Networking and Planning

Contents
1.

Network Building Requirements

2.

Networking and Planning

3.

Experimental Network Planning Examples

Changes from 3G Network to LTE RAN

The EPC+eNB without RNCs is adopted, making the network structure flattened.
The network evolves into an all IP network, with the uplink and downlink rates increasing
greatly. The common rate is 30 Mbit/s and the maximum rate is 50 Mbit/s on a 3G network.
The required bandwidth is about 150 Mbit/s on an LTE network.
The eNB capabilities have been boosted obviously in comparison with 2G/3G base stations.
Dynamic connections need to be configured for interfaces on eNBs.
3

Service Requirements
Service control
layer
RNC

2G/3G base stations

SR

Termination layer

VLAN IDs on the PON

network

10

Backbone layer

OTN network

OLT

FTTH user

OLT

FTTH user

11

Distribution layer

10GE

OLT

FTTH user

QinQ

Key account services

10

Access layer

FTTH user

GE

Enterprise

NodeB

VPLS

10
11

NodeB

NodeB

10

Contents
1.

Network Building Requirements

2.

Networking and Planning

3.

Experimental Network Planning Examples

Hierarchical Architecture of METRO-E

R
FE
NodeB

FE
NodeB

PWE3

R
R

GE POS

Access
layer

Distribution
layer

Access
layer

RNC

Core
layer

GE POS

R
R
RNC

BTS

Access layer: accesses services from base stations. Numerous network nodes exist at this layer and the
bandwidth pressure is small.
Recommended network mode: ring, chain, or dual-uplink network
Distribution layer: converges traffic and ports, with powerful dynamic scheduling capability. Many network nodes
exist at this layer and the bandwidth pressure is relatively large.

Recommended network mode: ring or dual-uplink network

Core layer: accesses traffic from the distribution layer. It serves as the service system gateway and schedules
entire traffic comprehensively. A few network nodes exist at this layer and the bandwidth pressure is large.
Recommended network mode: dual-uplink, mesh, or rectangle-shape network

Network Topology Planning for the

Access Layer of METRO-E

R845

R845

R860

R860

Dual-homing
network

Ring network

R845

R860
R860

R845

Ring and chain

network

Chain
network
7

Staged Bandwidth Requirement

Calculation for the Access Layer
Assume that each access chain or ring contains 10 access points and each 3G node provides the access
service for 3000-5000 users. It can be calculated that the capacity of each NodeB is 30 Mbit/s and will be
expanded to 50 Mbit/s at the later stage based on the CS 16.4 kbit/s, CS 64 kbit/s, PS, and relevant
overheads. The analysis is as follows:

Service
Type

3G NodeB

2G BTS

Private Line
(AG)

Ethernet

Capacity

30 (50) Mbit/s

4 Mbit/s

20 Mbit/s

30 Mbit/s

Interface

1FE+2E1s

2E1s

1FE

1FE

Convergence

N/A

N/A

N/A

50%

Early stage: Each access point is connected to only one 3G NodeB. The bandwidth usage is 30%
(that is, 30 x 10/GE) and the interfaces are 1FE+2E1s.
Middle stage: One 3G NodeB, one 2G BTS (4 Mbit/s), and 2 private lines (or NGN AGs) will be
connected. The bandwidth usage is 74%, that is, (30M + 4 + 20 x 2) x 10/1 GE, and the interfaces are
3FEs+4E1s.
Later stage: The network will be expanded to a 10G ring network, which covers four 3G NodeBs, two
2G BTSs, three private line services, and three Ethernet services. The bandwidth usage is 33%, that
is, (50 x 4 + 2 x 4 + 3 x 20 + 3 x 30M x 50%) x 10/10G, and the interfaces are 10 FEs+12E1s.

Network Topology Planning for the Distribution

Layer of METRO-E

Dual-homed core devices will be used for network building at the later stage if the capital
resource is sufficient. The purpose is to reduce the network load and enhance network security.

Staged Bandwidth Requirement

Calculation for the Distribution Layer
Assume that each convergence ring accommodates a maximum of six nodes.
Quantity

Bandwidth
(Gbit/s)

Convergence
Ratio

GE ring

10

0.5

Total
Bandwidth
(Gbit/s)
5

FE

0.1

0.5

0.3

2 * GE

0.1
Total
bandwidth

1.2

Service

Stage I

Access ring
Ethernet
private line
(EPL)
OLT

Stage 2

Access ring

GE ring

10

0.5

EPL

FE

12

0.1

0.5

0.6

OLT

2 * GE

12

0.1
Total
bandwidth

2.4

Quantity

Bandwidth
(Gbit/s)

Convergence
Ratio

Bandwidth
(Gbit/s)

Convergence
Ratio

Total
Bandwidth
(Gbit/s)

10GE ring

10

0.5

20

EPL

FE

12

0.1

0.5

0.6

OLT

10GE

12

10

0.1
Total
bandwidth

12

Access ring

Bandwidth
usage: 80%

Quantity

Service
Stage 3

6.5

Total
Bandwidth
(Gbit/s)
5

Service

Bandwidth
usage: 65%

32.6

10

Bandwidth
usage: 50%

Network Topology Planning for

the Core Layer

RNC

Dual-homing
network
RNC

Ring

RNC

MESH
The ring networking mode is recommended at the initial stage. The network can be upgraded to a mesh network based on
the optical fiber laying status to enhance the network robustness and security. It is recommended that the distribution layer
and core layer be integrated into one layer to form a mesh or rectangle-shape network if conditions permit.

11

Basic Principles for IP Address Planning

Uniqueness

Continuity

No address can be duplicated

with other addresses on the
same network.

Expansibility
Certain addresses need to be
reserved for future device expansion.

The counterclockwise allocation mode

and the principle of allocating IP
addresses from the core layer to the
access layer ensure the continuity and
aggregation of IP addresses.

Meaningfulness

Economization

IP address allocation conforms

to certain principles and useful
information can be obtained
from IP addresses.

IP addresses must be fully used based on the

minimum use principle to avoid wastes. For
example, interface interconnection addresses
can use 30-bit mask addresses.

12

IP Address Classification in Network Planning

Loopback addresses
The system administrator creates one loopback interface for each router and allocates a
separate IP address for the interface as the management address to facilitate management.

Interconnection addresses
Interconnection addresses refer to the addresses used by interfaces for connecting two or
more network devices.

Service addresses
Service addresses refer to the addresses used by connected servers and hosts on the

Ethernet and gateway addresses.

13

Example of Device Address Allocation

(Loopback Addresses)

Allocate IP addresses to devices based

on the network hierarchy, for example,
allocate IP addresses to devices at the
c o r e l a y e r , distribution layer , a n d
access layer from small to large.
Allocate addresses by ring number (ring
1, ring 2, ...) and allocate addresses in
counterclockwise direction in rings.
Adopt the principle of rings first and
then chains.
Make reservations during address
allocation.
Use 32-bit masks for device addresses.
In principle, device addresses are
determined during network design
planning.

10.229.0.1/32

R1

R4

10.229.0.4/32

Core
layer
10.229.0.2/32

R2

R3

10.229.0.3/32

Distribution
layer

10.229.1.1/32

10.229.2.1/32

R5

R6

R7

10.229.1.2/32

R10 10.229.2.4/32

Access
layer
10.229.2.2/32

14

R8

R9 10.229.2.3/32

Example of Interconnection
Address Allocation

10.254.0.14/30

Allocate interconnection addresses based

on the network hierarchy and allocate IP

10.254.0.1/30

addresses to interconnection interfaces

10.254.0.2/30

10.254.0.10/30

Core
layer

10.254.2.10/30

Allocate addresses by ring number and

Distribution
layer

10.254.2.2/30

R5

R6

10.254.8.1/30

direction in rings. Adopt the principle of

10.254.2.9/30
10.254.8.18/30
10.254.8.17/30

10.254.8.2/30

rings first and then chains.

R7

Make reservations during address

R10

10.254.8.5/30

10.254.8.6/30

Use 30-bit masks for interconnection

10.254.8.13/30

R8

10.254.8.9/30

addresses.

15

10.254.8.14/30

Access
layer

allocation.

10.254.0.9/30

R3

10.254.2.1/30

allocate addresses in counterclockwise

R4

R2

from small to large.

10.254.0.13/30

R1

R9
10.254.8.10/30

Example of Service Address Allocation

RNC

RNC addresses and NodeB

172.21.202.5/30

R1

172.21.202.6/30

R4

addresses must be in different IP

Core
layer

address network segments in the

R2

service address allocation.

Use 30-bit masks for service

Distribution
layer

addresses.

R3

R5

R6

In principle, service addresses are

provided by the service side.

R7

R10

Access
layer
172.21.209.26/30

R8

172.21.209.25/30

16

172.21.209.30/30

R9
172.21.209.29/30

Node B

Service Application Provisioning and Planning

Service Planning Service IP Address Planning
IP:
20.1.1.1/29

L3 throughout
the network

IP:
10.1.1.6/30
IP:
10.1.1.10/30

IP:
10.1.1.2/30
IP:
10.1.1.5/30
IP:
10.1.1.1/30

IP:
10.1.1.9/30

Each base station uses one

independent network segment

IP address planning:
Allocate IP addresses by ring and follow the principle of
rings first and then chains. Allocate IP addresses in
counterclockwise direction in rings and adopt the mode
of odds up and evens down, odds on the left and evens
on the right for address allocation in rings. Increase IP
addresses from the near to the distant in tributary
chains.
Use 30-bit masks for IP addresses of ports (minimum
subnet).
Make reservations during address allocation.
The principles of IP address allocation in a single ring
are as follows:
Allocate address blocks to loopback interfaces.
Allocate 30-bit IP addresses in counterclockwise
direction in each ring. Ensure the continuity of IP
addresses for route convergence under address
conservation.
Allocate at least one network segment and two IP
addresses to each base station.

17

Example of IP Address Allocation in

NE Management
R2

R1

12.2.254.1

12.1.254.1

Core layer
R4

R3

R5
12.4.254.1

12.3.254.1

12.5.254.1

R9

Distribution
layer

12.6.254.1

12.9.254.1

R10

12.8.254.1

R7
12.10.254.1
12.7.254.1

R12
12.6.1.1

Access layer

R8

R6

R14

12.8.3.1

12.8.2.1

12.10.3.1

12.10.1.1

R15

12.6.2.1

R20

R18

12.6.3.1

R13

12.11.254.1

R17
R16

R11

R19
12.10.2.1

12.8.1.1

18

IP Routing Protocol Planning Principles

Objective: To make the network hierarchy clear for network convergence and
ease of network operation.

ISIS 1000
ISIS 1

ISIS160

ISIS 100

The core layer and distribution layer are configured as the backbone area (L2 router).
Each ring at the access layer is configured as an AS domain.

19

SMART CEN PROJECT

20

21

BTS Services Using TDM End to End PWE3

Access layer

Distribution
layer

Convergence at the
backbone layer

E1
BSC

BTS

GE

10GE

E1
TDM Data

Service bearer

TDM Data

L2VPN
Ethernet Header
Tunnel Label
PW Label
Control Word
RTP Header
(optional)
TDM Data

OAM
Protection
technologies

MPLS-TP OAM
LSP1:1 + PW FRR

22

Service Bearer on Ethernet NodeBs

3G NodeBs
Access layer

Distribution
layer

Convergence at the
backbone layer

FE
RNC
GE

NodeB

10GE

FE
Payload

Service
bearer

L3VPN

L3VPN

Payload

Payload

Payload

Ethernet header

Ethernet header

VRF label

VRF label

VP label

VP label

Ethernet header

Protection
technologies

VPN FRR+LDP FRR/CRLSP 1:1+(TE FRR)

Ethernet header

VPN FRR+LDP FRR/

CR-LSP 1:1+(TE FRR)

23

VRRP/IP FRR

LSP 1:1 Protection

Active path
Subnet

Standby path

Subnet
a) Normal working status

Active path
Subnet

Standby path

Subnet
b) Fault status

Services are transmitted through the active LSP in normal cases. When the active LSP is
faulty, services are switched to the standby LSP for transmission.
BFD or MPLS OAM is used as the fault detection mechanism.
LSP protection can be understood as one group of bidirectional protection composed of
two groups of unidirectional protection.

24

PW Protection
BFD is used to detect PW faults quickly to implement OAM mapping between PWs
and ACs.
In this way, when a PW or PE is faulty, CEs can switch services to the standby path
to enable end-to-end fault detection for the PW and implement PW backup, greatly
enhancing the reliability of the L2 VPN.

Active
Backbone
network

Standby

25

Contents
1.

Network Building Requirements

2.

Networking and Planning

3.

Experimental Network Planning Examples

26

Network Topology Planning Topology of the

Experimental Network
Shiju 2
Gaode

Yingbinju 2

Xiyuan 2

Xinqiu

Xiyuan 1
Shiju 1

Qinghemen

Yingbinju 1

South ring
10GE

North Central
10GE
dongyuan 2
Shibei

Dianchang Shixian ring

10GE

Zhanqian Dual-node
Dual-node
Zhangwu
ring Fuxinxian
ring

A total of 19 ring systems are built in this project, including three 10GE rings
at the distribution layer and 16 GE rings at the access layer. Some tributary
chains are built and no more than 2 nodes exist on each tributary chain.

Networking idea for the core distribution layer: Three core equipment rooms
and nine convergence equipment rooms form three 10GE core convergence
rings, to improve the bandwidth usage of rings and enhance network
security.

Networking idea for the access layer: The access layer is connected to the
core convergence rings in dual-uplink mode to enhance the network
security. Reorganize the network if the line routes and logic structure are
unreasonable.

27

Quantity

Core
Distribution
Layer
CiTRANS R860

Access Layer
CiTRANS
R845

17

114

IP Address and Routing Protocol Planning IP Address

Allocation
Configuration requirements of service IP addresses:
1. Service-side IP addresses of devices are allocated by the access side system.
2. It is recommended that 30-bit mask addresses be used as interconnection addresses.
3. Loopback addresses are allocated by carriers.

City
City A

IP Address

Number of IP

Number of Physical Sites

Segment

Addresses

on the Live Network

10.229.0.0/17

32768

391

Allocate one address segment 10.229.0.0/17 to loopback interfaces on network devices in the Fuxin
office.
Allocate the smallest four address segments 10.229.0.0/22 to the core layer and distribution layer.
Use the IP addresses 10.229.0.0/30 to 10.229.1.255/30.
Reserve the IP addresses 10.229.2.0/30 to 10.229.3.255/30.
Allocate four address segments to each converged access device.
Use the IP addresses 10.229.4.0/22 to 10.229.124.0/22.
Reserve the IP addresses 10.229.125.0 to 10.229.127.0.

28

IP Address and Routing Protocol Planning

Example
Node B1

A
Shiju

IP Address Planning

Core distribution layer:

Allocation: 10.229.0.0-10.229.1.255/30
Reservation: 10.229.2.0-10.229.3.255
Loopback address: 10.229.0.0/32
Yingbinju office: 10.229.0.1/32
Xiyuan office: 10.229.0.2/32
Qinghemen office: 10.229.0.3/32
...

Access layer:
Allocation: 10.229.4.0/22-10.229.61.0/22
Reservation: 10.229.62.0/2210.229.127.0/22
Loopback address: 10.229.62.0/2210.229.127.0/22
Access point A: 10.229.4.1/32
Access point B: 10.229.4.2/32
Access point C: 10.229.4.3/32
...

RNC1
Xinqiu
Gaode
Dianchang

Zhanqian

RNC2
Yingbinju

Xiyuan

Node B2

Routing protocol planning

IGP: OSPF
Domain division: core distribution layer: Area 0; access
layer: Area 1/2/3/4...
Router ID/Cost/Priority/Loopback/CIDR

EGP: BGP: RSVP: LDP

Use loopback addresses to set up the BGP neighbor
relationship.
Set RR on bridge nodes such as Xinqiu and Gaode.

29

Service Provisioning Service IP Address

Planning (with METRO-E of Fuxin as an Example)
Gongchengchu
Base station

GE0/11/1
10.254.8.18/30

Liangku
Base station
172.21.205..34/30
10.9.11.26/32

FE0/8/1
172.21.205.33/30

GE0/10/1
10.254.8.17/30

FE0/8/1

Liangku
R845
10.229.4.4/32

GE0/11/1
10.254.8.14/30

Gongchengchu
R845
10.229.4.5/32

GE0/12/3
10.254.8.21/30

GE0/11/1
10.254.8.22/30
XGE0/7/2
10.254.0.6/30

XGE0/8/1
10.254.0.34/30
XGE0/11/1
10.254.0.33/30
XGE0/12/2
10.254.0.5/30

Xiyuan
R860
10.229.0.2/32

Kuangjidianzongchang
R845
10.229.4.3/32

XGE0/12/1
10.254.8.1/30

XGE0/8/2
10.254.0.1/30
XGE0/11/2
10.254.0.10/30

XGE0/8/1
10.254.8.2/30

GE0/10/1
10.254.8.10/30

XGE0/8/1
10.254.0.9/30
Jixiuchang
R845

GE0/11/1
10.254.8.9/30

10.229.4.2/32

Zhanqian
R860

Qinghemen
R860

GE0/10/1
10.254.8.5/30
FE0/8/1

172.21.205..38/30
10.9.11.34/32

GE0/11/3
10.254.8.6/30

172.21.205.37/30

FE1/24/1

GE0/10/1
10.254.9.2/30

Shibei
R860

XGE0/11/1
10.254.0.14/30
XGE0/8/1
10.254.0.13/30

10.229.0.4/32

XGE0/11/1
10.254.0.18/30

172.21.205.29/30
Shibeimiaopu
Base station
172.21.205..30/30
10.9.11.33/32

Shibeimiaopu
R845
10.229.5.1/32

172.21.202.25/30

Yingbinju-2
R860

Shiju-2
R860

10 .229.0.7/32

10 .229.0.8/32

XGE0/11/1
10.254.0.30/30
XGE0/8/1
10.254.0.29/30
XGE0/7/2
10.254.0.25/30

XGE0/8/1
10.254.0.42/30
XGE0/8/1
10.254.0.37/30
XGE0/11/1
10.254.0.41/30

Yingbinju-1
R860

Shiju-1
R860

10 .229.0.1/32

10.229.0.6/32

XGE0/11/2
10.254.0.2/30

XGE0/11/1
10.254.0.38/30

XGE0/12/2
10.254.0.26/30

Interface IP address planning:

Core distribution layer:
10.254.0.0/32----10.254.3.255/32
10.254.4.0/32----10.254.7.255/32(reserved)
Access layer
10.254.8.0/21----10.254.120.0/21
10.254.128.0/17(reserved)

XGE0/8/2
10.254.0.21/30

XGE0/11/1
10.254.0.22/30

10.229.0.3/32

10.229.4.1/32

Jixiuchang
Base station

GE0/11/3

172.21.202.29/30

172.21.202.30/30
10.9.1.145/28

172.21.205.41/30

GE0/10/1
10.254.8.13/30

GE0/11/3

Yingbinju
RNC

172.21.205..42/30
10.9.11.5/32

GE0/8/3
10.254.9.1/30

30

Service IP address planning:

RNC:172.21.202.30/30
Base stations (even number), METRO-E(odd number):
172.21.205.0/30----172.21.205.255/30
XGE0/8/2

10.254.10.1/30
Dongyuan
R860
XGE0/8/1
10.254.0.17/30

Loopback address planning:

Core distribution layer:
10.229.0.0/32----10.229.1.255/32
10.229.2.0/32----10.229.3.255/32(reserved)
Access layer
10.229.4.0/22----10.229.61.0/22
10.229.62.0/22----10.229.127.0/22(reserved)

10.229.0.5/32

XGE0/8/2
10.254.10.2/30

Hengye'erqi
R845
10.229.6.1/32

FE1/24/1
172.21.205.45/30
Hengye'erqi
Base station
172.21.205..46/30
10.9.11.28/32

THANK YOU

31