Vital/Cardinal signs- reflects changes in normal functions of

the body (i.e. body temp, pulse, respiration, bp)

Body Temp- balance bet heat produced and
lost in the body;
Normal: 36.5-37.5;
Sites:
Rectal (2-3 mins; most accurate), Oral
(7-10 mins; axilla<x<rectum),
Axilla (>10mins; lowest);
Pulse wave of blood in arterial wall by heart
contraction;
Normal: 60-100 bpm (adult)
120-160 bpm (infant)
Sites: Apical, Peripheral (i.e. radial)
Respiration- O2 intake CO2 output; Normal: 1620
Blood pressure- pressure exerted by blood
through arteries (commonly: brachial artery)
Types:
Systolic- result of ventricle contraction;
pressure: 100-140mmHg; numerator;
first beat after releasing air.
Diastolic ventricles at rest; 7090mmHg; denominator; last beat after
releasing air.
Risks of Malnutrition
-Underwt: Heart problems, low infxn resistance,
chronic fatigue, anemia depression
-Overwt: hypertension, heart disease, stroke,
diabetes, cancer
Healthy Weight determination:
-Body Mass Index (BMI) measures body
fat/leanness;

weight
height ;

<18.5 underwt
18.5-22.9 healthy
23-24.9- at risk
25-30- overwt
>30- obese
-Waist-to-Ratio (WRH)- measures abdominal
fatness;

waisst circumference
hipcircumfe rence ;

Ideal: Men < 1.0

Women <0.85
Android Obesity: Men >= 1.0
Women >= 0.85
Rec Waist Circumference: M: 102cm
W: 88cm
**MYTHS, TIPS 120-123**
Physical activity- perceives as something enjoyable and
not strenuous
Exercise- planned, structured, and repetitive mvmt to
improve one or more cmpnts of physical fitness
Sedentary lifestyle- with little or no physical activity

**HEALTH BENEFITS 126**

Exercise/PA Goal
-Cardio-respiratory endurance- ability to CVS to
distribute nutrients and O2
-Muscular strength and endurance- ability of
muscles to work for an extended time
-Flexibility- ability to use muscle throughout range
of motion
-Weight loss- amt of body fat compared lean
tissue
FIT (-of exercise) principle
Frequency (moderate:3-4x per wk)
Intensity (indicated by bpm)
Exercise time: (20-30 mins cardiorespiratory
impvmt; 30 mins reduce body fat)
Amt of PA to achieve health benefit
Regular: min 30 min/day
Moderate: 5 or more
Vigorous: 3 or more
Types of Exercises
-Aerobic- large group of muscles work in extended
pd of time; uses O2
-Anaerobic- short burst of energy
**EXERCISE TIPS 129**
Smoking
Types: Active smoking- direct from cig
Mainstream smoke- inhaled
Sidestream smoke- exhaled and lighted
end
Passive smoking- 2nd hand
Harmful subs in cig:
CO- impairs capacity of blood to supply
adequate amts of O2
Nicotine- addictive; raises bp and heart
rate
Tar- potent carcinogenic brown viscous
substance; causes pulmonary
problems
Factors that causes harm:
Chemicals
Number of cigs
Duration of smoking
Age started
Pattern of inhaling
Health effects:
Pneumonia
Chronic Obstructive
Pulmonary disease (c. bronchitis,
emphysema, lung cancer)
CV diseases (artherosclerosis,
arteriosclerosis, heart attack,
stroke,
Buergers disease)
Eyes and vision (cataract- clouding of
eye lenses that may lead to
blindless)
Mouth & throat (gum disease, tooth
loss, bad breath, teeth
discoloration)

GI diseases (esophagitis, permanent

esophageal structure,
stomach ulcers)
Musculoskeletal (osteoporosis- thinning
of bones due to loss of
minerals)
Reproductive (miscarriage, deformed
sperm, impotence)
(if pregnant):
Placenta previa
Placental abruption
Low birth wt infants
Damage to infants lungs
Benefits of quitting
20 mins- heart rate and blood pressure
drops
12 hrs- CO level drops normal
2wks-3mos- circulation improves and
lung fxn increases
1-9 mos- coughing decrease; cilia
regain normal fxn
1 yr excess risk o coronary heart
disease is half of that of a smoker
5 yrs- stroke risk reduced
10 yrs lung cancer death rate is
halved; cancer possibilities
decreased
15 yrs- risk of coronary heart disease is
the same as a non-smoker
Cessation: Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, Arrange
follow up
Coping: Declare, Delay, Deep breathing, drink
H2O, do something else
Alcohol- intoxicating ing. In beer and wine; also ethyl
acohol/ethanol
Effects:
Weigt gain
Nutrient deficiencies
Serious illness
Undesirable side effects
Impaired fetal devt
Moderate:
W: 1/day
M: 2/day
Stress- disruption of bodys internal balance; opposite of
relaxation; raises levels of adrenaline
Common rxns: p 143
Classification:
Physiological- fall w/in the bodys normal
fxning
Pathological- push body beyond limits
Physical- alcohol drug abuse, etc
Psychological- exams, divorce, death of
loved one, etc
Kinds:

Acute- from demands and pressures of

past and near future; can be
episodic
Chronic- comes when a person never
sees a way out of a miserable
situation
Symptoms:
Emotional distress- anger + anxiety +
depression
Muscular problems
Stomach gut and bowel problems
Transient over arousal
(Continuation of nutrition-related problems)
Renal disorders
Kidneys- 2 fist-sized
-Fxn: Renal frmxn
H2O balance
pH balance
Electrolyte balance
BP regulation
Glucose frmxn
RBC pdxn
Hormonal breakdown
Causes: Toxins, infections, drugs, diseases, diet
Symptoms
Blood in urine
Difficulty in urination
Anemia
Weight loss
Flank pains
Fever, nausea, vomiting
Mgt:
Control: electrolyte Na, P, K, Ca, H2O,
protein
Dialysis
Transplant
Cancer frmxn of abnormal cells that destroy tissues
Terms:
Tumor- new tissue growth of abnormal
non fxnal cells
Benign- pose no threat
Malignant- threaten health
and req treatment
Metastasis- spread of cancer cells to
other parts
Stages:
Initiation- mutation of cells; start of
pdxn of abnormal cells
Promotion- devt of more abnormal cells
Progression/Terminal- repdxn of
abnormal cells; may lead to
death
Causes

Heredity
Low fiber diet
Low intake of FAV
High intake of fat
Additives like nitrates
Pyrozylates in charred meats
Aflatoxins
Alcohol/Cigs
Physical Inactivity
Radiation
Symptoms
Change in bowel mvmt
A sore doesnt heal
Unusual bleeding
Thickening or lump in breast
Indigestion
Obvious change in wart/mole
Nagging cough
Unexplained anemia
Sudden weight loss
Effects:
Wasting
Anorexia
Inadequate digestion
Malabsorption
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Nutrient losses
Mgt:
Surgery
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy
Alt. therapy
Balanced diet
Prevention:
Promote lifestyle change
Inc. intake of dietary fiber
Eat less fatty foods
Limit smoked/cured foods
Advocate an environment
Nutritional Rqmt Across lifespan
Best illustrated in- pregnancy and growth and devt
Human life stages:
Phases of Devt
Transitional stage
Preconception
Conception
Fetal life
Birth
Breast dependence
Weaning
Preschool age
School entrance
School age
Puberty
Adolescence
Attainment of maturity
Age of pdxn/repdxn
Climacteric
Senescence
Death
Growth and Devt
Growth inc in amt of protoplasm in an organism

Hyperplasia- inc in cell number through

cell division
Hypertrophy inc in size of ind cells;
takes place after max cell
number is
achieved
Devt- inc in complexity of integrating structure
Factors: Genetics, nutrients from food eaten,
drugs, toxins, infection

PREGNANCY- cndxn where there is devt of embryo after

fertilization; 40-280 days
Terms:
Gestation- intrauterine fetal growth fr
conception to birth (40wks)
Parturition- act of giving birth
Embryo- developing organism 2nd -8th
wk of gestation
Fetus- developing human 3 mos after
conception
Placenta- joins mother and offspring;
provides supportive
nourishment &
endocrine secrxns.
Changes:
Ovular stage
Organogenesis
Fetal growth
Devt of placenta
Hormonal changes
Changes in blood volume & composition
Renal changes
Gastrointestinal changes
Skin & hair changes
Weight changes
Nutritional rqmts increase
Complications:
Mild nausea
Loss of appetite
Pica
Constipation
Anemia
Overwt
Eclampsia
Factors:
Age
Parity
Past obstetrical performace
Race
Smoking
Alcohol
Heavy metals