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Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. Ecology is the study of
b. atmosphere
a. human impact on the environment
c. hydrosphere
b. the abiotic elements of the environment
d. geosphere
c. the biotic elements of the environment
e. biosphere
d. how organisms interact with each other and the
8. All physical forms of water (solid, liquid, and gas)
abiotic environment
make up the
e. how evolution formed populations
a. atmosphere
2. This is the total of all the different species that live
b. lithosphere
in a certain area.
c. biosphere
a. organism
d. hydrosphere
b. population
e. troposphere
c. community
9. Fossil fuels and minerals are found in the
d. ecosystem
a. unisphere
e. biosphere
b. atmosphere
3. These are the parts of the earth's air, water, and soil
c. hydrosphere
where organisms are found.
d. geosphere
a. organism
e. biosphere
b. population
10. Life on earth depends on interaction of gravity, the
c. community
cycling of matter, and
d. ecosystem
a. cycling of energy
e. biosphere
b. one-way flow of energy
4. These are the smallest and most fundamental
c. one-way flow of matter
structural and functional units of life.
d. the destruction of energy
a. atoms
e. the consumption of matter
b. molecules
11. Large ecological regions with characteristic types
c. compounds
of natural vegetation and distinctive animals are
d. cells
called
e. mitochondrion
a. communities
5. This is the place where a population or an
b. ecosystems
individual organism normally lives.
c. biomes
a. community
d. ecospheres
b. habitat
e. populations
c. territory
12. The most important factor in determining which
d. niche
biome is found in a particular area is
e. zone
a. soil type
6. The number of species already identified by
b. topography
biologists is approximately
c. biogeography
a. 45,000
d. climate
b. 165,000
e. longitude
c. 1.75 million
13. High quality energy is constantly
d. 4 million
a. being made
e. 100 million
b. being recycled
7. Which of the following is not a major component of
c. being destroyed
the earth's life-support system?
d. becoming matter
a. unisphere
e. becoming low quality energy
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d. herbivores
e. decomposers
Organisms that complete the final breakdown and
recycling of organic materials from the remains of
all organisms are the
a. detritivores
b. omnivores
c. carnivores
d. herbivores
e. decomposers
Which of the following is not an end product of
anaerobic respiration?
a. acetic acid
b. methane
c. oxygen
d. ethyl alcohol
e. hydrogen sulfide
Which of the following about microorganisms is
false?
a. Bacteria and other microbes help purify the
water we drink.
b. Bacteria help produce the foods we eat.
c. Bacteria help break down food in our intestines.
d. Bacteria help speed up global warming.
e. Microbes help control diseases of plants.
Aerobic respiration requires
a. glucose and carbon dioxide
b. glucose and oxygen
c. oxygen and water
d. carbon dioxide and water
e. carbon dioxide and oxygen
Anaerobic respiration may produce all of the
following except
a. methane gas
b. hydrogen sulfide
c. carbon dioxide and water
d. ethyl alcohol
e. lactic acid
The process that results in alcoholic beverages is
a. aerobic respiration
b. photosynthesis
c. anaerobic respiration
d. chemosynthesis
e. inspiration
An ecosystem can survive without
a. producers
b. consumers
c. decomposers
d. autotrophs
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e. detritivores
Complex feeding patterns for consumers in an
ecosystem are called
a. food webs
b. food chains
c. trophic levels
d. pyramids of energy
e. trophic chains
Each trophic level in a food chain or food web
contains a certain amount of organic matter, called
a. food
b. energy
c. biomass
d. organisms
e. decomposition
The typical percentage of loss of energy in transfers
from one trophic level to the next is about
a. 1%
b. 5%
c. 35%
d. 60%
e. 90%
If grass stores 1,000 energy units received from the
sun, the ecological efficiency of the ecosystem is
10%, and the trophic levels are grass cow
human, how many units of energy does the human
receive of the original 1,000 units?
a. 900
b. 200
c. 100
d. 10
e. 1
Which of the following has the least net primary
productivity (NPP)?
a. swamps and marshes
b. tropical rain forest
c. temperate forests
d. tundra
e. estuaries
Vitousek, Rojstaczer, and others estimate humans
now use, waste, or destroy what percentage of the
earth's total potential NPP?
a. 612%
b. 1518%
c. 2032%
d. 2535%
e. 90%
The hydrologic cycle is the movement of
a. carbon
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b. hydrogen
c. hydrocarbons
d. carbohydrates
e. water
How much of the earth's water supply is available
as accessible liquid freshwater?
a. 10%
b. 1%
c. 0.024%
d. 21%
e. 97%
The hydrologic cycle is driven primarily by
a. solar energy
b. lunar tides
c. solar tides
d. mechanical energy
e. chemical energy
Which of the following is not one of the major
processes of the water cycle?
a. lunar tides
b. evaporation
c. transpiration
d. precipitation
e. none of these
Precipitation can take several paths when it reaches
the earth's surface. Which of the following is not
one of those paths?
a. surface runoff into lakes, streams, and the ocean
b. storage as ice in glaciers
c. storage as groundwater in aquifers
d. permanent storage as part of rocks
e. storage in living components of ecosystems
Which of the following is a way that humans alter
the water cycle?
a. withdraw large quantities from streams, lakes,
and aquifers
b. increase runoff by clearing vegetation from the
land
c. alter weather patterns by clearing vegetation
d. increase flooding by disturbing natural flood
controls
e. all of these
Which of the following statements is false?
a. Water exists as a liquid over a wide temperature
range.
b. Water contracts when it freezes.
c. Water filters out wavelengths of UV radiation.
d. It takes a large amount of energy to evaporate
water.
e. Liquid water is a good solvent.
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e. foundation species
Which of the following is not an example of an
indicator species?
a. trout in water with a specific temperature
requirement
b. birds that need a large forested area
c. butterflies that use a specific plant as food
d. frogs that take in water and air through their skin
e. All are examples of indicator species.
Which of the following is not an example of a
cause for the decline of amphibians?
a. habitat loss
b. prolonged rainy periods
c. pollution
d. increases in UV radiation
e. parasites
A species in an ecosystem that plays a central role
in the health of that ecosystem, and whose removal
may cause the collapse of the ecosystem, is called
a(n)
a. foundation species
b. indicator species
c. native species
d. keystone species
e. specialist species
A species in an ecosystem that shapes communities
by creating and enhancing habitats in ways that
benefit other species is called
a. foundation species
b. indicator species
c. native species
d. keystone species
e. specialist species
Which of the following is not a reason we should
be concerned about the southern sea otter going
extinct?
a. They increase tourism.
b. They have thick, luxurious fur.
c. There are ethical reasons for causing premature
extinction of a species.
d. They help maintain kelp beds.
e. They are classified as a keystone species.
Which of the following is said to occur when an
interaction benefits one species but has little, if any,
effect on the other?
a. interspecific competition
b. predation
c. parasitism
d. mutualism
e. commensalism
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time
e. are usually microscopic
The non-poisonous ____ butterfly gains protection
by looking like the bad-tasting ____ butterfly,
which is a protective device known as ____.
a. monarch; viceroy; camouflage
b. monarch; zebra swallowtail; camouflage
c. viceroy; zebra swallowtail; mimicry
d. viceroy; monarch; mimicry
e. viceroy; monarch; camouflage
When populations of two different species interact
over long periods of time, changes in the gene pool
of one species can lead to changes in the gene pool
of the other. This is called
a. competition
b. coevolution
c. coincidence
d. commensalism
e. predation
The relationship between clownfish and sea
anemone is
a. interspecific competition
b. predation
c. parasitism
d. mutualism
e. commensalism
Plants such as bromeliads share a commensalism
interaction with large trees in tropical and
subtropical forests. The bromeliads are an example
of
a. parasites
b. opportunistic parasites
c. epiphytes
d. prey
e. herbivores
All of the following are forms of nondestructive
behavior between species except
a. reducing competition by foraging at different
times
b. reducing competition by foraging in different
places
c. orchids attached to branches of forest trees
d. using the energy or body of another organisms
as a food source
e. bacteria breaking down food for a host and
having a sheltered habitat
Kelp forests are a very important ecosystem in
marine waters by supporting important biodiversity.
These kelp forests are threatened by all of the
following except
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b. prereproductive
c. reproductive
d. nonreproductive
e. All of these answers are categories.
The intrinsic rate of increase (r) is
a. the rate at which a population will reach its
carrying capacity
b. the rate at which a population would grow with
unlimited resources
c. determined by subtracting deaths from births
and emigration from immigration
d. not influenced by environmental resistance
e. highest in large animals such as elephants and
humans
"The maximum population of a given species that a
particular habitat can sustain indefinitely without
being degraded" is the definition of
a. logistic growth
b. environmental resistance
c. exponential growth
d. carrying capacity
e. biotic potential
Exponential growth followed by a steady decrease
in population growth until the population size levels
off is typical of
a. logistic growth
b. environmental resistance
c. exponential growth
d. carrying capacity
e. biotic potential
When plotting the number of individuals in a
population against time the data yield a J-shaped
curve, which indicates which of the following?
a. logistic growth
b. environmental resistance
c. exponential growth
d. carrying capacity
e. biotic potential
Which of the following would cause a population to
overshoot its carrying capacity?
a. an increase in predators
b. a decrease in birth rates
c. an increase in emigration
d. a decrease in environmental pressures
e. a reproductive time lag between birth and death
rates
Which of the following is not true of an r-selected
species?
a. They have a high rate of population increase.
b. Offspring are large in individual size.
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a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
stability
inertia
constancy
tipping point
resilience
Ecosystem Review
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
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B
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B
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