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2.Electricity
Theoretical Question II
Problem II (8 points)
Problem II - Solution
a. As is very well known in the study of AC circuits using the formalism of complex numbers, a complex
inductive reactance X L = L j , ( j = 1 ) is attached to the inductance L - part of a circuit
supplied with an alternative current having the pulsation .
j
Similar, a complex capacitive reactance X C =
is attached to the capacity C .
C
A parallel circuit will be characterized by his complex admittance Y .
The admittance of the AC circuit represented in the figure is
Page 1 from 12
IPhO 1983
Theoretical Question II
C1 C 2
1
1
1
Y = R + L j + L j j j
1
2
Y = 1 + j (C + C ) 1 + 1
1
2
L L
R
2
1
( 2.1)
C = C1 + C 2
and a parallel equivalent inductance L
1 1 1
L = L + L
1
2
L
L
L = 1 2
L1 + L2
( 2.3)
1
1
+ j C
R
L
( 2.4)
Z = Y
1
1
+ j
C
R
L
Z =
2
2
1
1
+ C
L
R
( 2.5)
The impedance Z of the circuit, the inverse of the admittance of the circuit Y is the modulus of the
complex impedance Z
Z= Z =
1
2
1
1
+ C
L
R
1
Y
( 2.6)
The constant current source supplying the circuit furnish a current having a momentary value i (t )
i (t ) = I 2 sin( t ) ,
( 2.7)
where I is the effective intensity (constant), of the current and is the current pulsation (that can
vary) . The potential difference at the jacks of the circuit has the momentary value u (t )
u (t ) = U 2 sin( t + )
( 2.8)
where U is the effective value of the tension and is the phase difference between tension and
current.
The effective values of the current and tension obey the relation
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IPhO 1983
Theoretical Question II
( 2.9)
U = I Z
U 2 Z2 I2
=
R
R
( 2.10)
R = constant
( 2.11)
the maximal active power is realized for the maximum value of the impedance that is the minimal value
of the admittance .
The admittance
2
1
1
Y = + C
L
R
( 2.12)
1
R
( 2.13)
m =
1
L C
( 2.14)
In this case
1
C
= 0.
L
( 2.15)
So, the minimal active power in the circuit has the value
Pm = R I 2
( 2.16)
and occurs in the situation of alternative current furnished by the source at the frequency f m
fm =
1
1
m =
2
2 C L
( 2.17)
To ensure that the active power is half of the maximum power it is necessary that
1
P = 2 Pm
2 2
1
Z I
= R I2
2
R
1
2
2
R 2 = Z 2 = Y
( 2.18)
That is
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IPhO 1983
Theoretical Question II
2
2
1
1
C
=
+
2
R
L
R2
1 = C 1
R
L
( 2.19)
The pulsation of the current ensuring an active power at half of the maximum power must satisfy one of
the equations
1
1
=0
R C
L C
( 2.20)
The two second degree equation may furnish the four solutions
1
1 1
4
+
2R C 2 R C L C
( 2.21)
4
1
1
>
+
R C L C R C
( 2.22)
1 1
4
1
+
2 R C L C 2R C
( 2.23)
1
allowing to obtain in the circuit an active power representing half of
2
1 1 2
1
4
1
f + =
+
+
2 2 R C L C 2R C
1 1 1
4
1
+
f =
2 2 R C L C 2R C
( 2.24)
1 1
2 R C
( 2.25)
the bandwidth of the circuit the frequency interval around the resonance frequency having at the ends
a signal representing 1 2 from the resonance signal. At the ends of the bandwidth the active power
reduces at the half of his value at the resonance.
The asked ratio is
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IPhO 1983
Theoretical Question II
fm
R C
C
=R
=
L
L C
f
f m = R (C1 + C 2 ) (L1 + L2 )
f
L1 L2
( 2.26)*
Because
C = 15 nF
20
L = 3 mH
it results that
m = 10 5 rad s 1
and
fm
C
3 15 10 9
=R
= 100 10 3
= 150
L
f
20 10 3
( 2.27)
Figure 2.1
The capacitors will be charged with charges variable in time. The variation of the charges of the
capacitors will results in currents flowing through the conductors linking the capacitors in the circuit.
The momentary tension on the jacks of the coils and capacitors identical for all elements in circuit is
also dependent on time. Lets admit that the electrical potential of the points C and D is u (t ) and the
Electricity Problem II - Solution
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IPhO 1983
Theoretical Question II
potential of the points A and B is zero. If through the inductance L1 passes the variable current having
the momentary value i1 (t ) , the relation between the current and potentials is
u (t ) L1
di 1
=0
dt
( 2.28)
The current passing through the second inductance i 2 (t ) has the expression,
u (t ) L2
di 2
=0
dt
( 2.29)
If on the positive plate of the capacitor having the capacity C1 is stocked the charge q1 (t ) , then at the
jacks of the capacitor the electrical tension is u (t ) and
( 2.30)
q 1 = C1 u
Deriving this relation it results
dq1
du
= C1
dt
dt
( 2.31)
But
dq1
= i 3
dt
( 2.32)
because the electrical current appears because of the diminishing of the electrical charge on capacitor
plate. Consequently
i 3 = C1
du
dt
( 2.33)
du
dt
( 2.34)
di 2 = u
dt L2
( 2.35)
respectively
d 2u
di 3
C
=
1
dt
dt 2
2
di 4 = C d u
2
dt
dt 2
( 2.36)
Denoting i 5 (t ) the momentary intensity of the current flowing from point B to the point A , then the
same momentary intensity has the current through the points C and D . For the point A the Kirchhoff
rule of the currents gives
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IPhO 1983
Theoretical Question II
i1 + i 5 = i 3
( 2.37)
( 2.38)
( 2.39)
and deriving
di1 di 3 di 4 di 2
dt dt
dt dt
( 2.40)
that is
u u
d 2u
d 2u
=
+
C
C
1
2
dt 2
dt 2
L1 L2
2
u 1 + 1 = d u (C + C )
1
2
L L dt 2
2
1
( 2.41)
u + 1 u = 0
LC
( 2.42)
Because the tension obeys the relation above, it must have a harmonic dependence on time
( 2.43)
u (t ) = A sin( t + )
The pulsation of the tension is
1
L C
( 2.44)
Taking into account the relations (2.43) and (2.36) it results that
d
i 3 = C1 dt (A sin( t + )) = C1 A cos( t + )
i = C d (A sin( t + )) = C A cos( t + )
2
2
4
dt
( 2.45)
and
di 1 u 1
dt = L = L A sin( t + )
1
1
di
u
1
2 = = A sin( t + )
dt L2 L2
( 2.46)
It results that
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IPhO 1983
Theoretical Question II
i 1 = L A cos( t + ) + M
i = 1 A cos( t + ) + N
2 L2
( 2.47)
In the expression above, A , M , N and are constants that must be determined using initially
conditions. It is remarkable that the currents through capacitors are sinusoidal but the currents through
the coils are the sum of sinusoidal and constant currents.
In the first moment
u (0) = u 0 = 40V
i 1 (0) = i 01 = 0,1 A
i (0) = i = 0,2 A
02
2
( 2.48)
C1 = 10 nF
C 2 = 5 nF
( 2.49)
L1 L2
L =
L1 + L2
1
2 10 4
H=
H
L =
2
3 10
150
( 2.50)
respectively
C = C1 + C 2
C = 15 nF
( 2.51)
1
1
15 10 9
150
= 10 5 rad s 1
( 2.52)*
The value of the pulsation allows calculating the value of the requested frequency b. This frequency
has the value f
10 5
f=
Hz
=
2 2
( 2.53) *
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IPhO 1983
u (0) = A sin( ) = u 0
u0
sin( ) = A
Theoretical Question II
( 2.54)
i 01 = L A cos( ) + M
i = 1 A cos( ) + N
02 L2
( 2.55)
i 1 i 3 = i 4 i 2
1
A cos( t + ) + M + C1 A cos( t + ) =
L1
1
A cos( t + ) N
C 2 A cos( t + )
L
2
( 2.56)
An identity as
A cos + B C cos + D
( 2.57)
B = D
( 2.58)
A 1 1
A (C1 + C 2 ) = L + L
2
1
( 2.59)
For the last equation it results that the circuit oscillate with the pulsation in the relation (2.44)
Adding relations (2.55) and considering (2.54) and (2.59) results that
1 1 1
i 01 + i 02 = A cos( ) +
L1 L1
i 01 + i 02
A =
1 1 1
cos( ) +
L1 L1
i 01 + i 02
cos =
1 1 1
A +
L1 L1
cos = (i 01 + i 02 ) L
A
Electricity Problem II - Solution
( 2.60)
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IPhO 1983
Theoretical Question II
The numerical value of the amplitude of the electrical tension results by summing the last relations from
(2.54) and (2.60)
u0
sin( ) = A
cos = (i 01 + i 02 ) L
2
2
(cos( )) + (sin( )) = 1
2
2
u 0 + (i 01 + i 02 ) L = 1
A
A
2
A = (u 0 ) + ((i 01 + i 02 ) L )2
( 2.61)
The numerical value of the electrical tension on the jacks of the circuit is
A =
A =
(40) + (0,3) 1 10 5
150
(40) + (200)
2
( 2.62)
= 40 26 V
sin( ) = A
sin( ) = 40 = 1
40 26
26
( 2.63)
and
cos( ) =
5
26
( 2.64)
Also
tg ( ) =
5
= arctg (1 5)
( 2.65)
From (2.55)
1
M = i 01 L A cos( )
N = i 1 A cos( )
02
L2
( 2.66)
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IPhO 1983
Theoretical Question II
1
5
40 26
A = 0,1 A
M = 0,1
5
0,01 10
26
1
5
N = 0,2
40 26
A = 0,1 A
5
0
,
02
10
26
( 2.67) *
~
cos(10 5 t + arctg (1 5)) 0,1 A = i1 I 0
i 1 =
100
2 26
( 2.68)
The currents through the coils are the superposition of sinusoidal currents having different amplitudes
and a direct current passing only through the coils. This direct current has the constant value
I 0 = 0,1 A
( 2.69) *
Figure 2.2
The alternative currents through the coils has the expressions
~ 4 26
~ 2 26
5
A
(
)
(
)
i
=
cos
10
t
+
arctg
1
5
2
100
( 2.70)
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IPhO 1983
Theoretical Question II
i 3
i 4
i
4
= 10 10 4 40 26 cos(10 5 t + arctg (1 5 )) A
4 26
=
cos(10 5 t + arctg (1 5)) A
100
( 2.71)
2 26
8 26
A
(
)
(
)
i
=
cos
10
t
+
arctg
1
5
+
0
,
1
5
100
( 2.72)
The value of the intensity of i 5 current is the answer from the question c.
The initial value of this current is
8 26 5
i 5 =
+ 0,1 A = 0,3 A
100 26
( 2.73) *
()
4 26
4 26
~
cos(10 5 t + arctg (1 5))A =
max i1 = max
A 0,2 A
100
100
( 2.74) *
Professor Delia DAVIDESCU, National Department of Evaluation and ExaminationMinistry of Education and
Research- Bucharest, Romania
Professor Adrian S.DAFINEI,PhD, Faculty of Physics University of Bucharest, Romania
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