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RESUMEN
La presente investigacin se realiz en la parroquia El Tambo, cantn Catamayo, provincia de
Loja, la fase de campo de la investigacin estuvo comprendida entre el mes de febrero a octubre
del 2014, donde se evalu
seguimiento se realiz paso a paso con la intervencin directa de los investigadores en el campo.
Los problemas que se presentan en la agricultura en el cultivo de pepino repercuten directamente
en una baja produccin. Los objetivos plateados fueron: 1) Realizar un diagnstico de la cadena
productiva y posproductiva del pepino, en el mbito de la inocuidad del producto. 2) Evaluar los
riesgos microbiolgicos en la etapa de madurez fisiolgica a la comercializacin del pepino. 3)
Evaluar los riesgos qumicos (Lmites Mximos de Residuos) en la etapa de cosecha del pepino.
4) Transferir los resultados de la investigacin a: autoridades locales, productores y dems
agentes de la cadena e interesados en general.
Dada la profundidad del estudio correspondi a un tipo de investigacin descriptiva, explicativa
y evaluativa, consisti en; identificar los sectores de mayor produccin de pepino de la
parroquia: La Era, La Merced, San Agustn, La Capilla, El Verdun, Juanes, San Miguel,
Indiucho, se procedi recolectar la informacin de todo el proceso productivo y posproductivo
para evaluar las variables en estudio, entre los que enfatizan: aspectos tcnicos, inocuidad y
calidad.
En el sector se practica una agricultura sin tcnica, alejada de las buenas prcticas, de los anlisis
se tuvo; cero contaminacin microbiolgica de Salmonella y E. coli; un 30 % de la produccin
present residualidad qumica.
Se plantearon alternativas enfocadas en solucionar ciertos problemas; prdida de calidad e
inocuidad del pepino, conservacin del suelo y medio de produccin con ayuda de las BPA. Se
realiz la socializacin de resultados a productores de la zona, estudiantes y personas
interesadas.
I.
INTRODUCCIN
II.
METODOLOGA DE INVESTIGACIN
Para el cumplimiento de los objetivos planteados nos ayudamos de tcnicas importantes para la
investigacin que se describen a continuacin:
II.1.
Entrevista
II.2.
n=
II.3.
II.4.
Dilogos y Talleres
RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIONES
En el sector se cuenta con terreno con pendientes muy irregulares, la agricultura que se practica
es intensiva, el uso de plaguicidas y fertilizantes son indispensables para que la agricultura sea
algo rentable. Cada una de las labores ocupadas realizadas se las hace de manera tradicional sin
contar con asistencia tcnica.
De los anlisis realizados en el laboratorio de suelos y agua para el anlisis de las agentes
contaminantes E. coli y Salmonella, en ciertas muestras se presenci los microorganismos en
mencin pero la cantidad de los mismos estn por debajo de los Lmites Mximos Permitidos,
por lo que asumimos que la produccin de pepino en el sector est libre de agentes perjudiciales
a la salud humana.
Nombre de la
muestra
Pesticidas
detectados
Indiucho
Juanes
Jorupe
San Agustn
San Miguel
Juanes
T11
T12
T13
T14
T15
T16
San Agustn
San Agustn
San Miguel
T17
T18
T19
Verdum
T20
Organoclorados
Organoclorados
Dimetomorpf
Organofosforado
Organofosforado
Propamocarb
Cimoxanil
Organofosforado
Organofosforado
Carbendazim
Acetamiprid
Dimetomorph
Carbendazim
Residuos
encontrados
(ppb)
ND
ND
38.25
ND
ND
268
39.5
ND
ND
175
75.25
69.5
137
LD
(ppb)
LC
(PPB)
0.61
0.61
0.61
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
2
2
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
**
LMRs
(ppb)
------------500**
------------10000**
500**
------------100**
300**
500**
100**
ND: No Detectado
ppb: partes por billn (ng/kg)
Los resultados presentados en la tabla 1 que corresponde a los meses de abril y mayo, se puede
notar que existen 4 muestras contaminadas de las cuales 2 (T19 T20) sobrepasan los Lmites
Mximos Permitidos segn el Codex alimentarius, el producto residual es el Carbendazim que se
encuentra en los productos de nombre comercial; Carbestin, Rodazim 500 sc, Cropzim, Carbelaq
500.
Residuos
encontrados (ppb)
LD (ppb)
LC
(PPB)
Organofosforados
ND
1.52
-------
Propamocarb
1117
1.52
10000
Carbendazim
207.25
1.52
10
68.25
1.52
10
Nombre de la
muestra
Pesticidas
detectados
T 21
**
LMRs (ppb)
San Francisco
T22
La Era
T 23
Carbendazim
San Bernab
T 24
Organofosforados
ND
1.52
-------
Propamocarb
371
1.52
10000
Carbendazim
104.75
1.52
10
Propamocarb
337.25
1.52
10000
Verdum
T 25
Chapamarca
T 26
San Bernab
T 27
Propamocarb
196.5
1.52
10000
El Papayo
T 28
Organofosforados
ND
1.52
-------
San Bernab
T 29
Organofosforados
ND
1.52
-------
La Era
T 30
Organofosforados
ND
1.52
-------
ND: No Detectado
ppb: partes por billn (ng/kg)
IV.
CONCLUSIONES
BIBLIOGRAFA
CIFUENTES MOLANO, Gloria Mara, 2009, Estudio sobre la aplicacin de las Buenas
Prcticas Agrcolas en Cebolla cabezona y Tomate de Mesa. Tunja Noviembre del 2009.
CODEX ALIMENTARIUS,
(n.f.). Recuperado
Enero 13, 2014, de
http://www.codexalimentarius.net/pestres/data/commodities/details.html?id=278
FAO, 2004, Manual Tcnico Buenas Prcticas Agrcolas en la produccin de tomate.
TEMA:
LOJA ECUADOR
2015
SUMMARY
This research was conducted in the parish of El Tambo, canton Catamayo, Loja province. The
field phase of the investigation was conducted between February and October of 2014, where the
issue of productive and post-productive process was evaluated. The monitoring step was carried
out with the direct involvement of researchers in the field. The problems that arise in agriculture
in the cultivation of cucumbers directly affects low production. The objectives raised were: 1)
conduct an assessment of the production and post-production chain of the cucumber in the field
of product safety. 2) Assess the microbiological risks at the stage of physiological maturity to the
marketing of the cucumber. 3) To assess the chemical risks (Maximum Residue Limits) in the
stage of cucumber harvest. 4) Transfer the results of research to: local authorities, producers and
other actors in the chain and the general public.
Given the depth of the study he corresponded to a type of descriptive, explanatory and evaluative
research, consisting of; identifying areas of greater production of cucumber in the parish of La
era, La Merced, San Agustin, La Capilla, El Verdun, Juanes, San Miguel, Indiucho, proceeded to
collect information throughout the production and post-production process to evaluate variables
in the study, between those who emphasize: technical, safety and quality aspects.
In this area agriculture without technique is practiced, removed from the good practices, the
analysis took; zero microbiological contamination of Salmonella and E. coli; 30% of production
showed chemical residues.
Alternatives aimed at solving these problems were raised; loss of quality and safety of the
cucumber, soil conservation and production using GAP. The dissemination of results to local
producers, students and people interested took place.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Currently, the demand for agricultural food (vegetables, grains, cereals, etc.) grows along with
population growth, the need to meet this demand in the agricultural field has tilted to the use of
agricultural inputs (pesticides, fertilizers), which guarantee in some way food free of pests,
diseases and of a very good physical quality. The lack of technical assistance in the field has led
farmers to misuse and abuse these chemicals, to produce food with high chemical residues
harmful to human health.
In Ecuador in the rural sector, the use of pesticides and fertilizers is widespread and is easily
accessible without technical diagnosis. The lack of competent support by the government to
small farmers has accelerated pollution and environmental degradation which are exploited
different crops.
The parish of El Tambo is characterized by having ideal conditions for agriculture, but also poor
management of the soil, water and the biological environment. This mis-management has
degraded the entire environment; now you can not produce a crop without the application of
fertilizers and pesticides.
This research allowed for the generation of information on the current state of agriculture in the
parish, the problems that haunt it and the potential they possess, managing to establish alternative
proposals ranging from improving the farmer and the environment.
II.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
To fulfill the objectives proposed, important research techniques as described below help us:
2.1.
Interview
As the population of cucumber producers is wide and large, monitoring each individual of this
population is a process that takes much time and carries a high economic cost, so that the sample
is inferable to the total population. The Graybill and Kngebone formula was applied, which is
detailed below.
2
n=
N Z p.q
( N 1 ) E2 + Z 2 p . q
Where:
n= Size of the sample
N= Size of the population
Z= Level of estimation trust with a value of 95%, equivalent to 1.96
p= Probability of obtaining positive results (0.5)
q= Probability of obtaining negative results (1-0,5)
E= Expected level of error of 10% (0,10)
To structure the survey we took into account the production phase parameters (production, postharvest and marketing)
2.2.
n=
2.3.
We worked directly with farmers, collecting information from each of the tasks
performed in the production process, with an emphasis on phytosanitary
applications for a safety assessment. How to perform each of the activities is very
important, because the quality of the product depends as much as the physical,
chemical and microbiological aspect.
2.4.
Talks and meetings in areas of greatest importance were carried out, in order to introduce and
discuss issues related to problems like; pests, diseases, crop nutrition, technical management,
which developed in the productive stage of the crop, that one way or another limited its
production.
All necessary information in the field was collected to then evaluate it in relation to the technical
management of the cucumber crop focusing on BPA.
III.
This area has very irregular terrain with slopes, the practiced agriculture is intensive, the use of
pesticides and fertilizers are essential for agriculture to be something profitable. Each of the
labors performed is done in the traditional way without technical assistance.
From the analyses performed in the laboratory of soil and water looking for the pollutants E. coli
and Salmonella, some samples witnessed microorganisms in question but the amount of them are
below the Maximum Allowable Limits, so we assume that the production of cucumber in the
area is free from harmful to human health agents.
Name of the
sampled
Pesticides
detected
Residues found
(ppb)
LD
(ppb)
LC
(PPB)
Indiucho
Juanes
Jorupe
San Agustn
San Miguel
Juanes
T11
T12
T13
T14
T15
T16
San Agustn
San Agustn
San Miguel
T17
T18
T19
Verdum
T20
Organochlorines
Organochlorines
Dimethomorph
Organophosphorus
Organophosphorus
Propamocarb
CYmoxanil
Organophosphorus
Organophosphorus
Carbendazim
Acetamiprid
Dimethomorph
Carbendazim
ND
ND
38.25
ND
ND
268
39.5
ND
ND
175
75.25
69.5
137
0.61
0.61
0.61
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
2
2
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
**
LMRs
(ppb)
------------500**
------------10000**
500**
------------100**
300**
500**
100**
** Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) set by the Unified Text of Secondary Environmental Legislation
2003: TULAS for water for human consumption and domestic use that only require disinfection. Total
organochlorine 10 ppb, total organophosphates 100 ppb.
Source: Pesticide Laboratory of AGROCALIDAD, Quito-Tumbaco, 2014.
The results presented in Table 1 corresponding to the months of April and May, notes that there
are 4 contaminated samples, 2 of which (T19 - T20) exceed the Maximum Limits Permitted by
the Codex Alimentarius. The residual product is Carbendazim which is found in products with
the product name; Carbestin, Rodazim 500 sc, Cropzim, Carbelaq 500.
Residues found
(ppb)
LD (ppb)
LC
(PPB)
Organophosphorus
ND
1.52
-------
Propamocarb
1117
1.52
10000
Carbendazim
207.25
1.52
10
68.25
1.52
10
Name of the
sample
Pesticides detected
T 21
**
LMRs (ppb)
San Francisco
T22
La Era
T 23
Carbendazim
San Bernab
T 24
Organophosphorus
ND
1.52
-------
Propamocarb
371
1.52
10000
Carbendazim
104.75
1.52
10
Propamocarb
337.25
1.52
10000
Verdum
T 25
Chapamarca
T 26
San Bernab
T 27
Propamocarb
196.5
1.52
10000
El Papayo
T 28
Organophosphorus
ND
1.52
-------
San Bernab
T 29
Organophosphorus
ND
1.52
-------
La Era
T 30
Organophosphorus
ND
1.52
-------
The results in Table 2 correspond to the month of September, with 5 samples having residuals
present, of the 3 (T22, T23, T25) which exceed MRLs "established by the Directorate General
for Health and Consumers of the European Union 2008-2013" contaminated with Carbendazim
equally as in the samples sent in April.
The total contaminated samples above the MRLs established by the Codex is carbendazim, its
action is a SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDE, PREVENTIVE AND CURATIVE SUSPENSION
CONCENTRATE (SC).
IV.
CONCLUSIONS
In the parish on average there are 400 families engaged in the production of cucumbers,
the labor employed in production is familiar, the techniques used in the production
process have no technical basis and are far from GAP, pesticide use and fertilizers are
applied excessively and in an irresponsible manner, generating pollution to the
environment, soil (physical and chemical) and the crops themselves.
Of the microbiological analyses in the cucumber crops that were in contact with the
ground where Salmonella and E. coli was sought, the results obtained consists that these
microorganisms are found in very low amounts and do not exceed the maximum
permissible limits for the INEN and APHA standards and pose no danger to human
health.
From the chemical analyses related to the Maximum Residue Limits, some 30%
exceeded allowable limits and 60% of the samples having residual but not exceeding
MRLs contain Propamocarb in amounts ranging from 200 ng / kg to 1100 ng / Kg.
V.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CIFUENTES MOLANO, Gloria Mara, 2009, Estudio sobre la aplicacin de las Buenas
Prcticas Agrcolas en Cebolla cabezona y Tomate de Mesa. Tunja Noviembre del 2009.
CODEX ALIMENTARIUS, (n.f.). Recuperado
Enero 13, 2014, de
http://www.codexalimentarius.net/pestres/data/commodities/details.html?id=278
FAO, 2004, Manual Tcnico Buenas Prcticas Agrcolas en la produccin de tomate.