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BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
SESSION:2015-16
Submitted By:
MOHIT KOTHARI
12ESKEE726
Submitted To:
Department of Electrical Engineering
Swami Keshvanand Institute Of Technology,Management
& Gramothan, Jaipur(Raj.)
CANDIDATES
DECLARATION
I hereby certify that the work is being presented in the practical training report on
400KV GSS HEERAPURA in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of the degree of B.tech and submitted in the Department of Electrical
Engineering of SWAMI KESHVANAND INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
MANAGEMENT AND GRAMOTHAN,JAIPUR is an authentic record of my
own work carried out during a period from 18May 2015 to 18July 2015.
The matter presented in this report embodies the result of my own work and
studies carried out by me.
MOHIT KOTHARI
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the
best of my/our knowledge.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
MOHIT KOTHARI
B.tech VII Semester
12ESKEE726
PREFACE
As per the requirement of B. Tech. Course, 400 KV GSS HEERAPURA, JAIPUR (RAJ.)
has been kind enough to permit me to complete my Practical Training of 60 days.
This report prepared during the practical training which is students first and greatest treasure
as it is full of experience, observation and knowledge.
The summer training was very interesting and gainful as it is close to real what has been
studied in all the years through was seen implemented in a modified and practical form.
GSS is means of connection between generating station and consumer by providing safety
and reliability of system in case of fault.
400 KV Grid Sub Stations, a high voltage substation receiving electricity with minimum
transmission losses and forwarding the step down voltage levels for further distribution to
our house holds or GSS. A training session out there will help you understand the various
devices used in transmission, possible loses, and practical approach of various aspects of
transmission and distribution Arrangement of different feeder level and switch yards
information, bus bar arrangement are included.
CONTENTS
Page No.
CERTIFICATE
ii
CANDIDATES DECLARATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
PREFACE
CONTENTS
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
1.2 Introduction of R.S.E.B.
1.3 Substations
1.3.1 Functions
1.3.2 Classification
1.4 Understanding Key Elements of the T&D Space
1.5 400KV GSS Heerapura
1.5.1 Incoming Feeders
1.5.2 Outgoing Feeders
1.6 Single Line Diagram
Chapter 2 TRANSFORMER
2.1 Introduction
5
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig NO.
Figure Description
Pg No.
df
7
LIST OF TABLES
Table NO.
Table Description
Pg No.
Chapter 3
BUS BARS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Bus bars are important components of substation. When numbers of generators or feeders
operating at the same voltage have to be directly connected electrically, bus bar is used as the
common electrical component. Bus bars are made up of copper rods operate at constant voltage.
The outdoor bus bars are of two types viz the rigid type or strain type.
In the rigid type of bus bars, pipes are used. The pipes are also used for making connections
among different connections. The pedestal insulators support the bus bars and the connections.
The equipments and the bus bars are spread out and it requires large space. The clearances
remains constant as the bus bars are rigid.
It has following advantages1. The maintenance is easy as bus bars and connections are not very high from the ground.
2. As pipe diameter is large corona loss is less.
3. Reliability is more than strain type.
Following are the limitations1. Larger area is required.
2. It requires comparatively higher cost.
In stain type, bus bars are an overhead system of wires between two supporting structures and
supported by strain type insulators. As per the size of conductor, the stringing tension can be
limited (500-900kg).
The advantage of this type is its economy and it is recommended presently due to general
shortage of aluminum pipes. The material used in case of rigid type bus bars is aluminum pipes.
The general size of pipes commonly used for voltages are as given below-
33KV
66KV
132KV
220KV
400KV
40mm
65mm
80mm
80mm
10mm
Due to rapid oxidation of aluminum, proper care must be taken while doing connections. In order
to avoid strain of supporting insulators due to thermal expansion and contraction of pipe, joints
should be avoided.
In case of strain type arrangement material used is ASCR (Aluminum Conductors with Steel
Reinforcement) and all aluminum conductors. For high rating of bus bars Bundled conductors
are used.
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66KV
132KV
220KV
400KV
37/2.79mm
37/2.79mm
613/3.99mm
62/4.27mm
ACSR
ACSR
ACSR
ACSR duplex
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The Main Criterias to be considered during Selection of one Particular Bus Bar Arrangement
Scheme among Others
(i)
Simplicity of system. (ii) Easy maintenance of different equipments. (iii) Minimizing outage
during maintenance. (iv) Future provision of extension with growth of demand.
(v) Optimizing the selection of bus bar arrangement scheme so that it gives maximum return
from the system.
2. Actually every feeder is connected to both of the buses in parallel through individual
isolator.
By closing any of the isolators one can put the feeder to associated bus. Both of the buses are
energized and total feeders are divided into two groups, one group is fed from one bus and other
from other bus. But any feeder at any time can be transferred from one bus to other. There is one
bus coupler breaker which should be kept close during bus transfer operation. For transfer
operation, one should first close the bus coupler circuit breaker then close the isolator associated
with the bus to where the feeder would be transferred and then open the isolator associated with
the bus from where feeder is transferred. Lastly after this transfer operation he or she should
open the bus coupler breaker.
a. Merits
1. High flexibility
2. Half of the feeders connected to each bus
b. Demerits
1. Extra bus-coupler circuit breaker necessary.
2. Bus protection scheme may cause loss of substation when it operates.
3. High exposure to bus fault.
4. Line breaker failure takes all circuits connected to the bus out of service.
5. Bus couplers failure takes entire substation out of service.
c. Remarks
Most widely used for 66kV, 132kv, 220kV and important 11kv, 6.6kV, 3.3kV
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14
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This is an improvement on the double breaker scheme to effect saving in the number of circuit
breakers. For every two circuits only one spare breaker is provided. The protection is however
complicated since it must associate the central breaker with the feeder whose own breaker is
taken out for maintenance. For the reasons given under double breaker scheme and because of
the prohibitory costs of equipment even this scheme is not much popular. As shown in the figure
that it is a simple design, two feeders are fed from two different buses through their associated
breakers and these two feeders are coupled by a third breaker which is called tie breaker.
Normally all the three breakers are closed and power is fed to both the circuits from two buses
which are operated in parallel. The tie breaker acts as coupler for the two feeder circuits.
During failure of any feeder breaker, the power is fed through the breaker of the second feeder
and tie breaker, therefore each feeder breaker has to be rated to feed both the feeders, coupled by
tie breaker.
a. Merits
1. Flexible operation for breaker maintenance.
2. Any breaker can be removed from maintenance without interruption of load.
3. Requires 1 1/2 breaker per feeder.
4. Each circuit fed by two breakers.
5. All switching by breaker.
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6. Selective tripping.
b. Demerits
1. One and half breakers per circuit, hence higher cost
2. Any breaker can be removed from maintenance without interruption of load.
c. Remarks
1. Used for 400kV & 220kV substations.
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