The JapaneseGeotechnical

The
Japanese Geotechnical Society
Society

AND FOUNDATIONS
VoL 27, Nb.1, 86-93, Mar.1987
Soil
Mechanics
and
Foundation Engineering
Society
of
Japanese
SOILS

TECHNICAL

FULL

SCALE

NOTE
'

PILES WITH

TEST OF GRANULAR

LOAD

DIFFERENT

DENSITIES AND DIFFERENT

PROPORTIONS
OF GRAVEL AND SAND
ON SOFT BANGKOK
CLAY
DENNEs T. BERGADo*

FuNG LAi LAM**

and

ABSTRACT
The behavior
and

sand

Bangkok

diameter and

O.30m

differentdensitiesand differentproportions

piles with

granular

of

soft

on

clay

investigated, A

was

long using

8,Om

total

a non-displacement

13 piles

of

were

boreholemethod

cased

of gravel
installed with
with
1,20m

The piles were

into 5 categories.
Groups 1,
in a triangular pattern.
grouped
using
at
20, 15, and
10
3 piles each,
were
constructed
sand
compacted
3 with
sand
in
respectively,
Group
4
was
made
of
mixed
with
hammer blows per layer,
gravel
with
and
constructed
the proportion on 1:O. 30 by volume
group 5 was
gravel;both
groups
and
2
each
were
compacted
at
15
blows
layer,
Four
active
consisted
of two
piles
per
monitering
The
soil
were
for
dummy piezemeters were installed
pore pressures.
properties
capacity
of
each
and
tests. The ultimate
investigated by the fieldvane
pressuremeter
using
full
scale
!oad
tests,
Using
the
was
determined
by
plate
pressuremeter
granular pile
spacing

2,

and

the

and

results

by Hughes

method

load--settlement curve
the

agreed

well

be

to

pile
that the pile
was

observed

found

made

with

about

one

gravel

of

et

with

(1975),the

al

the

predicted

ultimate

data. The

experimental

pile

capacity

maximum

surface,
pile diameter from the ground
15 blows per layer(Group 5) yielded the

and

bulge in
It was
maximum

followed by the piles constructed

out
of sand
with
20 blQws
closely
et
1984),
it
was
found
that
1).
In
an
earlier
investigation
al,
(Bergado
per layer (Group
was
3 to 4 times greater than that of the untreated
the ultimate
pile bearing capacity
when
the spacing
was
3 pile diameters or
the
aeted
independently
and
that
piles
ground
ultlmate

pile capacity

greater.
Key

'
:

words

pore pressure,

bearing

capacity,

directshear

clay,

pressuremeter test,

vane

shear

**

test

(IGC : C8/D61E41HlfK14)

materials

INTRODUCTION
Granular piles

field test, laboratorytest, load test,

test,

holes
which

consist

of

granular

are

compacted

sometimes

used

as

in long cylindrieal boreknown

as stone
columns
technique
seil improvement

AssistantProfessor,Division of Geotechnical and Transportation Engineering, Asian Institute of

Technology <AIT), P.O.Box 2754, Bangkok, Thailand.
AIT M. Eng. Graduate and Soil Engineer, Moh and Associates,Hong Keng Ofice.
Manuscript was received
for review on June 30, 1986.
Written discussions on this note should
be submitted
hefore October 1, 1987, te the JapaneseSqciety
Bldg. 4F, Kanda
Awaji-che 2-23,
of
Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Sugayama
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101, Japan. Upon request the closing
date rnay be extended one month.

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TEST

LOAD

OF

GRANULARPILES

87

'

for

increase in bearing capacity

and
reduction
of settlements.
Mandrel-driven,
displacement type, uncempacted
drains
sand
on
Bangkok clay
were
studied
by Akagi
A
(1979). total of 25 sand drains, each
with
O,30m
in diarneterand about
6,Om
moderate

long

were

constructed

spacing

using

dispensableshoe

with

1.20m

of

steel

at

the

pipe

found that the time-settlement

showed
very
littleimprovement

the excess

stallation,

in

the

pore pressures

functionas

mainly

soil

al

E'tT-"

kFin-de

Fig. 1. Soilprofile
at the site
the

of

piles were

depth

of

maximum

of

the

find out
bulge. Mest of
paper are derivedfrom

the

the

the guidance

of

under

SITE
The

of

(AIT), 42km

north

erties

Weathered

is 3

pile diameter.
the investigation of

times

the

study
deals with
behayiorof the granular pilesconstructed
with
different
proportions of gravel and sand
compacted
at
differentnumber
of
blows
layer
under
full
scale
per
plate load tests.
Thirteen granular piles with diameters of
O.30m
and
lengths of 8.0m were
cen-

This
the

structed.

dummy
soil

Four

active

piezometers

piezometers
were

properties before and

and

installedand
after

two
the

Thailand.

Bangkok,

of

of

crust

dark-brown

forms

clay

hard layer from the ground

surface
to about
2.0m depth. This layer
is underlain
by a soft, highly compressible,,
an

apparently

gray
sand

low

clay

fissures,silt

with

lensesdewn
the

clay

seft

Then,

generally

spacing

PROFILE

typical soil profile and the index propof the subsoil

are
shown
in Fig.1.

400,Om

piles provided the center

SOIL

of the experiments
was
at the
the Asian Institute
of Technology

site

campus

The

AND

LOCATION

tents

pile capac-

ultimate

the

'

to about

center

properties

to

the

to

general

(1985)

Lam
firstauthor.

work

and

excavated

in this

contents

L
tl.

/o'

piles has no

on

'

ReddisheronnSIEttSandvCloy-------

clay.

effect

'+x

FT.--F,

the untreated
ground.
that the surrounding

th.e adjacent

'F--rm-rm-

times greater than

It was
also observed

ity of

'

+r

reinforcement.

(1984)investigated the fuil

scale
ultimate
dii compacted
pile capacity
Seven
granular piles on soft Bangkok clay,
sand
were
constructed
in
a
triangular
piles
Two other
pattern at a spaeing of O.90m.
isolatedpiles were also constructed,
one rnade
of sand
and
the other made
of
AII
graveL
and
Iength
piles have diameter of O.30m
of 8.0 m suffcient
to penetrate the soft Bangkok clay.
The piles were compacted
by hammering
with
a O. 16 ton hammer at 15 blows
to an average
compacted
thickness of O.60
m.
It was
found that the ultimate
pile
capacity
from pile load tests were
3 to 4
et

'

efOreon]cMatT{tg

dissipated

This behavior may

be attributed
to the presence of fissures,silt seams,
and
fine sand
lenses in the Bangkok clay (Danzuka,
1985) that rnay serve as drainagepaths.
Hence, the granular piles in soft Bangkok
Bergado

+y

BlackishereTSditClnv"ithFtne
San4.S[ltSenmsomtie;etktue--

drain in-

sand

/+

uaWpWWIe-ff.+-4

.xY{11n-lshSrownWeat"eradCtay

the

rapidly.

clay

!o4ecoeoloeleoSpecltlcGrgvitv!.6e.T!,eTete;UnltW"ightttim3br,o1,s!o

the no-drain

with

ueal

hPtentncats

casing

records

wi

bottom. It

was

drainedseetion compared
section.
However, after

ArterbereLLmltandNa
WqletCehtent{Vh]

to center

center

at

-osE?os'ts.Se:1DescriptioA

nate

with

are

te

8, Om

abottt

liesabout

6.0m

thick stiff

gravel layers alterlayersstarting at 14.0m

sand

and

clay

stiff

and
fine
depth. Be-

seams

depth.

The

moisture

to the

close

con-

liquidlimits

in the soft clay while

dropping close to
the plasticlimits in the stiff clay. The speeific
gravity has been found to be approximately uniform.
The total unit weights
indicate

higher values,in
clay
the

while
soft

smaller
clay

properties of
obtained

both

weathered

values

layer. More
the

soft

and

stiff

obtained

were

detailson

Bangkok

clay

from Balasubramaniam et

can

al

in
the

be

(1985).

construction

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88

BERGADQ

S--DcoARSEF/HE

,'se

ii4
lm

U.S.Stc"dordSieve
- t./eti 2e

ie

wfwf,. .

gravel,

Etr-VEL

rp
'1'rr//1lt,tL,.r
''i'11ttseNUgmbte;o
''
r,i i'fi'T'/l'T
-/-+--11'/1-t

j'I

;,I;

-lu.t/

/
'ti'r
11H/l/:F

'el.s.l

tit'

i+lll

lt.t.

su

''i.1'
/
,l#
L,Ll-i'//l-orovelMixed
/1-1
++11,/

-Dgsi

g1

ravel
10

/t../IFhSend,1-,l'i'l
to:eo

II=] 1t

1'USiLISTt-i..

1--i/xg

'e,[

11
4o

1
DLemetet in ma

lo

Fig. 2. Grain

distribution

size

of

'

tests
/

p.o

o.o

o.o

o,o1,O:,o

E5

20

[o

d515

In-sltu'nveragamasltyCtlm.1L.TS1,T/1,6eb,E4E,SlFS71.4T'1.S5!,sot,eiE.96IJ61.T9

nver5;Ai.7[vnsl.elttm},:ovm::,egIrm31.T4vmz
fTl[//opn""getDe:ree)5e.ile,4sr.237,O36.03T.6l5,/]e.ES5.6STAl7.942.S44.7

se,ee

"v"coge

SG.eeIsseST,rD4S.1.

U!tlmotaLoedCtene)l.so3.2S].!53.75'1.,eo-ooa,!s1.2S!.ODl,25s,oos.se3,T5
AveregeS.35tonsi.Oeten:'2,d7tensS.[ITent3,63tops

GRANULAR

THE
The
the

piles
or

recks

rials

materials

consist

of

a mixture

were

distribution curves
in Fig,2.
shown
sieve

the

gravel-sand

ly-graded
size,
over,

as

sand,

mixtur6

The
lime-

sands,

materials

are

on

the results
of
the gravel, and

were

20mm

classified,

sand,

re-

poor-

maximum

gravel
sandy
poorly-graded
gravel.
it was found that the minimum

and

with

mate-

size

to coarse

medium

perfermed

on

prepared

samples

at

stra'in-

tests were
the same

densities
as the field
condishear
box
tions, AIOcm
square
by 6cm
was
used.
The tests were
done using a
constant
strain
rate
of O.61cmtmin. The
results
are tabulated in Table 1. It ranged
from35.1"to 39.1"for sand, 42.50 to 44.10
for gravel, and 37.40 to 37,9' for gravel
water

content

with

and

the

The gravel

sand.

highestangle

of

yield-

material

internalfriction,
AND

IN-SITU
TESTS
BEFORE
PILE CONSTRUCTION

The grain
these

Based

granular

rnaterials,

AFTER

with

diameter of 70mm

probe

and

length of 60 cm.

crushed
sand

whlttish-gray

of

the

analysis,

spectively,

river

aggregates,

internal friction

the

obtain

laboratorydirectshear

type

construct

sands,

both. The

of

materials
crushed

to

used

natural

yellowish-brown

were

gravel
stone

PILE MATERIALS

granular

the

Three in--situvane tests were

performed
beforeand after installationof granular Piles
These tests
at locations indicated in Flg,3.
were
done using
a Geonor vane
borer with
height of 125mrn
a four-bladed vane
with
width
62,5mm.
Three
and
of
pressuremeter
out
at
LOm
depths
tests were
also carried
at Iocations
beforeand after pile installation
equipindicated in Fig.3. The pressuremeter
ment
used
was
the Lateral Load Tester
model
4165 manufactured
by
type
M
(LLT)
It
is
a
monocell
Oyo Corporatlon of Japan.

l,oo.]o.o

PrDPeri/OnetGre-ellnVolume

61ewspereompettedLlver

respective-

4s

No,ofPl:eGlG2GSS4GSG6GlGeG9GIOGHS12G13
PrepertlonetSondlfiVe/uni-L3

mixture,

controlled

ed

Table1. Properties of granular piles obtained from laboratory and in-situ

GTeup

to

of

angles

mixed

material

grttnular

order'

ms.mp e)7

1i'

EO1.

gravel-sand

and

IYIn

:/'i

on

AND LAM

and

in--situdensitieswere
L43t/m3
maximum
1.81 t/ma, and
and
1,73 tlm3, 1.69 ttmS and
1.89ttm3 and 1.99t/m3 for the sand, the

involvespartial

Granular pile construction

replacement

of

compacted

material

that

with

the whole
A., the
used

More-

AND

OF CONSTRUCTION
METHeD
PILE ARRANGEMENT

vertical
usually

weak

strata,

pile

soils

granular
penetrates

column

of

completely

In Europe
technique

vibroflotation

in granular

hardt

subsurface

unsuitable

construction

and

is

U, S.
wiclely

(Engel-

Golding, 1975;Glover, 1982;

Barksdale and Bachus, 1983). In Japan, the
method
is widely used (Aboshiet
cornpozer
and, Ichimoto, 1982).
al, 1979;Murayama
and

In Illdia, stone

columns

or

granular piles

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TESTOF

LOAD

89

GRANULARPILES

CONTROL

FIELD

rf...tCIG[,x=

prepos-dGranulorPl[et30cmdLa.)

?'SH.11

pressuTetnetetTestbe+ereplleTnstaltetlen

TION

2m

VtltLE

aoTehoteforSanpling

ln-slhiVaneSheoTbestbefomPEla1"statla51en
7 kv.sl
'
g :V.4,;
g :21/

OF

DURING

CONSTRUC-

PILES

GRANULAR

that
Datye and Nagaraju (1981)cliscussed
the
an important parameter governing
per:
formance
of granular pilesisthe consumption
m
of materials
in the granular piles. In the
sand
fi11ing
case
of
with
gravel-sand mixture
tt
tt.'.-/'Ht
,"['x,
i'kli,
i'"','cv.;1
of sand
the voids in the gravel, the volume
".P.Tt., '..1..]
y :.:..l' :.e.M"e.:'
Nagaraju
eaH/
was
neglected.
Datye
and
(1981)
,Gi/
(il)i
consumption
varies
c,//l'l),
:(ll],:
found
that
gravel
progres<111)/
(l.Ii)
-..1?.m...;
.
sively with
depth.
PressuremeterkttotterFlelnstel]a ion
In-tltu vane shmr
kst
ottet
p;:e Lestalr"tien
A:t/ve Pierome+er e 4nt bepbh
AetiNe Plemmeter ei 6m beoth
DumFv Plet:tnet-Tet 4m Depth
D[
Ou-rtnv ?lttumele. ot 6 nt VeFth
16/1 lndlnonctef
Msn;torlneBoard

NA,

m!

Gle

Gs

eS.

G4

f"1"
L....

oS-2

G/]

S9

esG2

/11,1.1;,)1,

GT

Gt

Oii

,es

OS41
G5

ipM4'

Ly

-D4t

-eeT

LPMs'

OSEI

Sl

iPMS

Gr

ill.1'/[,))

.v,

,:,

Fig. 3. Arrangement

of

The

and

piles

instrumentation

were

by-simple bored piling

of
Datye, 1982).' It consists
required
borehole of
preparing a cased
]ength and depth and fi11ingwith granular
materials
in compacted
layers. In this
constructed

equipment

study,

the

similar

borehole

was

called

used

Firstly,the
to 2.0m
depth of the
auger
by a largehelical
method,

cleaned

weathered

upper

is

method

borehole

cased

clay

Then, an open-ended
metal
was
driven
to
casing
with
O.30 diameter
depth and augering
was
a depth of 3,Om
done to 3.0m depth. Subsequently, the
casing
was
driven to 4.0rp depth, then
The same
cleaned
out by augering.
proce-'
without

casing,

dure was followed until

8.0m depth, Secondly,
rial

a weight
at

the

The

same

time

the

casing

pulled

out,

repeated
until
procedures were
the
full granular pile of 8.0m long was
The thickness
each
comconstructed.
of
from O,50 to O,70m.
pacted layer ranged
The arrangement
and
layout of the granular
rangement

was

equivalent
m.

ber

The
of

shown

with

a spacing

type of granular material

blows for

tabulated

in Fig.3. A triangular
used
due to its minimum

diameter
each

in Table 1,

of

the granular mate-

layerbeforeand after compaction

measured.
The cross-sectional
areas

were

then

were

tion

Fig.4

calculated,

circular

layer in

each

of
and

varia-

cress-section,

In general, the clegreeof cempaction

can
measured
by
a
criterion,
i.
e.
be
penetration of hammer in the fi11ed
material
with
a specific
energy
input. Careful observance
"set"

of

"set"

criterion

ensure

will

D/ometer ef
O

qual-

uniform

GevnurarPl!e
tcml

1.0

]D

\-

40

i:::::/

#
#

Jt/glnolP;leb/ameterExpamddtrelaCerpec//on--

1i:gT..ns

ljooisN.

es[

e2

S5

G4

om

::i:::::::::::::::::/

Leoends

AG5

S6

S
D

G7

G9

3tiaag

eGe

ar-

1,20

the

shows

diametersassuming

the appreximate

of

cased

was

volume.

rial at each

above

piles are

compacted

of

to the surface

surface

borehole in
was
done
by
dropping
Compaction
of O. 16 tons' falling
O,70 m in height

stages.

granular piles

of

consumpgranular fillmaterial
were
measured
in
a
bucket
of
standard
tion
volume
was
size.
The in--situcompacted
measured
by
taken as O.80 of the volume
the
the bucket. The distancesfrom
ground

the borehole was

the granular mate-

poured into the

was

frem the

computed

Velurnes
are

areas

cross-sectional

eBlo
o ser
e slE
O G15

oee

.
gp,ie,
gbe .
tb.pm

eOmiAe

num-

A,rongementefCreRvtqrPlles

pile are
e

Fig. 4. The diameter

piles

varies

of

the granular

depth

with

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90

BERGADO

construction.
Additionally,
the numlayer with
ber of blows for each compacted
for
a fixedheight of fallcan
also be used
the
control.
In this $tudy,
construction
number
of blows is used for construction
'
control
as
indicated in Table L

ity of

PORE

MEASUREMENTS

WATER

measured
with
Pore wate,r pressures were
four closed
hydraulic AIT type piezometers
during the installationand loadingof granuinstalled
lar piles. Twe piezometers were
at
4.0m depth and another
two
at 6.0m
depth. The tips for all the piezornetersconsisted
mild
steel tube
4.0cm
of perforated
in diameter and 15em in length fi11edwith
made
from sand.
Any
porous stone
in the static groundwater levelswere
observed
by rneans of two dummy piezome10,Om
away
from the
ters installed about
rnolded

changes

These two dummy

piezometers
AIT
type
were
piezometers with open
stand
diameter PVC tubes
pipe of 7.0mm
and
were
to
the
at 4.0m
pushed
ground
locations
and
6.0tn depths, The
of these
are
shown
in Fig. 3.
piezometers
test

site.
all

The

pressures
monitored
during the drivingof the casing,
and the compaethe augering
of the ground,
tion of the granular material.
Typi al variaexcess

pore

were

AND

LAM

plotted in Fig.5 during the

granular pile, Gll. General!y, positive pore pressures were
observed
during the driving of the casing,
negative

readings

with

respect

piezometer

of

of

the

ground,

and

augering

subsequently

changed

to positive vhlues
during the
the
granular piles. Quick

responses

higher pore pressure

were

in

the

of

each

changes

compaction

of

and

observed

to the
piezometer closest
installed.
rebeing
Quick
granular pile
sponses
and
higher pore pressures were also
observed
from piezometers located at 6,Om
depths than at 4.0m depths. For instance,
higher
piezometers S61 and S62 registered
and
S
than
S41
pofe pressures
piezometers
42 in Fig.5. The quick responses
of the
at
be
6.0m depth may
piezemeter readings
due to the higher density of silt seams and
finesand lensesat this level (Danzuka,1985).
The dissipationrate of excess pore pressures
was
quite high for the firsttwo days after
the pile installation. The excess
pore prescompletely
dissipatedin about
10 days.
sures
response
in the excess
There was no apparent
pore pressure during the fullscale load test
particular

granular pile,
'

ULTIMATE

CAPACITY

PILE

loads were
applied
to each
a
ton
of
10
capacity
granular pile by means
hydraulic jack with
hand pump reacting
a capacity
against
a loadingframe with
of
20tons, To measure
the applied
load,a 10
Compressive

ton load
against

rl-EIgscc2

during the

pore pressures occurred

constantly

tion of the excess

po're pressures
to time based on
the dummy

are

construction

cell

was

used

which

25 ton proving

was

ring

calibrated

before and

/''r.[

Il'
ll-

Reactioneeom

!i
ReterehceBeeh

.,Eg:.
"ack-.//'

.4

Stake
-P/e/Gnge-

eeEthgPlote-s.

-E

Fig. 5.

Excess pore
during

changes

granular

pile

pressure

water

construction

(Gll)

'

of

-e

Fig. 6.

i.J
tt.t.',-,u.GrenulgrPile-tttt.ttt-t
-t.,;,

n,

Detailed

set-up

of

borAuOe,S

SV

leading test

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TEST OF GRANULAR

LOAD

after

The

the tests.

test

frame

conslsts

of

beam supported
by 8 anchored
piles.
detai!ed experimental
set-up
is presented
in Fig,6, The maintained
load test
using
the recomprocedures were
performed
mendations
by ASTM
DI143-74 (ASTM,
a steel

The

'

tcod[toh1

.e

.
1974).
The results
of
the load tests are presented
in Table l. The ultimate
pile capacity
ranged
from 3.25 to 3.50 tons, 3.00 to 3,25
tons,
and
2.0 to 2.25 tons for piles made
of sand
materials
with
20, 15, and 10 blows
For the gravel maper layer, respectively,
terial with 15 blews per layer, the ultimate
ranged
from 3.50 to 3.75 tons
pile capacities
with15b!ows
,and forthe gravel-sand mixture
layer,
the
ultimate
capacities
ranged
per
pile
from 3.00 to 3.25 tons. The comparison

load-settlementeurves

of
ati

1sE

x ix

2oE.itl

G 1

CSeF.d
wl h

e'SStSonri-[dh

so

oG7{Sofidwlth

Llows)/S
brows)i5
bloN!)]O
brews)de

]Ge1Seltd-IHt

b[ews)IJ

dG4tSondwUh

G5 (!ondbu[lh
AG6tSandwilh
th

2e blo-s)20b[eksi20b[e-'s)t5

eG2[Sondwilh

xL

blows]ln

eG9{Sandwlth
LecotlcnlsEhD-';

F/'g,3

40Fig.

ferent number
1, Group 2,
Table1are

constructed

each

group

of

sand

with

Group 3)

as

in Fig.7.

shown

of

dif-

layer (Group

blows per

of

and

of

indicated in
For the same

the ultimate
granular materials,
pile capacity
increased with the number
of blows per layer
because of the increase in the densities and
friction angles.
Using differentproportions
sand
for each
of gravel and
granular
pile
(Group 2, Group 3, ancl Group 5), the re-

load-settlement
cttrves
are compared
It was found that Group 5 consisting
of
15 b!ows per Iayer
gravel with
the
highest
ultimate
load. This is
yielded
because
Greup
5
had
the highest
possible
frictionangles despitehaving lower blows
per layer. However, Group 4 with the sand
sulting

Comparison of load-settlement
curves
between piles with different
7.

number

of

blows

per

each

com-

pacted layer during imstallation

Lbad
C

piles

granu!ar

9r

PILES

[ton)
2

in Fig.8.

the

occupying
the

LOAD

OF

GRANULAR

PILE

TESTS

The

2sE-E.im

gravel

yielded

'

SHAPE

lo

in the

voids

highestdensity(Table1),

AFTER

'

granular piles

were

excavated

after

load tests tQ investigatetheir deforrned

shape.
At each
10cm of excavation,
the
down
diameter of each pile was measured
to 1.20m
depth. The averaged
deformed
shape
is plotted in Fig.9. It was observed
that the maximum
bulge occurred
near
the
ranged
from 10cm to
top of the pile and
Comparing
30 cm belQw the ground surface.
with
the initialpile diameter of 30cm, the
the

20

so

4e8.

Fig.
curves

Comparison ef load-settlement
between piles with different

proportiens of gravel and sand

gran- ular
pile ingta!lation

for

rneasurements

the

observations

that the

maxirnum

are

in
ef

close

agreement

Hughes et
bulge occurred

with

al

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(1975)

near

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92

BERGADOAN)LAM

predieted
methods

pile

ultimate

the

with

o.

this

study

seen

that

mental

resu!ts

LC

in-between the predic-

were

Hughes

of

ment

and

test results

suremeter

the

with

sults

Fig. 9. The deformed shape

pile after Ioading test
surface

at

one-half

of

data. Similar reby Bergado et al (1984).

DATA

for

the ultirnate

for-

capacities

1915 ; Gibson
granular piles (Bell,
I961
Vesic,
1972
and
Anderson,
;
; Hughes
and
Withers,
1974;Greenwood,
1970;
Hughes et al, 1975), Comparison of the
of

singular

3S

cess

drivingof
pere

the casing,

then

pressures

water

were

negative

ex-

dur-

observed

ing the augering

of the ground, and changed
to positivevalues
during the compaction
process.
The respenses
of the piezometers depended on the distance frem the pile being
the depth of
installed,
and

the stage

pile.
The

tips,
piezometer
of the granular

the

of eonstruction

1 granular pil'es(sand with

20 blowsllayer)
yielded the highest ultimate
load (3.25tons to 3,50 tons) for the variation
of
the
number
of
blows per Iayer.
Thus, for the same
the
granular material,
ultimate
capacity
is
with
pile
proportional
the number
of blows per layer. The Group
5 granular piles (gravelwith 15 blows per
layer) yielded the hlghest ultimate
pile capacity for different gravel-sand proportions.
Group

ligeLeE:;;';'i>[pi,Sld/,eseha
ny

!D
:4'

.4'
./
-'<tghestndw/'hers
r/
[1974)

il{J

L',)b

.t .l

i'itixiLS,,;`,,;

It

oG:

obtained

Generally, during the pile construction

positive excess
during
pore pressures occurred

PILE
CAPACEXPERIpaEN-

Several investigators have proposed

'computing

mulas

agree-

CONCLUSIeNS

the

TAL

good

granular

the depth of approximately

to one pile diameter.

PREDICTED
ULTIMATE
ITY COMPARED
WITH

were

showed

observed

LS

to

of

Withers (1974) and

Hughes et al (1975).
However, the prediction
by Hughes et al (1975)based on the prestion

equal

these

results

is shown
in Fig.10. It can be
higher values
were
ebtained
from
the methods
ofVesie
(1972)and Gibson and
Anderson (1961)while lower values
were
obtained
from the methods
of Bell (1915)
and Greenwood (1970).Most of the experi-

Egg

ground

by

capacities

experimental

eS2

P/,eL::n7/snond
Consiwct/Sh Zt/e//s

GI

IEe
eG!
eGle

21"gEg,il

:;:\::r,",:",,Ult?,.,i,
DGT
c
:so

4oe

-so

lnt-fnalF-e'/snnnoleotGr;nvleTEIete'/:1[et)

Fig. 10. The relation

between internal
friction angle of granular material
with
the bearing capacity
of singular granular

pile

was

observed

eficient

that

granular pile

gravel

the

was

material

angle
at
lewer number
The
layer.
per
predicted ultimate
ities and Ioad-settlementcurves

friction

from the

method

of

Hughes

test
the pressuremeter
to be in good agreement

et al

results

wlth

most

higher
blows

with
of

pile

capac-

obtained
using
(1975)
were

found

the experimen-

data. Similar results were also obtained

by Bergado et al (1984). The maximum
tal

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LOAD

bttlgingoccurred
to
(one-third
ground

surface

Hughes

et

TEST

OFGRANULARPILES

between 10cm

to 30cm
diameter)
the
below
pile

one

to

similar

the

resultsof

(1975).
In an earlier study by Bergade et al (1984),
using the same
pile dimensiensandhammer
weight,
it was found that the ultimate
pile
bearingcapacities were 3 to 4 times greater
than

the
piles

cent

al

untreated
acted

the pile spacing

or greater.

ground

that

and

adja-

independentlyprovided that
is 3 times the pile diameter

1) Abeshi,H,, Ichirnoto,E., Enoki,M.

K. (1979)

compozer-A

characteristics

of

and

Harada,

to improve
by inclusion of

method

soft

clays

large diameter sand

colurnns,"
Prec. IntL
Conf,
on
Soil Reinforcement : Reinforced
Earth and Other Techniques, Vol.L Paris,
pp. 211-216.
2) Akagi, T, (1979):"Effect
of
displacement type
drains on strength and compressibility
sand
of
soft
clays,"
Tokyo
University Publicztions,

Japan.
methods
(1974):"Standard

3) ASTM

load-settlement relationship
vertical

piles under

static

axial

of

tests

fer

for individual
Ioacl,ASTM-D
"

1143-74, American

Society of Testing Materials, Philadelphia,

Pennsylvania,U.S.A.
4) Balasubramaniam,A.S.
Ting,W.H,,
Bergado,
D.T.
and
Sivandran,C,(1985):"Engineerlng
behavior of soils in Southeast Asia," In Geotechnical
Englneering in Southeast Asia, A
Commemorative Volume of the Southeast
Asian Geotechnical Society, A.A. Balkema
Printers, The Netherlands,
s) Barksdare,R.D.
and
Bachus,R.C,(1983):"Deand
sign
construetion
of stone corumns,
Vol.
1," Report No, FHWAtRD-831026,
National
Technical Information Service, Springfield,'
Virginia,U.S.A,
6) Bergado,D.T.
Rantucci,G, and
Widode, S.

(1984):"Full

Ioad tests

scale

drains in

of

granular

sand

resistance
clay

of

capacity

ctay

and

the

the

supporting

foundations,"Proc, Institution

power of
of
Civil

foundation system

of

with

stone

col-

Proc. Symp, on Seil and Rock lmTechniques,

Asian Institute of
provement
Technology,
Bangkolc, Thailand.
10) Datye,K,R,
and
Nagaraju,S.S.(1981):"Deumns,"

sign

approaeh

fieldcontrol

and

for stone

col-

Proc. 10th Intl. Conf, on Soil Mech.

Eng., Vol.3, Stockholm, pp.637-640.

Found.
11) Engelhardt,K, and Golding,H. G. (1975):"Field
testing to evaluate
stone
column
performance
in a seismic
area,
Geotechnique, Vol.25, No.
1, pp,61--69,
12) Gibson,R,E. an6 Anderson,W.F, (1961);"In"

situ

measurernents
of soil
the
properties with
pressuremeter," Civil Engineering and Public
Review, Vol.56, No,658,

13) Glover,J.C,(1982):"Sand

by

compaction

and

process," Proc.
Symp,
on
Soil and Rock Improvement Techniques,
Asian Institute of
Technolegy,
Bangkok, Thailand.
14) Greenwood, D, A. (1970)
:
improvement
soils
of
below ground
surface,"
Proc.
Ground Engineering Conf.,Institution of Civil
Engineers, 11-12 June, 1970, pp.9-20.
15) Hughes,J.M.O.
and
Withers,N.J. (1974):
stone

columns

vibroflotation

"Mechanical

"Reinforeing

soft

cohesive

soil

with

stone

col-

Ground Engineering, May, pp,42-49.

16) Hughes, J.M. O., Withers, N. J,and Greenwoocl,
D.A.(1975):"A
field trial of reinforcing
effects of stone columns
in soiL " Geotechnique,
urnns,"

VoL25, No,1, pp.31-44.

17) Lam,EL,
scale
(1985):
"Full

piles

with

test

of

differentdensitiesand

granular

different

clay,"
grave]
Thesis, Asian Instituteof Technology,
Bangkok, Thailand.
18) Murayama,S. and Ichimoto,E.(1982):"Sand
proportions

of

and

sand

on

soft

M. Eng.

compaction

Proc, Symp,
Techniques,

piles
Clay,"

Soft Bangkok
Intl. Conf, on In-Situ Soil Rock Reinforcements,
9-11 October, 1984, Paris, France,
:"The
lateralpressure ancl the
7) Bell,A. L. (1915)
and

Engineers.
8) Danzuka,M.
analysis
of
(1985): "Reliabillty
AIT test embankments,"
M, Eng. Thesis,
Asian Instltute of Technology, Bangkok,
Thailand.
9) Datye,K.R,(1982):"Settlement
and
bearing

umns,"

REFERENCES
:"The

93

pile
on

(Compozermethod),"

methed

Soll and

Asian

Roek Improvement

Institute

of

Technology,

Bangkok, Thailand.
19)

Vesic,A.S.(1972):"Expansion
of
cavities
in
infinitesoil mass,"
J, SoilMech. Found, Eng.
Div., ASCE, Vol.98, SM 3, pp.265-290,

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