to
be ridden,100% and no any other signs was seen) and in group A (stand to be ridden, 50%;
Table -2: Effect of PGF2α and GnRH on frequency of estrus signs in Red Sindhi Cow.
Treatment group
Estrus signs observed Group-A Group-B Group-C
No. of Animals No. of Animals No. of Animals
(2) (1) (3)
Stand to be ridden 01 50% 01 100% 02 67%
Mounting Nil 0% Nil 0% 01 33%
Frequent urination 01 50% Nil 0% 01 33%
Nervous and excitable Nil 0% Nil 0% 03 100%
Mucous discharge 02 100% Nil 0% 03 100%
Bellowing 01 50% Nil 0% 03 100%
Others(swelling of vulva,
Nil 0% Nil 0% 02 67%
twitching of tail)
Mean 57% 14.28% 71.43%
29
Number of services per conception
During the present study period, natural service was provided when the cattle
indicated the signs of estrus. The animals have positive effect on hormonal treatment. The
number of services per conception of postpartum anestrus of Red Sindhi Cattle after various
treatments A, B, and C was found to be as in Table-3, indicates on mean basis that out of 05
animals, 02 showing estrus signs were served by natural service. Out of these 02 animals
Table-3: Effect of PGF2alpha and GnRH on number of services per conception in Red
Sindhi Cattle.
A 05 02 02 01 50%
B 05 01 01 Nil 0%
C 05 03 03 02 67%
Mean 05 02 02 01 39%
30
Pic-1: Dalmarelin (lecirelin acetate)
Group – C: (GnRH)
31
Pic-3: Group A treated animal (CT) symbol. Along
with the owner (Mr. Rehmatullah Hingoro)
32
Pic-5: Group A treated animal (CT)
33
Pic-7: Group leader along with care taker of
animals in research.
34
CHAPTER –V
Discussion
In the present study the treatment of GnRH was given in group C on day first
of the study. The present result in group C 60% animals (3) were came in estrus this might
have reduced the calving stress and helped animal to resume ovarian activities earlier.
Similar findings have also been reported by other scienctists (Nash et al. 1980; Cavestany
and Foote. 1985) PGf2 alpha and GnRH is also effective for the management of first
postpartum estrus.
We found the GnRH treated animals had reduced services per conception ,
which were recorded is 39% improvement in the first service pregnancy rate where as
Rayos et al. (1999) found that the GnRH treated animals had reduced services per
conception, which were recorded is 9.3% improvement in the first service pregnancy, 8.3%
in total pregnancy rate and reduction in services per conception from 1.49%(control) to
1.39% for cattle treated with GnRH at the time of first insemination.
(20%) and group A (40%). The overall conception/fertility rate is 39% in Red Sindhi Cattle.
These results are in partial agreement with the findings in the Table No 3.(Patterson et al.
1995) who reported the conception rate of 28.8 and 44.4 in Red Sindhi Cattle. (Bhat et al.
1993) also observed highly significant improvement in conception rate due to PGF2α
treatment. The direct effect of PGF2α on conception rate, it can be interpreted with caution
as the higher conception rate in PGF2α treated groups may simply reflect its effect on
conception rate.
35
CHAPTER - VI
Summary
The present study was conducted to determine the effect of PGf2α and GnRH
on fertility rate of postpartum anestrus in Red Sindhi Cattle. 15 postpartum anestrus Red
Sindhi Cattle were selected and divided into three treatment group. Group A was given
normal saline. In group B prostaglandin F2α (PGf2α) and group C was given GnRH. The
major objective was to investigate the effect of reproductive hormones (PGf2α and GnRH) to
device a managemental tool to minimize anestrus problems in postpartum Red Sindhi Cattle
and to reduce calving interval. The data were collected on induced estrus, observed intensity
of estrus and related signs, service period, number of service per conception and improve
fertility/conception rate.
and C (GnRH) 60% of animals responded in terms of induction of estrus. The conception
rate was recorded as 20%, 0% and 40%. The estrus signs were observed more prominent and
frequent in treatment group C as compared to regular estrus (control animals). The major
common and prominent signs noted induced in treated and control groups were as stand to
be ridden, mounting, frequent urination, nervous and excitable, mucous discharge and
bellowing were recorded most frequent during the study period on vital observation in Red
Sindhi Cattle.
36
Conclusions
It can be concluded from the present study that PGf2α and GnRH treatment in
Suggestions
suggested that:
• Prostaglandin (PGf2α) can be used to induce estrus, decrease service period and
37
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38
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39
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