Brighton Business School Referencing Handbook

Brighton Business School
Referencing Handbook

Editor: Tracey Taylor
Contents
1
Introduction: Referencing your work
1.1
Why reference?
1.2
Are all sources equally useful for referencing?
1.3
Where to reference?
1.4
Whats a bibliography and how does it differ from a reference section
1.5
Harvard Referencing System
1.6
Are there any exceptions?
1.7
Citing within the text
1.8
How do I cite within the text?
1.9
What about page numbers and quotes?
1.10
One page only
1.11
More than one page
1.12
Indented quotations
1.13
Importance of accuracy
1.14
When to use quotations
1.15
When you dont need to acknowledge sources
1.16
Can you quote too much in a piece of work?
i5
1.17
Are there any variations to this?
2
2.1
Examples: books, journals, newspapers etc.

One author
6
6
2.2
Two authors of one work
2.3
Three authors of one work
2.4
More than three authors of one work
2.5
Authors of two different works
2.6
An author with more than one cited publication in the same year
2.7
Citing secondary sources
2.8
Edited books
2.9
Chapter in book two examples below
9
10
2.10
Encyclopedia or dictionary
11
2.11
Journals - article reference
11
2.12
2.13
Conference paper
Newspaper articles
12
12
2.14
Corporate authors, reports, etc

Annual report
Commercial report
Lecture notes or in-house publications
12
2.15
2.15a
2.16
13
13
14
2.17
Letters & other forms of personal communication
2.18
Figures tables graphs- diagrams
14
15
Examples: electronic sources
16
3.1
Citing in the text
16
3.2
Whats a corporate author?
16
3.3
Reference section
17
3.4
Search engines are not valid bibliographic sources
17
3.5
Electronic article reference
18
3.6
International electronic journal article
18
3.7
Journal abstract from online database
20
3.8
Online newspaper articles with author byline
20
3.9
Online newspaper articles with no author byline
20
3.10
Websites/Company websites
20
3.11
Multiple references to website/company website
21
3.12
Figures tables diagrams
21
3.13
Electronically sourced lecture notes two examples:
23
3.14
Emails
24
3.15
E-book
24
3.16
CD-ROM
25
3.17
Radio or TV broadcast
25
3.18
Video or DVD
26
3.19
Online Video Clips
26
Example: Government publications
27
4.1
Official publications/command papers: example 1
27
4.2
28
4.3
28
4.4
A House of Commons Report
29
4.5
A House of Lords Report
29
4.6
An Act of Parliament
30
5
6
Creating the reference section

Glossary
31
35
Bibliography and notes
36
Notes:
38
Introduction: Referencing your work
Please make sure that you read the following information.

1.1
Why reference?
References are essential.
They acknowledge the sources of your information, ideas and arguments.

The reader must be able, from your reference list, to follow up all your
sources of information independently.
Your references will demonstrate how widely you have read in a particular
area.
They will ensure that your ideas, opinions and arguments will be
supported and strengthened by published and peer reviewed authors.
Careful and meticulous referencing will mean that you do not lay yourself
open to accusations of plagiarism. Remember that failure to acknowledge
sources constitutes cheating leading to penalties and the probability of
at least a lower class degree.
Importantly, good referencing will lead to better marks.
You are also strongly advised to consult the Universitys Plagiarism Awareness
Pack, handed out at the start of the year and available on Studentcentral.
1.2
Are all sources equally useful for referencing?
The straightforward answer to this is no. As University students you must

endeavour to select valid, pertinent and authoritative sources. Lecturers will
always assist you by furnishing you with relevant reading lists. You should also
ensure you are familiar with Business Source Premier (BSP) and Emerald which
you will find on Studentcentral on the online databases via the online library. This
is a quick route to up-to-date journal articles which will need to figure prominently
in your research.
1.3
Where to reference?
References need to be cited in two places.

I:
You need to make an abbreviated in-text citation when you refer to an

authors material in the report or essay you are writing. This is sometimes
also known as referencing in the text or source referencing.
II:
You will also need to make a full reference at the end of your report or
essay. All sources that have been directly referred to within your piece
of work must be listed, in full, in alphabetical order, by surname, in the
reference section as the end of your piece of work.
1.4
Whats a bibliography and how does it differ from a reference

sections
A bibliography differs from a reference section in that it will reflect your wider reading
in a particular area even though you have not made direct use of the material in
your own work. However, both the reference section and any bibliography need
to include the full bibliographic description of each source. This means you must
learn the academic habit of consistently noting all the elements required for the
reader to find the information source: eg Author, date, title, publisher etc. Should
your lecturers require you to produce a bibliography in addition to a reference
section they will indicate this to you clearly.
1.5
Harvard Referencing System
The following is generalised guidance based on the Harvard referencing system

which is the preferred and accepted system of referencing within Brighton
Business School. It is an author-date system and demands that the bibliographic
information be structured in a specific and consistent order.
1.6
Are there any exceptions?
There are other forms of referencing, most commonly used in History and Law,
and you may come across these footnote and endnote styles in your reading.
Please note that special conventions apply to the presentation and referencing
of legal scholarship. Therefore, if you are submitting a piece of law coursework
please refer to the detailed guidance in the Studying Law at Brighton Business
School Handbook. An electronic copy of the Handbook is available on the School
area of Studentcentral.
Note too, that the absolutely essential point regarding referencing is that the reader
can go back and find the exact same source as you used. So, while you may see
that there are variations of Harvard referencing regarding punctuation, use of italics
and underlining etc, if your lecturer can track down your sources with ease you will
not have too much to worry about.
1.7
Citing within the text
This is a crucial skill to learn. A precise source reference will enable the reader to
locate the material referred to easily and is the hallmark of good quality work.
1.8
How do I cite within the text?
You need to include the minimum essential units of information that will directly
link the reader to the full bibliographic details in your reference section. It should
be organised in such a way that it causes the least amount of disruption to the
readers understanding of your sentence. Usually this means that in-text citations
are positioned at the very end or the start of sentences.
For example, lets say you have been reading a single authored text by Wendy
Bloisi which was published by McGraw Hill Higher Education in 2006 called An
Introduction to Human Resource Management. When you use this authors
material in your own work you need only include the authors surname and date of
publication - (Bloisi, 2006) - as this will take the reader directly to the work which
will be arranged alphabetically by author surname in the reference section. For
example, you might write in your work:
Bloisi (2006) comments that human resource management is an essential aspect
of successful business. (Sometimes called author-prominent referencing)
or
Human resource management is an essential aspect of successful business
(Bloisi, 2006). (Sometimes called information prominent-referencing)
You do not need to include the title of the work, or its publisher, or the authors initial
when you are citing within the text. So, remember, you need the smallest amount
of essential information. This nearly always consists of AUTHOR(S) SURNAME
and YEAR OF PUBLICATION.
1.9
What about page numbers and quotes?
When citing in the text you need only include page numbers when you make a
direct quote. For example:
1.10
One page only
Peacock (2008, p47) states that self-selection is the process where a job seeker
is given information about the negative aspects of of a vacancy...
1.11
More than one page
If the quote used is longer and goes across more than one page the Harvard
convention is to precede the number range with pp. This would appear as:
The costs of staff turnover can be significant both financially and also in terms of
the impact on an organisations reputation and internal morale (Lanigan, 2008,
pp48-49)
1.12
Indented quotations
Longer quotes (more that 3 lines/30 words) need to be indented on a new line, in
a smaller font size, and do not need quotation marks.
Barry (2001, p3) observes of the modern, technology-driven world We live in a technological societyto the extent that specific technologies
dominate our sense of the kinds of problems that government and politics
must address, and the solutions that we must adopt. A technological society
is one which takes technical change to be the model for political invention.
or,
Communication to the employees immediate supervisor is, perhaps inevitably,
the most important form of direct upward communication. However, we can
also include here direct access to senior management, quality circles and
suggestion schemes as ways in which some organisations have tried to
provide channels to encourage employees to make their individual grievances
known or to draw on the innovative and entrepreneurial skills of their workforce.
(Brewster, Sparrow & Vernon, 2007, p196)
1.13
Importance of accuracy
When using quotations you need to integrate them as well as you can into your
text. Furthermore, you need to take care that you are absolutely accurate in how
you reproduce the words. You must keep to the authors spelling, punctuation,
grammar and choice of vocabulary. If there is an error of spelling or other oddity
in the original text the word [sicshould be inserted immediately after in square
brackets to indicate that this is how it appears in the original.
For example
This in death [sic] research showed (Student meant to write in depth)
1.14
When to use quotations
Quotations can be used where the author has used an especially elegant phrase
or, for example, outlined a major point that you need to use as evidence. They
are also useful when you need to construct an argument for or against an idea
expressed. Used in this way quotations are an excellent way of underpinning your
own work.
1.15
When you dont need to acknowledge sources
Occasionally it will not be necessary to reference. If you cite the Bible or Shakespeare
(doesnt often happen in the Business School) or, if an idea can be considered to
be in the public domain, then a reference may not be required. However, take
care. At undergraduate level you will not be penalised for over-referencing work
you have read and the academic convention of supporting your work with well
sourced references is one you must grasp and master.
1.16
Can you quote too much in a piece of work?
Yes. Remember that we are looking for evidence that you have understood
the texts that you have read. This means that you must learn to paraphrase
and summarize the ideas, information and theories of the published authors
obviously with correct references. A list of long quotations in the words of the
original author(s) does not show your tutor/lecturer that you have understood the
material.
1.17
Are there any variations to this?
Clearly not all texts are written by a single author and, as well as journals
and books, you will need to make use of conference proceedings, electronic
publications, official government publications as well as other forms of
publication. In every case you will need to find the minimum, essential
units of information that will make a clear link to the full bibliographic details
in your reference section. Below, therefore, we give examples of standard
Harvard referencing practice for the various types of publications you will more
commonly use in your research at University
5
Examples: books, journals, newspapers etc.
2.1
One author
In-text citation (sometimes referred to as source referencing or

referencing in the text)
Jones (2011) demonstrates the relevance of key areas
References
Jones, L. (2011) Introduction to Business Law. Oxford: Oxford
University Press
Bibliographic order this is the order in which each detail must
appear
Author surname, Initial. (date) Title. edition, Place: Publisher
2.2 Two authors of one work
According to Berry & Robertson (2010)
References
Berry, A. & Robertson, J. (2010) Financial Accounting: an introduction. 2nd ed.
Harlow:Pearson
appear
Author surnames, Initials. (date) Title. Edition, Place:Publisher (list
author names in the order they appear on the title page)
2.3
Three authors of one work

Slack, Chambers & Johnston (2006) argue persuasively that

References
Slack, N., Chambers, S. & Johnston, R. (2006) Operations Management. 5th
ed, London: FT Prentice Hall
Bibliographic order this is the order in which each detail

must appear
Author surname, Initial. (date) Title. edition, Place: Publisher (list author
names in the order they appear on the title page)
2.4
More than three authors of one work

Note: et al. which is Latin for et alli means and others and, when
used, should always be italicized

Brewster et al. (2003) states that retention is an advantage of flexible
patterns of work
References
Brewster, C., Carey, L., Dowling, P., Grobler, P., Holland, P. &
Warnich, S. (2003) Contemporary Issues in Human Resource
Management: gaining a competitive advantage. Cape Town: Oxford
University Press
appear
Author surname, Initial. (date) Title. edition, Place: Publisher (list
author names in the order they appear on the title page)
2.5
Authors of two different works

Note: The references in brackets are in alphabetical order.

According to a number of surveys (Holbeche, 2001, Jay, 1998), the
main reasons people leave a job include
References
Holbeche, L. (2001) Aligning Human Resources and Business
Strategy. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann
Jay, D. (1998) The Essential Personnel Sourcebook. 2nd ed. London:
Financial Times Pitman
appear
Author surname, Initial. (date) Title. edition, Place: Publisher
(references should appear in alphabetical order)
2.6
An author with more than one cited publication in the same year
Note: Distinguish these by adding lower case letters (a, b, c, etc.)
after the year and within the brackets:

Arnold (2004a) proposed that
It has been argued by Arnold (2004b) that
Reference
Arnold, G. (2004a) Financial Times Guide to Investing: the definitive
companion to investment and the financial markets. London: Financial
Times
Arnold, G. (2004b) Handbook of Corporate Finance: a business
companion to financial markets, decision & techniques. New York:
Financial Times
appear.
Author surname, Initial. (datea) Title. edition, Place: Publisher
Author surname, Initial. (dateb) Title. edition, Place: Publisher
8
2.7
Citing secondary sources
I:
Best practice is to cite from the original source. However, this is not
always possible especially when students are directed to introductory
text books which survey a large body of knowledge. In these instances
it is incumbent upon you to ensure that the reader knows you
discovered the material from a secondary source.
II:
In the example below you will see that the reference section needs full
details of Huczynski & Buchanan because you have not read the original
work by Deborah Tanner. You must, therefore, direct your readers to find
the reference to it in Huczynski & Buchanan.

Tanner (1998, cited in Huzcynski & Buchanan, 2007) claims that girls
are disadvantaged by.
References
Huczynski, A. & Buchanan, D. (2007) Organizational Behaviour: an
introductory text. 6th ed, London: Prentice Hall
appear
Author surname, Initial. (date) Title. edition, Place: Publisher (list author names
in the order they appear on the title page)
2.8
Edited books

There is no doubt that computer aided process and product engineering
are hugely valuable to business (Puigjaner & Heyen, 2006).
References
Puigjaner, L. & Heyen, G. (eds) (2006) Computer Aided Process and
Product Engineering. Chichester: Wiley
appear
Author surname, Initial. (editor(s)) (date) Title. Place: Publisher (list
editors names in the order they appear on the title page)
9
2.9
Chapter in book two examples below

As stated by Roberts (2003, p91)
Shukla & Cheng-Ting (2008) make the point
References
Roberts, L. (2003) Capital accumulation. Tourism and development
processes in Central and Eastern Europe, in D Hall (ed) Tourism and
Transition: governance, transformation and development. Oxfordshire:
Cabi Publishing, pp53-64.
Shukla, P. & Cheng-Ting, C. (2008) Buying behaviour in consumer
to consumer (C2C) online auction commerce, in C Veloutsour
& N Papadopoulos (eds) Marketing in Dynamic Environments:
Contemporary Research Advances. Athens: Atiner, pp207-220
Editors initial precedes the surname as the persons name

is irrelevant when arranging the reference list alphabetically.
Note too, that only the book title is italicized not the chapter
title

appear
Author surname, initial. (Year) Title & subtitle of chapter, in Editors
(eds), Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher, pages of chapter
10
2.10
Encyclopaedia or dictionary
Note that you need to arrange this work by O for Oxford not T for
the when you complete your reference section and that title is used
as Author.

The Oxford English Dictionary (2001) defined it as
References
The Oxford English Dictionary. (2001), Vol 3, 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon
appear
Title as author, (Date) Volume, Edition, Place: Publisher
2.11
Journals - article reference

Note: even if you retrieve a journal article electronically using the online
library and its databases,( Emerald or Business Source Premier, for
example), this does not mean that the article is an ejournal article.
It simply means that you have gained access to a print journal via an online
database. You need to be clear about this. Any journal that is published in
print format does not need online details in the reference section.
So, the following example shows you how to do this CORRECTLY

Lain (2011) suggests that a US policy approach would
References
Lain, D. (2011) Helping the Poorest Help Themselves? Encouraging
employment past 65 in England and the USA. Journal of Social Policy.
Vol. 40, No. 3, p493
appear
Author. (Date) Article title, Journal Title. volume, part, pages
To add the URL is INCORRECT. You do not need a URL/web address for an
article that has been published in a print journal. Please avoid doing this.
11
2.12
Conference paper

Research by Taylor (2011) shows a clear correlation between
References
Taylor, T. (2011) The Trouble with First Years: Attendance,
Achievement and Attitudes of 1st year Business Students. Scanning
the Horizons: Institutional Research in a Borderless World. HEIR
Conference. June 16-17, University of Kingston
appear
Author surname, initial. (date) Title of paper. Conference Name,
Date of conference, Location of conference, Place of publication:
2.13
Newspaper articles

The cost of placing ads on Facebook has risen by 74% (Bradshaw,
2011).
References
Bradshaw, T. (2011) Facebook ad prices soar as brands shift
spending online. Financial Times. July 19, 2011, p17
appear
Author, (date) Title of article, Title of Newspaper. detailed date, page
number(s)
2.14
Corporate authors, reports, etc
Many pieces of work are not the responsibility of one individual as they are produced
by an organization. This is known as a corporate author. In such instances the
organization should be listed as the author.
12
2.15
Annual report
Note that the author in this instance is a corporate author.

In a challenging economic climate profits are up by more than 12%.
(Marks & Spencer, 2011)
References
Marks & Spencer (2011) Annual Review and Financial Statements
2011. London: Marks & Spencer
appear
Corporate Author (year), Report Title. Place, Publisher
2.15 a Commercial report
Webb (2004) states that knowledge management is an emerging
discipline
References
Webb, J. (2004) Knowledge Management for SMEs: Solutions & Strategies.
London: Ark Group
appear
Author (year), Report Title. Place, Publisher
13
2.16
Lecture notes or in-house publications

Note: provide the best details that you can.

Harris (2008) highlighted the
References
Harris, C. (2008) Performance Related Pay. [Lecture notes] Brighton:
University of Brighton Business School, Unpublished
appear
Author. (date) Title of Lecture. [Medium] Place of publication: Publisher
2. 17
Letters & other forms of personal communication

Note: Ordinarily personal forms of communication would not appear in a
published reference section as they would not be available to the general
reader.

Oakley (2008) pointed out
References
Oakley, P. (2008) Discussion on grade inflation. [Personal
communication] 22 April 2008
appear
Author. (date) Title/Topic of communication. [Medium] date
14
2.18
Figures tables graphs- diagrams

Note: figures, tables, graphs and diagrams must always be numbered
and labelled. They must also be included in your contents page.
For example, if you were to include a figure you had accessed from the MBA
Handbook: Study Skills for Postgraduate Management Study, you would need
to number the figure and, below the figure, give its source or, state that it was
adapted from plus the source. For example:
Figure 1: Relevance tree
Source: (Cameron, 2001, p125)
15

Relevance trees, such as figure 1 above (Cameron, 2001, p125)
show
References
Cameron, S. (2001) Relevance Tree, The MBA Handbook: Study Skills
for Postgraduate Management Study. London: FT Prentice Hall
must appear
Author. (year) Title of table, Title. Place: Publisher
3
Examples: electronic sources
Students often have trouble referencing correctly from electronic sources - in

part because this is a still an emerging area but mostly because they mistake
something that they access via the internet as an electronic source when it is not.
It is, therefore, particularly important that you read the following section carefully.
Remember that the same principle applies to electronic sources as apply to
paper based sources. The reader must be able to track back to your source. The
information that appears in your in-text citation must be the minimum amount
of information that will take the reader directly to the author in your reference
section.
3.1
Citing in the text
When citing in the text you need only author, date, and remember, it may well be
a corporate author.
3.2
Whats a corporate author?
Where there is no personal author it is usual to reference by the body that

commissioned the work, for example, government departments, companies and
organisations.
16
3.3
Reference section
In the reference section you need:
3.4
Full bibliographic details as well as the type of medium; e.g. CD-Rom or

Online, and this will appear in [square brackets].
The full web address with chevrons at the beginning and end; e.g.
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3714851.stm>
And finally, in square brackets, you need to include the date you
accessed the material; e.g. [accessed 24th April 2008].
Search engines are not valid bibliographic sources
You must be careful not to mistake a search engine for the correct web
address. Students should be reminded that Google, for example, is a
search engine and therefore not to be used in your references.
The following is an example of a URL from Google for the Stern Report on climate
change:
http://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&q=stern+report&btnG=Google+Search&
meta=
This just shows the search terms put in not the result of the search. The
first result from Google is the link to the URL:
http://www.hmtreasury.gov.uk/independent_reviews/stern_review_economics_
climate_change/sternreview_index.cfm
which would be the correct URL to include in the online part of the reference.
The same applies to Altavista and Ask Jeeves etc.
17
3.5
Electronic article reference

Note: The clues that this is an e journal article and not a print article are
1) in the title of the journal which is plainly called Sociological Research
Online and 2) the absence of page numbers. Because it is only available
online you must include the URL address as shown below.

According to Hammersley and Gomm (1997)
References
Hammersley, M. & Gomm, R. (1997), Bias in social research.
Sociological Research Online [Online], Vol 2 (Issue 1) Available at
<http://www.socresonline.org.uk/socresonline/2/1/2html> [Accessed
16 June 1998]
appear
Author(s), (year) Title, Journal Title. [Online], volume (issue). Available
at <URL> [Accessed date]
3.6
International electronic journal article

Note: If you include a foreign language article you must translate the title
into English.

Farache, Wanderley & Perks (2007) discuss this point
References
Farache, F., Wanderley, L. & Perks, K. (2007) Responsabilidade Social
das Empresas na web: estrategias de divulgacao adotadas por empresas
no Brasil e na Franca. (Corporate Social Responsibility in the web:
communication strategies adopted by French companies in Brazil and
France) Gesto.Org [ Online], Vol 5 (Issue 3), p. 414-435. Available at <http://
www.gestaoorg.dca.ufpe.br/edicoes/N3_V5/GESTORG_2007_N3_V5_
PARCERIAS_EXIB_01.pdf> [ Accessed on 23 June 2008]
18

must appear
Author(s), (year) Title. (Translated title), Journal Title [Online], volume
(issue). Available at <URL> [Accessed date]
3.7
Journal abstract from online database

Boughtons (2002) proposal examines
References
Boughton, J.M. (2002) The Bretton Woods proposal: an in-depth
look. Political Science Quarterly, [Online] Vol 42 (Issue 6). Abstract
from Blackwell Science Synergy database, <http://www.pol.upenn/
articles, Blackwell Science Synergy [accessed 12 June 2005]
appear
Author, (Date) Title of article. Title of Journal, [Medium] Volume (issue/
part), page(s) <URL> [Accessed date]
3.8
Online newspaper articles with author byline

According to Grimston (2008)
References
Grimston, J. (2008) Nearly a quarter of students do not finish their university
courses. What is going wrong? The Times, 24th February 2008 [Online]
<http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sitesearch.do?query=student+retention+un
iversity> [accessed 15 March 2008]
appear
Author, (date) Title of page/article. Title of Newspaper, detailed date
[Medium] <URL> [Accessed date]
19
3.9
Online newspaper articles with no author byline

Apple sold over 20 million iPhones in its third quarter (Guardian, 2011)
References
Guardian (2011) iPhone sales boost ARM as FTSE rises. Guardian. 20 July
2011. [online] <http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/marketforceslive/2011/
jul/20/arm-leads-rising-ftse> [accesses 21 July 2011]
must appear
Author (date) Title of page/article. Title of Newspaper, detailed date
[Medium] <URL> [Accessed date]
3.10
Websites/Company websites

LOreal (2009) offers opportunities in 5 major areas
At Corus (2009) new business development is an important
References
LOreal (2009) Careers [Online] < http://www.loreal.co.uk/_en/_gb/
index.aspx> [accessed 14 June 2009]
Corus (2009) Technology [Online] < http://www.corusgroup.com/en/
technology/> [accessed 14 June 2009]
appear
Author, (date) Title. [Type of Medium], <URL address> [date
accessed]
20
3.11
Multiple references to website/company website

Note: Where you have cause to refer multiple times to a particular
website it is useful to the reader if you differentiate the pages clearly
using the a/b/c system as shown below.

According to recent studies of PlayStation gaming habits (BBC News 2004a,
BBC News 2004b) there is a lot of....
References
BBC News, (2004a) New PlayStation set for May debut. [Online]
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3886991.stm> [accessed
12th July 2004]
BBC News, (2004b) Gaming pleasures to come. [Online] <http://
news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3714851.stm> [accessed 12th July
2004]
must appear
Author, (date) Title. [Type of Medium], <URL address> [date
accessed]
3.12
Figures tables diagrams

Note: figures, tables, graphs and diagrams must always be
numbered and sourced. They must also be included in your
contents page.
For example, if you were to include a table you had accessed from the Council
of Mortgage Lenders, you would need to number the table and, below the table,
give its source or, state that it was adapted from plus the source. It would look
like this:
21
Source: Council of Mortgage Lenders

22

We can see in Table 1 above (CML, 2008) that
References
Council of Mortgage Lenders, (2008) Table 1 Real GDP Growth.
CML Housing and Mortgage Market Forecasts. Council of Mortgage
Lenders [Online]
<http://www.cml.org.uk/cml/statistics> [Accessed 22 June 2008]
appear
Author, (year) Title of table, Title. Publisher [Medium] <URL> [date
accessed]
3.13
Electronically sourced lecture notes two examples:

Bachan (2008) states
Greener (2008) refers to
References
Bachan, R. (2008) Lecture 11: The Labour Market. [Online lecture
notes] delivered for EC161, Brighton University Business School,
available from <https://studentcentral.brighton.ac.uk/webapps/portal/
frameset.jsp?tab=courses&url=%2Fbin%2Fcommon%2Fcourse.
pl%3Fcourse_id%3D_50054>_ [27 June 2008]
Greener, S.L. (2008) Collecting & Analysing Qualitative Data. [Online lecture]
delivered for Research Methods module on 19th May 2008, Manchester,
available from <http://campus.nccedu.com/resources/dotlrn/uowba/RM_9/
pages/frames.html> [Accessed 25.05.08]
must appear
Author, (date) Lecture title. [online lecture] delivered for module on
date, Place, available from <URL> [date accessed]
23
3.14
Emails
Note: Ordinarily personal forms of communication would not
appear in a published reference section as they would not be
available to the general reader.

Berry (2004) suggested that
References
Berry, A. 2004. Business education in Sussex. [Email] Personal email
to J. Smith. [28 Feb 2004].
appear
Author, Year. Subject line from email posting. [Email] Type of posting (personal,
to group, memo) [date accessed]
3.15
E-book

Fishman (2005) notes that
References
Fishman, R. (2005) The Rise and Fall of Suburbia. [e-book] Chester:
Castle Press, Available at <libweb.anglia.ac.uk/E-books> [accessed 5
June 2005]
must appear
Author, (date) Title. [Medium] Place of publication: Publisher, <URL>
[Accessed date]
24
3.16
CD-ROM
Note: This medium is now frequently used for the publication of
conference proceedings.

Farache & Perks (2008) discussed legitimacy
References
Farache, F. & Perks, K. (2008) CSR in the oil industry. 37th EMAC
conference 2008, 27-30 May 2008, Brighton: EMAC, [CD ROM]
appear
Author, (date) Title of article. Title of Conference Proceedings. date, place:
publisher, [medium]
3.17
Radio or TV broadcast

Money Box Live (2008) revealed an interesting
References
Money Box Live, (2008) [Online] Radio 4, 2 June 2008:15h02 <http://
news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/moneybox/7425294.stm>
[accessed 15 June 2008)
appear
Title of Broadcast, (year) [medium] Station or Channel , date, month, year:
time of broadcast, <web address> [date accessed]
25
3.18
Video or DVD

According to Orient Overseas (International) Limited (2004)
Reference
Orient Overseas (International) Limited, (2004) About Orient Overseas
(International) Limited. [Video]
<http://www.ooilgroup.com/corporate/corporatevideo/> Hong Kong:
OOIL
appear
Corporate Author, (date) Title of Video or DVD. [Medium] Place of publication:
Publisher. (Other relevant details if required)
3.19 Online Video clip
The CSIRO YouTube video (2009) reveals...
References
CSIRO. (2009) CSIRO - Making A Difference. [YouTube video] <http://www.
youtube.com/watch?v=t_1mip1iS70> [posted May 25. Accessed December
9, 2010]
must appear
Author surname, initial. (date) video title, [video website] <URL>
[date posted and accessed]
26
Example: Government publications
There are many kinds of Government publications and for a more comprehensive
account we advise you to refer to The Stationery Office website @ www.parliament.
uk
Government publications which are presented to Parliament are known as
Command Papers. Most Command Papers are published in a numbered series.
They can include State Papers; White Papers; Green Papers; government
consultation documents; some government responses to Select Committee
reports; Reports of Royal Commissions and some other Committees of Inquiry
and, statistics and annual reports of some government bodies.
4.1

In its Executive Summary the paper lists. (Dept for BIS, 2011)
References
Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (2011) Higher Education:
Students at the Heart of the System. Cm8122, London: Stationery Office
Note that although this may commonly be referred to as Willets white
paper it should not be listed under his name
appear
Author (date) Title of Paper. Command number, Place of publication:
Publisher
27
4.2

According the recent report by the National Audit Office (2007)
References
National Audit Office, (2007) Staying the Course: the retention of
students in higher education. [The Comptroller And Auditor General]
HC 616 Session 2006-2007, 26 July 2007, London: The Stationery
Office
appear
Author/Name of committee, (Date) Title of Report. [additional
identifying details] Place of publication: Publisher
4.3

These recently published figures (HM Treasury, 2008)
clearly indicate
References
HM Treasury, (2008) Central Government Supply Estimates: Main
Supply Estimates. HC 479, 21 April 2008, London: The Stationery
Office
appear
Author/Name of committee, (Date) Title of Report. [additional
identifying details] Place of publication: Publisher
28
4.4
A House of Commons Report

Note: that the abbreviation HC (House of Commons)
vviis sometimes used.

In Jobs for the Girls, The House of Commons Business and Enterprise
Committee (2008) reported
References
House of Commons, (2008) Great Britain Parliament Business and
Enterprise Committee, Jobs for the Girls: Two Years on: Government
Response to the Committees Second Report. London: The
Stationery Office (HC paper; 634; Session 2007-08 Fourth Special
Report of Session 2007-08)
appear
Author/HC, (Date) Great Britain Parliament Committee details, report
title & number. Place of publication: Publisher. (paper details, number;
Parliamentary Session)
4.5
A House of Lords Report

Note that the abbreviation HL (House of Lords) is sometimes used.

The House of Lords European Union Committee (2008) data on
the Euros progress
References
House of Lords, (2008) Great Britain Parliament European Union
Committee 13th Report The Euro. London: The Stationery Office (HL
paper; 90; Session 2007-08)
appear
Author/HL, (Date) Great Britain Parliament Committee details, report
title & number. Place of publication: Publisher. (paper details, number;
Parliamentary Session)
29
4.6
An Act of Parliament
Note: There are some complex issues regarding numbering which
are clearly discussed in House of Commons Information Office
(2003) Factsheet 12: Tracing Acts of Parliament.

The Community Care Act (Act of Parliament, 1990) confirms that
or
The Higher Education Act (Act of Parliament, 2004) considers
or
The Data Protection Act (Act of Parliament, 1998) rules that
References
Act of Parliament, (1990) Great Britain Parliament. National Health
Service and Community Care Act 1990. (Chapter 19) London: HMSO
Act of Parliament, (2004) Great Britain Parliament. Higher Education
Act 2004. (Chapter 8) London: HMSO
Act of Parliament, (1998) Great Britain Parliament. The Data
Protection Act 1998. (Chapter 29) London: HMSO
appear
Act of Parliament, (Year) Great Britain Parliament. Title of Act and
date. Chapter number, Place of publication: Publisher
30
Creating the reference section
The reference section is one listing and must be arranged in

alphabetical order by author surname.
Books, journals and internet publications do not have separate
lists.
Consistency and accuracy are very important.
Where an author has published more than one work, list the
oldest work first.
The reference section must list every author to whom you have
referred in your own work.
Putting all this together, the reference section for the examples used in this
guide would appear as follows.
Act of Parliament, (1990) Great Britain Parliament. National Health Service
and Community Care Act 1990. (Chapter 19) London: HMSO
Act of Parliament, (1998) Great Britain Parliament. The Data Protection
Act 1998. (Chapter 29) London: HMSO
Act of Parliament, (2004) Great Britain Parliament. Higher Education Act
2004. (Chapter 8) London: HMSO
Arnold, G. (2004a) Financial Times Guide to Investing: the definitive
companion to investment and the financial markets. London: Financial
Times
Arnold, G. (2004b) Handbook of Corporate Finance: a business companion to
financial markets, decision & techniques. New York: Financial Times
BBC News, (2004a) New PlayStation set for May debut. [Online]
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3886991.stm> [accessed 12th
July 2004]
BBC News, (2004b) Gaming pleasures to come. [Online]
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3714851.stm> [accessed 12th
July 2004]
Berry, A. & Robertson, J. (2010) Financial Accounting: an introduction. 2nd ed.
Harlow:Pearson
Boughton, J.M. (2002) The Bretton Woods proposal: an indepth look. Political
Science Quarterly, [Online] 42 (6). Abstract from Blackwell Science Synergy
database, <http://www.pol.upenn/articles, Blackwell Science Synergy [accessed
12 June 2005]
31
Bradshaw, T. (2011) Facebook ad prices soar as brands shift spending online.

Financial Times. July 19, 2011, p17
Brewster, C., Carey, L., Dowling, P., Grobler, P., Holland, P. & Warnich, S. (2003)
Contemporary Issues in Human Resource Management: gaining a competitive
advantage. Cape Town: Oxford University Press
Brewster, C., Sparrow, P. & Vernon, G. (2007) International Human
Resources Management. 2nd ed. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel
and Development
Cameron, S. (2001) Relevance Tree, The MBA Handbook: Study Skills for
Postgraduate Management Study. London: FT Prentice Hall
Corus (2009) Technology [Online] <http://www.corusgroup.com/en/
technology/> [accessed 14 June 2009]
Council of Mortgage Lenders, (2008) Table 1 Real GDP Growth. CML
Housing and Mortgage Market Forecasts. Council of Mortgage Lenders
[Online]
http://www.cml.org.uk/cml/publications/research [Accessed 22 June
2008]
CSIRO. (2009) CSIRO - Making A Difference. [YouTube video] http://www.
youtube.com/watch?v=t_1mip1iS70 [posted May 25. Accessed December 9,
2010]
Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (2011) Higher Education: Students
at the Heart of the System. Cm8122, London: Stationery Office
Farache, F. & Perks, K. (2008) CSR in the oil industry. 37th EMAC conference
2008, 27-30 May 2008, Brighton, EMAC, [CD ROM]
Farache, F., Wanderley, L. & Perks, K. (2007) Responsabilidade Social das
Empresas na web: estrategias de divulgacao adotadas por empresas no Brasil
e na Franca. (Corporate Social Responsibility in the web: communication strategies
adopted by French companies in Brazil and France) Gesto.Org [ Online], V. 5
(3), p. 414-435. Available at <http://www.gestaoorg.dca.ufpe.br/edicoes/N3_V5/
GESTORG_2007_N3_V5_PARCERIAS_EXIB_01.pdf > [ Accessed on 23 June
2008]
Farache, F. (2008) How corporate social responsibility is publicized through
print advertisements in Brazil and the UK: the case of Banco Real and Chevron.
Conference on Corporate Communication, June 6-9, Wroxton College, New York:
Baruch College/City University of New York, pp115-129
Fishman, R. (2005) The Rise and Fall of Suburbia. [e-book] Chester: Castle Press,
Available at <libweb.anglia.ac.uk/E-books> [accessed 5 June 2005]
32
Greener, S.L. (2008) Collecting & Analysing Qualitative Data. [Online lecture]
delivered for Research Methods module on 19th May 2008, Manchester, available
from <http://campus.nccedu.com/resources/dotlrn/uowba/RM_9/pages/frames.
html> [Accessed 25 May 2008]
Grimston, J. (2008) Nearly a quarter of students do not finish their university
courses. What is going wrong? The Times, 24th February 2008 [Online] <http://
www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sitesearch.do?query=student+retention+university>
[accessed 15 March 2008]
Guardian (2011) iPhone sales boost ARM as FTSE rises. Guardian. 20 July 2011.
[online] <http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/marketforceslive/2011/jul/20/armleads-rising-ftse> [accesses 21 July 2011]
Hammersley, M. & Gomm, R. (1997), Bias in social research. Sociological
Research Online [Online], 2 (1) Available at <http://www.socresonline.org.uk/
socresonline/2/1/2html> [Accessed 16 June 1998]
Harris, C. (2008) Performance Related Pay. [Lecture notes] Brighton: University
of Brighton Business School, unpublished
HM Treasury, (2008) Central Government Supply Estimates: Main Supply Estimates.
HC 479, 21 April 2008, London: The Stationery Office [Online] available at < http://
www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/media/9/1/mainest08_fulldoc.pdf> [accessed 22 June
2008]
Holbeche, L. (2001) Aligning Human Resources and Business Strategy. Oxford:
Butterworth-Heinemann
House of Commons, (2008) Great Britain Parliament Business and Enterprise
Committee, Jobs for the Girls: Two Years on: Government Response to the
Committees Second Report. London: The Stationery Office (HC paper; 634;
Session 2007-08 Fourth Special Report of Session 2007-08)House of Lords,
(2008) Great Britain Parliament European Union Committee 13th Report The Euro.
Stationery Office (HL paper; 90; Session2007-08)
Huczynski, A. & Buchanan, D. (2007) Organizational Behaviour: an introductory
text. 6th ed, London: Prentice Hall
Jay, D. (1998) The Essential Personnel Sourcebook. 2nd ed. London: Financial
Times Pitman
Jones, L. (2011) Introduction to Business Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Lain, D. (2011) Helping the Poorest Help Themselves? Encouraging employment
past 65 in England and the USA. Journal of Social Policy. Vol. 40, No. 3, p493
33
LOreal (2009) Careers [Online] <http://www.loreal.co.uk/_en/_gb/index.aspx>

[accessed 14 June 2009]
Marks & Spencer, (2007) Annual Review and Summary Financial Statements
2007. London: Marks & Spencer
Money Box Live, (2008) [Online] Radio 4, 2 June 2008:15h02 <http://
news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/moneybox/7425294.stm>
[Accessed 15 June 2008)
National Audit Office, (2007) Staying the Course: the retention of students in higher
education. [The Comptroller and Auditor General] HC 616 Session 2006-2007,
26 July 2007, London: The Stationery Office [Online] available at <http://www.
nao.org.uk/publications/nao_reports/06-07/0607616es.pdf> [accessed 12 June
2008]
National Committee of Enquiry into Higher Education, (1997) Higher
Education in the Learning Society. [Dearing report] London: HMSO.
Orient Overseas (International) Limited, (2004) About Orient Overseas
(International) Limited. [Video]
<http://www.ooilgroup.com/corporate/corporatevideo/> Hong Kong: OOIL
The Oxford English Dictionary, (2001) Vol 3, 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon
Puigjaner, L. & Heyen, G. (eds) (2006) Computer Aided Process and Product
Engineering. Chichester: Wiley
Roberts, L. (2003) Capital accumulation. Tourism and development
processes in Central and Eastern Europe, in D Hall (ed) Tourism and
Transition: governance, transformation and development.
Oxfordshire: Cabi Publishing, pp53-64
Shukla, P. & Cheng-Ting, C. (2008) Buying behaviour in consumer
to consumer (C2C) online auction commerce, in C Veloutsour & N
Papadopoulos (eds) Marketing in Dynamic Environments: Contemporary
Research Advances. Athens: Atiner, pp207-220
Slack, N., Chambers, S. & Johnston, R. (2006) Operations Management.
5th ed, London: FT Prentice Hall
34
Glossary
Anon
This is the abbreviation for anonymous and can, if one is absolutely

stuck, be used to signify author but, to be avoided if possible.
Bibliographic order
This is the order in which each detail of the source
must appear.
Circa
This is Latin for about. It can be abbreviated to c1989, for

example, when you are uncertain of the exact date.
Cite
This means to quote or refer to.
Corporate author
Many pieces of work are not the responsibility of one individual
as they are produced by an organization. This is when we use
the term, corporate author. In such instances the organization
should be listed as the author.
Ellipsis
If you omit any part of a quotation you should use an ellipsis

which is 3 dots
et al.
This is the abbreviated form of et allia and means and others. Et

al is always italicized
HMSO
This stands for Her Majestys Stationery Office
ibid.
This is Latin for in the same place and when used is always
italicized in the text.
n.d.
This means no date. If you are unable to track down a date you
should use the abbreviation n.d. (no date). This would appear in
the text as Harris (n.d.) has written about
op cit.
This is the Latin for opere citato meaning in the work quoted
and commonly used as as opposite.
Peer reviewed
This means that a journal article has been reviewed by other

respected academics in the field.
35
s.l.
This is an abbreviation of the Latin for sine loco meaning, no

place of publication.
s.n.
This is the Latin for sine nomine meaning, no named publisher.
Source
This is the place from which you gathered your information or

ideas
TSO
This stands for The Stationery Office.
Bibliography and notes
Anglia Ruskin University (2007) Harvard Referencing Guide [Online]

<http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm?harvard_id=2#2> [Accessed
2 May 2008)
Good resource helpful guide
The Blue Pages; Brighton Business School, Undergraduate Modular Programme,
Framework Regulations for the Undergraduate Modular Courses & General
notes for Guidance, The Blue Pages (2007) Brighton: Brighton Business School,
University of Brighton
My starting point but now replaced by new course handbooks.
The Central University of Queensland (2007) References/Bibliography HARVARD
STYLE
Based on AGPS 5th ed. How-to guide [Online]
<http://www.library.uq.edu.au/training/citation/harvard_5.pdf[14> [Accessed 12
April 2008]
For a comprehensive look at referencing, particularly books and journals
along with points of style
Coventry University (2007) Harvard Reference Style Guide, Coventry University
[Online] <http://www.coventry.ac.uk/caw [accessed 2 May 2008]
A good overall guide can be downloaded as an Adobe document
Fisher, D & Harrison, T (1998) Citing References, Oxford: Blackwell
Handy sized and cheaply priced. (1.00)
House of Commons Information Office (2003) Tracing Acts of Parliament: Factsheet
L12: Legislation series [Online] available at
<http://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/L12.pdf > [accessed 22 June
2008]
Useful information for a complex task
36
The Stationery Office (2008) [Online]

http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.com/pa/ld/ldeucom.htm
Publications and records for Hansard, House of Commons, (HOC), House of
Lords, (HOL) and Committees. The Stationery Office [Accessed 22 June 2008]
Excellent source of information on all government publications
Taylors College (2007) Harvard Referencing [Online] <http://iportal.taylors.
edu.my:8000/cgibin/gw_46_4_2/link/vtls_link.pl?file=/Harvard/hvbooks.html>
[Accessed 12 April 2008]
I need to include my debt to layout of bibliographic information which has
been adapted from the above
University of Southern Queensland (2005) [Online]
http://www.usq.edu.au/library/Breeze/Fac_Business/Harvard_Referencing_A_
Brief_Guide/
A powerpoint presentation which takes you through the main principles of
Harvard referencing with linked interactive exercises on the last slide.
37
Notes:
References

appear

References

appear
38

References

appear
39
Notes:
40
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